塔里木盆地巴楚隆起断裂差异活动特征及成因演化

巴楚隆起是塔里木盆地重要的含油气构造单元,因其断裂构造特征与演化异常复杂,严重制约了对该地区构造特征及演化的认识和油气勘探工作。本文通过对地震资料精细构造解释,并结合塔里木盆地构造演化背景及最新的钻井、露头等资料,阐明了巴楚隆起断裂活动具有明显的分期差异性和分区、分带、分段及分层差异性。巴楚隆起断裂构造主要经历了4期差异活动,即加里东早期发育张扭性断裂、海西晚期断裂挤压反转、喜马拉雅山中期断裂强烈压扭逆冲与分区差异变形、喜马拉雅山晚期西南缘断裂带分段分层差异改造与叠加。断裂演化主要受控于加里东早期、海西晚期和喜马拉雅山中-晚期构造运动及对应时期塔里木古陆周缘洋盆开合与造山作用,喜马拉雅山中期是巴楚隆起断裂活动关键期,因受西昆仑和西南天山强烈挤压,隆起西段发生“屈服型”冲断隆升与走滑旋转,东段相应发生“受限型”弧形逆冲与向南掀斜,喜马拉雅山晚期断裂主要活动表现在隆起西北缘和西南缘,特别在西南缘断裂带发生了强烈的分段、分层差异叠加改造,其成因与西昆仑强烈隆升和向北挤压密切相关。     

Jurassic extension and Cenozoic inversion tectonics in the Asturian Basin,NW Iberian Peninsula: 3D structural model and kinematic evolution

We constructed a geological map, a 3D model and cross-sections, carried out a structural analysis, determined the stress fields and tectonic transport vectors, restored a cross section and performed a subsidence analysis to unravel the kinematic evolution of the NE emerged portion of the Asturian Basin (NW Iberian Peninsula), where Jurassic rocks crop out. The major folds run NW-SE, normal faults exhibit three dominant orientations: NW-SE, NE-SW and E-W, and thrusts display E-W strikes. After Upper Triassic-Lower Jurassic thermal subsidence, Middle Jurassic doming occurred, accompanied by normal faulting, high heat flow and basin uplift, followed by Upper Jurassic high-rate basin subsidence. Another extensional event, possibly during Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous, caused an increment in the normal faults displacement. A contractional event, probably of Cenozoic age, led to selective and irregularly distributed buttressing and fault reactivation as reverse or strike-slip faults, and folding and/or offset of some previous faults by new generation folds and thrusts. The Middle Jurassic event could be a precursor of the Bay of Biscay and North Atlantic opening that occurred from Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous, whereas the Cenozoic event would be responsible for the Pyrenean and Cantabrian ranges and the partial closure of the Bay of Biscay.     

郯庐断裂带(安徽段)及邻区的动力学分析与区域构造演化

依据区域构造层次划分,采用构造筛分法,层层深入,层层筛分,确定发生于各个不同时代地层/岩层内的断裂活动的同期及叠加的应力场特征。综合所有的同期应力场特征及辅以叠加的应力场特征来验证,从而确定了一个连续的、完整的断裂活动的应力场演化序列;结合区域构造变形特征分析,阐明郯庐断裂带(安徽段)的构造演化。应力场分析显示:晚三叠-早侏罗世应力场为北北西—南南东或近南北向挤压,属古特提斯构造域,断裂发生同造山走滑;早白垩世早期,应力场为北西—南东向挤压,断裂发生左行走滑运动,中国东部处于西环太平洋构造域;早白垩世晚期—古新世(始新世),区域发生北西—南东向伸展作用,断裂处于伸展断陷作用阶段;新生代,受区域上近东西向的挤压作用影响,断裂发生挤压逆冲兼右行走滑作用。     

鄂西利川齐岳山高陡背斜带的古应力分析

鄂西利川地区位于湘鄂西构造带与川东构造带的过渡部位,叠加褶皱发育,地处两大构造带分界处的齐岳山高陡背斜带断裂发育。本文以利川地区褶皱和断裂为研究对象,在野外观测和分析的基础上,采用断层滑动数据反演方法,对构造应力场进行了恢复;结合区域构造演化历史,提出该区侏罗纪以来经历了五期构造应力作用,从早到晚分别为:北西-南东向挤压(J3-K1)、近东西向挤压(K1)、近南北向挤压(K1-K2)、北西-南东向引张(K2)和北东-南西向挤压(E3)。该区侏罗纪以来构造变形序列的建立,为深入认识齐岳山高陡背斜带地质灾害形成的地质背景提供了构造地质学证据。     

The role of structural inheritance in continental break-up and exhumation of Alpine Tethyan mantle(Canavese Zone,Western Alps)

The Canavese Zone(CZ)in the Western Alps represents the remnant of the distal passive margin of the Adria microplate,which was stretched and thinned during the Jurassic opening of the Alpine Tethys.Through detailed geological mapping,stratigraphic and structural analyses,we document that the continental break-up of Pangea and tectonic dismemberment of the Adria distal margin,up to mantle rocks exhumation and oceanization,did not simply result from the syn-rift Jurassic extension but was strongly favored by older structu ral inheritances(the Proto-Canavese Shear Zone),which controlled earlier lithospheric weakness.Our findings allowed to redefine in detail(i)the tectono-stratigraphic setting of the Variscan metamorphic basement and the Late Carbonife rous to Early Cretaceous CZ succession,(ii)the role played by inherited Late Carboniferous to Early Triassic structures and(iii)the significance of the CZ in the geodynamic evolution of the Alpine Tethys.The large amount of extensional displacement and crustal thinning occurred during different pulses of Late Carbonife rous-Early Triassic strike-slip tectonics is wellconsistent with the role played by long-lived regional-scale wrench faults(e.g.,the East-Variscan Shear Zone),suggesting a re-discussion of models of mantle exhumation driven by low-angle detachment faults as unique efficient mechanism in stretching and thinning continental crust.     

Evolution of paleostress fields and brittle deformation of the Tornquist Zone in Scania (Sweden) during Permo-Mesozoic and Cenozoic times

The NW-SE oriented Sorgenfrei–Tornquist Zone (STZ) has been thoroughly studied during the last 25 years, especially by means of well data and seismic profiles. We present the results of a first brittle tectonic analysis based on about 850 dykes, veins and minor fault-slip data measured in the field in Scania, including paleostress reconstruction. We discuss the relationships between normal and strike-slip faulting in Scania since the Permian extension to the Late Cretaceous–Tertiary structural inversions. Our paleostress determinations reveal six successive or coeval main stress states in the evolution of Scania since the Permian. Two stress states correspond to normal faulting with NE-SW and NW-SE extensions, one stress state is mainly of reverse type with NE-SW compression, and three stress states are strike-slip in type with NNW-SSE, WNW-ESE and NNE-SSW directions of compression.The NE-SW extension partly corresponds to the Late Carboniferous–Permian important extensional period, dated by dykes and fault mineralisations. However extension existed along a similar direction during the Mesozoic. It has been locally observed until within the Danian. A perpendicular NW-SE extension reveals the occurrence of stress permutations. The NNW-SSE strike-slip episode is also expected to belong to the Late Carboniferous–Permian episode and is interpreted in terms of right-lateral wrench faulting along STZ-oriented faults. The inversion process has been characterised by reverse and strike-slip faulting related to the NE-SW compressional stress state.This study highlights the importance of extensional tectonics in northwest Europe since the end of the Palaeozoic until the end of the Cretaceous. The importance and role of wrench faulting in the tectonic evolution of the Sorgenfrei–Tornquist Zone are discussed.     

渤海海域侏罗—白垩纪沉积与构造演化

覆盖区侏罗—白垩系分布、变形特征及构造演化对理解华北克拉通破坏过程具有重要意义。根据编制的地层分布图和地震资料解释,研究了渤海海域侏罗—白垩纪时期沉积、构造变形及演化特征。渤海海域燕山期构造变形与板块俯冲引起的地幔上拱有关。早-中侏罗世,库拉—伊泽奈崎板块北西向俯冲,地层展布继承了印支期古构造格局,呈近东西向,属于坳陷成盆期。晚侏罗—早白垩世,库拉—伊泽奈崎板块北北西向俯冲,火山活动强烈,为热拱断陷期。受郯庐断裂左行活动影响,地层展布具有明显分带性,多呈北东—南西向和北西西—南东东向。晚白垩世,太平洋板块北西向俯冲挤压,岩浆冷凝,进入萎缩隆褶期。     

Mesozoic tectonic evolution of the southwest continental Iberian Margin

An extensional event affected the southwest Margin of Iberia during Late Triassic to Early Cretaceous times, giving place to the Algarve basin. This basin was subjected to tectonic instability and it became infilled with siliciclastic and carbonate sequences with abundant interspersed volcanic rocks. Normal and strike-slip faults accommodated the deformation in the Algarve basin. The presence of a single flat or listric detachment surface is inferred from the study of hanging-wall structures. The dynamic and kinematic analyses of fault systems in the Spanish exposure of the Algarve basin allow us to establish three extensional phases. 1) A Late Triassic to Hettangian NE-SW directed extension associated with the initial breaking of Pangea and the opening of the Tethys in the eastern Mediterranean. 2) NW-SE extension from the Sinemurian to the Callovian, interpreted as a result of the activity as a sinistral fault of the Azores-Gibraltar transform boundary. 3) Finally, E-W extension during the Late Jurassic and Cretaceous, related to the North Atlantic rifting process.     

基于断层擦痕侧伏角公式的构造应力张量反演

利用Aleksandrowski推导的断层擦痕侧伏角公式,提出了一种改进的构造应力张量反演法。根据不同应力比值下构造应力与断层擦痕侧伏角的关系,利用最小二乘法,详细推导了构造应力张量的反演方法,最后利用Matlab软件编制程序实现了该计算过程。在此基础上,现场调查了江西武山铜矿北矿带的断层滑动数据,利用上述改进方法反演了该地区的构造应力张量方向特征。将上述反演结果与由震源机制解获得的最新构造应力场结果进行对比分析,并结合研究区断层的展布特征及所在的地质构造背景,获得了该地区自晚侏罗世以来的构造应力场特征,表明该地区构造应力场具有一定的稳定性。改进后的构造应力张量求解过程及工程应用表明,将Aleksandrowski的图示法和Etchecopar等的反演法结合起来反演构造应力张量,是对已有方法的改进,具有更加简单、实现容易等特点,计算结果比较符合实际。     

东至断裂带构造变形特征及其构造演化

东至断裂带是皖西南一条重要的北北东向断裂带。详细的构造解析表明,该断裂带主要经过3期构造变形,分别是发生在晚侏罗世末—早白垩世初的左行平移断层、早白垩世期间的伸展构造和晚白垩世—新生代的右行平移断层。通过断层擦痕矢量反演和断层叠加改造关系分析,认为东至断裂带及其两侧多期构造变形对应的区域应力场分别为近南北向挤压、北北西—南南东向挤压、北西—南东向伸展和近东西向挤压应力场。东至断裂带的形成和演化与郯庐断裂带相似,主要与华南与华北板块俯冲碰撞、伊泽奈崎板块和古太平洋板块向欧亚板块俯冲碰撞与弧后扩张、及印度板块向北碰撞后产生向东的构造挤出等多构造体制共同作用有关。     

大别造山带南界襄樊—广济断裂带的演化规律与构造意义

自中三叠世扬子与华北板块发生碰撞—深俯冲作用以来,大别造山带南界上的襄樊—广济断裂带主要经历过两次变形事件: 1)早期变形事件发生在中三叠世末—晚三叠世初的造山带折返阶段,表现为造山带南边界上的韧性剪切带。这期北西—南东走向的剪切带向南西陡倾,发育北西—南东向的矿物拉伸线理,主要为右行走滑的运动性质,属于造山带斜向折返的侧边界走滑剪切带。造山带折返过程中将前陆褶断带北缘原先东西向褶皱改造为北西—南东走向。2)晚期变形事件发生在晚侏罗世,表现为脆性逆冲断层,使得前陆褶断带向北东逆冲在造山带南缘之上,同时在前陆上形成了一系列的逆冲断层。该断裂带的晚期逆冲活动与郯庐断裂带左行平移同时发生,代表了滨太平洋构造活动的开始。     

江西相山地区中,新生低构造演化对富大铀矿形成的制约

江西相山铀矿田是我国目前最大的火山岩型铀矿田,一直是铀矿地质学界的研究热点之一。大量的新资料支持以下的构造演化模型：成矿前的走滑剪切;成矿期的伸展拉张;成矿后的挤压逆冲。这一构造演化体系是形成相山富大铀矿田的有利地质构造背景。     

黔西北纳雍-水城一带构造变形特征及其演化

黔西北纳雍-水城一带位于扬子板块西南缘,区内断裂和褶皱极为发育。通过详细野外地质调查,并结合沉积地层接触关系,对区内构造行迹及其组合特征、构造变形期次和构造演化进行探讨。研究表明,震旦纪末至中侏罗世纳雍-水城一带经历了多次构造事件,特别是广西构造事件和印支期构造事件,导致明显的差异剥蚀,但均未造成地层褶皱变形,地层间表现为平行不整合接触。晚侏罗世以后的燕山构造期和喜山构造期才是区内发生构造变形的重要时期。纳雍-水城一带发育的NE-SW、NW-SE及近E-W向三组构造以及在NE-SW、NW-SE向两组构造交接转换部位发育的穹窿构造、构造盆地,均为侏罗纪晚期至早白垩世时期强烈构造事件的产物。其中NE-SW向褶皱及近E-W向断层先期形成,NW-SE向褶皱后期形成,并对先期形成的NE-SW向褶皱进行叠加改造。     

Fault tectonics of the Baja California Peninsula and the opening of the Sea of Cortez,Mexico

A detailed field analysis of Neogene and Quaternary faults in Baja California has enabled us to reconstruct the stress pattern and the tectonic evolution of the central and southern parts of the peninsula. The deformation, which is related to the opening of the gulf, affects the whole peninsula, but decreases from east to west. Most observed faults, normal and/or dextral, strike NNW-SSE to WNW-ESE; their mechanisms include both strike-slip and dip-slip, as well as intermediate motions. Compressional events have occurred since Late Neogene times, but were probably of minor quantitative importance because reverse faults are rare and small.The principal fault pattern includes dextral NNW-SSE Riedel shears and N-S tension faults induced by dextral strike-slip along two main NW-SE fault zones bordering the peninsula: the Gulf of California to the east, which is the most important, and the Tosco-Abreojos fault to the west. The resulting pattern of deformation shows that the eastern part has been a complex transform-extensional zone since Late Miocene-Early Pliocene times.     

湘东南晚三叠世-侏罗纪沉积特征及盆地性质和成因机制

关于湘东南晚三叠世-侏罗纪沉积盆地性质存在挤压相关类前陆盆地及断陷盆地等不同认识。沉积物分布及岩相特征研究表明:湘东南晚三叠世-早侏罗世早期为海相-海陆交互相沉积环境, 早侏罗世晚期-中侏罗世早期为陆相沉积环境; 晚三叠世盆地为分布于茶陵-郴州大断裂东侧(上盘)的北北东-近南北向狭长海湾, 早侏罗世开始盆地向东、西两侧扩展; 晚三叠世-侏罗纪沉积横向上覆于相对较老的地层之上, 表明湘东南晚三叠世-侏罗纪盆地不是南北向挤压形成的类前陆拗陷盆地。结合区域构造背景, 提出盆地的形成主要与区域南北向挤压下先期北北东向断裂产生东西方向伸展有关, 一定程度上印证了印支运动构造线为北北东向。海相至陆相的演化过程暗示研究区以南在早侏罗世晚期开始因区域南北向挤压形成了东西向隆起, 说明盆地发育后期伸展活动的同时却处于区域挤压拗陷构造背景之中, 反映出晚三叠世-侏罗纪盆地演化期间华南地区伸展/挤压构造体制具复杂的时空变化。      

东海盆地中、新生代盆架结构与构造演化

基于地貌、钻井、岩石测年和地震等资料,分析盆地地层分布、盆架结构、构造单元划分和裂陷迁移规律,结果表明东海盆地由台北坳陷、舟山隆起、浙东坳陷、钓鱼岛隆褶带和冲绳坳陷构成,是以新生代沉积为主、中生代沉积为辅的大型中、新生代叠合含油气盆地;古元古代变质岩系构成了盆地的基底。该盆地不仅是印度-太平洋前后相继的动力体系作用下形成的西太平洋沟-弧-盆构造体系域一部分,而且也是古亚洲洋动力体系作用下形成的古亚洲洋构造域和特提斯洋动力体系作用下形成的特提斯洋构造域一部分,晚侏罗世至早白垩世经历了构造体制转换,盆地格局发生重大变革,早白垩世以前主要受古亚洲-特提斯洋构造体制影响的强烈挤压造山和地壳增厚作用演变为早白垩世以来主要受太平洋构造体制控制的陆缘伸展裂陷和岩石圈减薄作用,经历侏罗纪古亚洲-特提斯构造体制大陆边缘拗陷和白垩纪以来太平洋构造体制弧后裂陷两大演化阶段。白垩纪以来太平洋构造体制的弧后裂陷演化阶段可细分为早白垩世至始新世裂陷期、渐新世至晚中新世拗陷期和中新世末至全新世裂陷期。     

燕山构造带北部喀喇沁地区晚古生代-中生代岩浆活动的构造背景分析

燕山构造带北缘喀喇沁地区发育了晚古生代一中生代多期岩浆活动,记录了多期构造变形事件,是认识该构造带大地构造演化的理想地区。本文通过对该地区岩浆岩的系统定年及各期构造变形事件的研究,结合区域地质资料,综合分析了晚古生代一中生代的大地构造演化历史。分析结果表明,燕山构造带在早石炭世晚期一早二叠世处于古亚洲洋俯冲背景下的活动陆缘环境,出现了弧岩浆活动。中二叠世古亚洲洋沿索伦克缝合线关闭,使得燕山构造带成为周缘前陆挤压变形带,并对应着岩浆活动的平静期。之后燕山构造带分别出现了晚二叠世一三叠纪、中侏罗世、晚侏罗世与早白垩世4期伸展背景下的岩浆活动。在这些岩浆活动之间的平静期,先后发生了早侏罗世、晚侏罗世初、早白垩世初3期挤压事件。这些现象还表明,岩浆活动与构造演化具有明显的耦合关系,板内环境下岩浆活动发生在伸展背景中,而岩浆活动平静期多对应区域挤压活动。     

西准噶尔达拉布特断裂带中段晚古生代构造分析

走滑断裂构造在中亚造山带增生及演化过程的研究中扮演了重要角色,其主要构造单元均被走滑断裂带所分割。西准噶尔造山带是中亚增生型造山带的重要组成部分,达拉布特断裂是西准噶尔造山带中一条重要的走滑断裂,其复杂的构造表现吸引了大量研究者的关注。前人不仅在其构造解释上存在着走滑断层、逆冲断层或压扭性断层等诸多争议,且在其活动时代问题上也有不同的看法。本文依据在达拉布特断裂带中段开展的详细野外构造学工作,结合前人针对该地区石炭纪火山岩、浊积岩和造山后花岗岩侵入体所做的同位素年代学工作成果,对达拉布特断裂的活动性质和活动时代进行了讨论。结果确认在中二叠统沉积之前,达拉布特断裂带存在两期变形事件,分别对应于320Ma左右沿NE-SW的较深层次的左行走滑事件D1和表现为脆-韧性转换域的轴面倾向SE的褶皱作用构造事件D2。前者为主期变形事件,而后者发生在中二叠统沉积之前。本文同时报道了沿达拉布特断裂带出露右行走滑构造形迹,并讨论了其可能的成因。沿达拉布特断裂带的多期构造事件记录了西准噶尔地区造山后大规模走滑构造调整过程,是晚古生代晚期中亚各个陆块拼合后大规模陆内调整在西准噶尔造山带的具体体现。     

郯庐断裂带北延及中新生代构造体制转换问题的探讨

郯庐断裂带北段在进入东北地区后主要分为走向北东—北北东的三支断裂,由西向东依次为沈阳—长春—哈尔滨断裂、依兰—伊通断裂和敦化—密山断裂。由于不同时期的大地构造背景和地球动力学的不同,它们在中、新生代的构造体制转换主要表现有如下5个阶段:(1)早、中侏罗世直到早白垩世时以拉张为主,形成一系列断陷盆地或坳陷盆地,并伴有中-酸性岩浆侵入和喷发,形成了独特的火山-湖相沉积盆地;(2)早白垩世末,为北西—南东向的压缩构造应力场,使盆地内的中、上侏罗统地层发生走向近北东的逆冲推覆构造;(3)晚白垩世,为北东向左行剪切构造应力场,区内侏罗系和早白垩世早期的沉积物发生褶皱,与上覆地层呈明显的不整合;(4)古近纪时为北西—南东向拉张构造应力场,日本海从古近纪开始逐渐拉开,直到新近纪完成现在的格局;(5)新近纪时又转换为挤压构造应力场,以北西—南东向挤压为主,使古近系沉积物发生轻微的褶皱。     

拉萨地块保吉地区晚侏罗世——早白垩世地层磁组构特征

拉萨和羌塘地块拼合形成了青藏高原的核心,但迄今对两者的具体拼合时间仍存在激烈的争论。为进一步寻找约束两者碰撞时限的地质证据,对拉萨地块晚侏罗世—早白垩世地层的磁组构特征进行研究。结果显示:晚侏罗世地层磁组构特征显示其遭遇过较强的构造应力,吐卡日组地层磁化率主轴k_1方位与地层面斜交,但经地层校正后,k_1方位与区域褶皱方向一致,表明应力方位为北北东—南南西向;萨波直不勒组地层k_1方位在地层校正前平行于层面,指示了垂直于主压应力的方向,推断晚侏罗世地层磁组构记录了同一期应力,应力方向均为北北东—南南西向。早白垩世多尼组地层磁组构显示其后期遭受的构造应力场强度弱,且与晚侏罗世应力并非同一期。因此,通过对比晚侏罗世与早白垩世地层的磁组构特征,认为保吉地区晚侏罗世地层磁组构记录了北北东—南南西向较强的构造应力,推断该期应力来源于拉萨-羌塘地块的碰撞拼合事件,而多尼组地层并未受该期应力场的影响,仅记录了区域褶皱隆起时的应力场。