煤田钻孔泥浆的应用与堵漏

本文主要叙述了在煤田地质钻探中泥浆的应用,粘土和各种试剂的选择以及在野外通过实验的方式来进行泥浆组分的配比,描述了调节泥浆性能的正确方法。本文还阐述了在煤田钻探中出现的浆液漏失现象,和用水泥堵漏的方法。     

Distribution and characters of the mud diapirs and mud volcanoes off southwest Taiwan

In order to identify the mud diapirs and mud volcanoes off SW Taiwan, we have examined ∼1500 km long MCS profiles and related marine geophysical data. Our results show ten quasi-linear mud diapirs, oriented NNE–SSW to N–S directions. Thirteen mud volcanoes are identified from the multibeam bathymetric data. These mud volcanoes generally occur on tops of the diapiric structures. Moreover, the active mud flow tracks out of mud volcanoes MV1, MV3 and MV6 are observed through the high backscatter intensity stripes on the sidescan sonar images. The heights of the cone-shaped mud volcanoes range from 65 m to 345 m, and the diameters at base from 680 m to 4100 m. These mud volcanoes have abrupt slopes between 5.3° and 13.6°, implying the mudflow is active and highly viscous. In contrast, the flat crests of mud volcanoes are due to relative lower-viscosity flows. The larger cone-shaped mud volcanoes located at deeper water depths could be related to a longer eruption history. The formation of mud diapirs and volcanoes in the study area are ascribed to the overpressure in sedimentary layers, compressional tectonic forces and gas-bearing fluids. Especially, the gas-bearing fluid plays an important role in enhancing the intrusion after the diapirism as a large amount of gas expulsions is observed. The morphology of the upper Kaoping Slope is mainly controlled by mud diapiric intrusions.     

新疆乌苏泥火山地球化学特征及其泥浆源

泥火山是地质流体活动的结果,喷发需具备泥浆源、泥浆运移通道和水补给3个条件。对乌苏泥火山8个喷口泥浆进行岩石地球化学分析,轻稀土元素富集,重稀土元素亏损,轻、重稀土元素平均比值为6.81,泥浆中富集大离子亲石元素Ba、Rb等,高场强元素Nb、Ta强烈亏损,Th弱亏损,(La/Yb)_N值为5.47,Ce/La值为2.22,球粒陨石标准异常值δEu显示中等负异常(0.760~0.805);Sr/Ba值为0.33~1.01(平均值0.60),表明源岩为陆相沉积且古盐度较低,Ce/La(2.22)、Ce_(anom)(-0.007)、V/(V+Ni)(0.78)值均指示源岩形成于还原环境。稀土、微量元素分析及地层对比分析表明,乌苏泥火山源岩来自于下侏罗统八道湾组、三工河组,为河流沼泽相-半深湖相含煤地层代表的弱还原-还原沉积环境,源岩的最大埋藏深度为7~8km。泥火山源岩的研究为指示油页岩、烃类物质的位置提供了证据。     

火山、泥火山/泥底辟及含气陷阱与油气运聚关系

火山、泥火山/泥底辟及含气陷阱这些特殊的地质体,不仅是揭示地球深部构造运动的窗口和地球深部流体活动特点的表征,而且其与油气运聚关系密切,具有非常重要的油气地质意义。火山与泥火山/泥底辟的主要差异及区别是所形成的物质基础及源动力不同,前者主要反映地壳深部地球动力学过程,其物资基础来源于火山幔源活动上侵和喷发的岩浆物资;后者则是在结晶基底以上的沉积盆地中,由快速沉积充填的欠压实泥页岩发生塑性流动而产生底辟上拱所形成的产物,其物质基础为巨厚欠压实泥页岩。含气陷阱则为气侵或富含气地层所形成的地震反射畸变之痕迹。火山、泥火山/泥底辟发育演化及展布与油气运聚成藏存在明显的成因联系和耦合关系,且控制和制约了沉积盆地中油气分布与聚集。     

赤泥渗沥液对黏性土和固化赤泥影响的试验研究

赤泥渗沥液具有强碱性,首先对赤泥渗沥液的碱性进行分析,利用碱溶液模拟赤泥渗沥液,研究了山西某赤泥堆场黏性土样在强碱的腐蚀作用下物理性质的变化及其微观结构特征,重点考察不同的作用时间效应的影响。对利用水泥(或粉煤灰)固化的赤泥样的受碱腐蚀所引起的强度变化规律进行研究表明,在碱溶液作用下不同的固化时间时固化样的强度变化过程主要体现在整个过程的早期,固化样在经过较长时间的凝结过程和腐蚀效应的共同作用后强度逐渐趋于稳定,无侧限抗剪切强度不会有明显的衰减,利用水泥和粉煤灰对赤泥进行固化处理是可行的。     

武汉地区建筑废弃泥浆泥水分离试验研究

针对武汉地区不同地层、不同工艺产生的建筑工程废弃泥浆,通过光谱仪分析了其主要化学成分,并通过过滤、真空抽滤、离心以及不同絮凝剂的正交试验,以上清液浊度和清液率为主要指标对废弃泥浆泥水分离效果进行评价。试验发现：废弃泥浆固相颗粒以有机质为主;采用过滤方式取得的清液浊度较低,但清液率较少;采用真空抽滤方式处理废弃泥浆可以获得较多的上清液;采用离心方式能处理除含特细颗粒外的多数废弃泥浆;正交试验表明阳离子絮凝剂（PAM）处理废弃泥浆效果较好。     

铝土矿赤泥的开发利用

赤泥耕层土是一种大量消纳赤泥,同时又将其转化为二次资源的赤泥产品。该技术以农作物废弃物为改性剂,通过改性剂在赤泥中发酵腐化的产物改性赤泥成适宜植物生长的土壤。该技术应用不受赤泥组分、结构差异等因素限制,具有广泛适用性,尤其是有价金属元素含量低、又不适宜于制作建材的赤泥以及堆场防渗、防溃（堤）能力弱,需迅速消减的赤泥库的赤泥土可优先选用该技术处理。     

The mud volcanoes of Pakistan

Marine-geologic investigations on the Arabian Sea by Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR) in 1995 and 1998, and land expeditions in 1998 and 1999 to the coastal regions of the Makran Desert/Pakistan have extended the knowledge of the aerial distribution of mud volcanoes. These structures rise from under-compacted formations within the regional accretionary prism, which is built by the subduction of the oceanic crust of the Arabian Sea and its km-thick sedimentary load. The occurrence of mud volcanoes is limited to the abyssal plain near the accretionary front, to the coastal region of the Makran Desert and to a region in the interior of the Desert to the south to southeast of the so-called Hinglay Synform. The location of mud volcanoes in Pakistan is clearly tied to fault systems. Mud volcanoes are conspicuously absent on the lower slope of the accretionary prism, where thick gas hydrate layers have developed. The presence of large gas plumes emerging from the seafloor landward of the gas hydrate stability zone at water depths of less than 800 m points to a redirection of fluids from depth, which might explain the absence of mud volcanoes along the lower slope.     

Bioerosion and carbonate mud production on high-latitude shelves

Low-latitude carbonate muds often are composed either of entire units of skeletons (e.g., algal muds) or of precipitates, whereas high-latitude carbonate muds are bioerosional or result from maceration. Bioerosion at high latitudes is most intense in the photic zone, particularly down to 25 m depth. Shelly substrata may be crushed, bitten, drilled, bored or scraped. Clionid sponges, endolithic algae, acmaeid gastropods and regular echinoids are the most significant agents. Clionids produce distinctive facetted carbonate silt chips when boring, which have been described from both high- and low-latitudes. Faecal pellets break down to yield mud-sized carbonate particles that are more irregular than those produced by maceration. Exhumed infaunal bivalves are often preferred to epifaunal organisms as substrata. Bioerosion occurs very rapidly; shells may be totally infested with boring algae in three months. A “moth-eaten” appearance therefore does not denote a relict grain. Reliable rates of fine sediment production are not yet available.

The mud fraction of northwest European shelf sediment generally contains 10–20% CaCO₃, though an inshore and offshore belt with higher values may be identified. Some Holocene supratidal mud-flats exceed 50% CaCO₃. Much of the shelf represents a modern-day equivalent of the “calcareous shale” facies common in the geological record. Instances of synsedimentary cementation are not uncommon, particularly in association with heavily burrowed muds.