Study on Yanshanian metallogenic granitoids magmatism in Baoshan deposit,southern Hunan ProvinceSCIEI北大核心CSCD

本文对湘南宝山花岗闪长斑岩进行了系统的锆石和磷灰石U-Pb定年、岩石地球化学以及锆石Hf同位素研究,并探讨了宝山花岗闪长斑岩的岩石成因和构造意义。锆石和磷灰石的LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年显示,宝山花岗闪长斑岩的成岩年龄为160Ma。综合元素和同位素地球化学证据,宝山花岗闪长斑岩的成因可能为新生地壳与古老地壳的混合熔融,同时宝山花岗闪长斑岩中发现的890±20Ma的继承锆石,验证了新元古代新生地壳的参与。磷灰石的主微量元素研究显示花岗闪长斑岩具有较高的氧逸度和Cl含量,Sr/Th比值具有较大变化,而La/Sm比值变化不大等特征,表明形成花岗闪长斑岩岩浆的母岩受到俯冲板片脱水形成的流体交代作用影响。在上述过程中,富含Cl和H2O的流体从板片中释放出来,引发地幔楔熔融,并对矿床中成矿金属元素进行提取。由于古太平洋板块俯冲引发的伸展-减薄运动,在地幔上涌过程中,新元古代新生地壳发生部分熔融,这些高温岩浆底侵老地壳源区,诱发老地壳部分熔融,进而发生了强烈的壳-壳混合作用,产生花岗闪长质岩浆。     

湘南宝山地区燕山期成矿花岗岩岩浆作用研究

本文对湘南宝山花岗闪长斑岩进行了系统的锆石和磷灰石U-Pb定年、岩石地球化学以及锆石Hf同位素研究,并探讨了宝山花岗闪长斑岩的岩石成因和构造意义。锆石和磷灰石的LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年显示,宝山花岗闪长斑岩的成岩年龄为160Ma。综合元素和同位素地球化学证据,宝山花岗闪长斑岩的成因可能为新生地壳与古老地壳的混合熔融,同时宝山花岗闪长斑岩中发现的890±20Ma的继承锆石,验证了新元古代新生地壳的参与。磷灰石的主微量元素研究显示花岗闪长斑岩具有较高的氧逸度和Cl含量,Sr/Th比值具有较大变化,而La/Sm比值变化不大等特征,表明形成花岗闪长斑岩岩浆的母岩受到俯冲板片脱水形成的流体交代作用影响。在上述过程中,富含Cl和H₂O的流体从板片中释放出来,引发地幔楔熔融,并对矿床中成矿金属元素进行提取。由于古太平洋板块俯冲引发的伸展-减薄运动,在地幔上涌过程中,新元古代新生地壳发生部分熔融,这些高温岩浆底侵老地壳源区,诱发老地壳部分熔融,进而发生了强烈的壳-壳混合作用,产生花岗闪长质岩浆。

     

南岭科学钻探一孔中岩浆岩的矿物特征及其对成岩、成矿作用的指示意义

南岭科学钻探一孔(SP-NLSD-1)位于南岭成矿带与武夷山成矿带的交汇部位——赣南银坑矿田,该钻孔总进尺2967.83 m,钻遇了流纹岩、花岗闪长斑岩、花岗斑岩、辉长闪长玢岩等4种岩浆岩。各岩浆岩矿物组成简单,主要为石英、斜长石、钾长石、黑云母、角闪石及副矿物磷灰石、榍石等,岩石多发生绿泥石化、碳酸盐化、白云母化等蚀变。钾长石均以正长石为主。花岗闪长斑岩中的斜长石以中长石为主,少数为钠长石、更长石、拉长石;花岗斑岩中的斜长石以钠长石为主,少数为更长石。黑云母为富镁黑云母和镁铁黑云母。白云母均由黑云母蚀变而来,花岗闪长斑岩中的白云母具有低的AlVI、Fe/(Fe+Mg)值,花岗斑岩中的白云母具有高的AlVI、Fe/(Fe+Mg)值。磷灰石普遍含F、Cl,且F含量显著高于Cl含量。石榴石属钙铝榴石。绿泥石主要为蠕绿泥石(铁绿泥石)-密绿泥石。黑云母矿物化学特征指示花岗闪长斑岩为壳幔混源花岗岩,具有较高的氧逸度,在演化过程中发生了岩浆混合作用。根据锆石饱和温度计计算出花岗闪长斑岩、花岗斑岩、辉长闪长玢岩的结晶温度分别为810~922℃、764~819℃、742~747℃,成岩后岩浆岩经历了中高温—中低温热液蚀变作用。岩浆岩成岩时代、岩石学和岩相学所反映的岩浆演化过程、成岩物理化学条件、矿物化学特征等方面的综合信息显示,南岭科学钻探一孔中钻遇的花岗闪长斑岩与南岭地区成Cu(-Mo)-Pb-Zn-Au-Ag矿的花岗岩十分相似,应为钻孔中揭露的银金铅锌铜矿化以及牛形坝—柳木坑银金铅锌铜矿的成矿岩浆岩,而钨铋铀矿化与岩浆岩的关系还有待于进一步研究。     

安徽高家塝钨钼矿床花岗闪长质侵入岩岩浆起源和演化及其对成矿能力的约束

安徽高家塝钨钼矿床位于江南过渡带,为一大型斑岩-矽卡岩型矿床,矿体赋存于小型花岗闪长斑岩体及其内外接触带中,紧邻的大型花岗闪长岩体中未见矿化。为查明制约两者成矿能力差异的原因,本文从岩石学、锆石U-Pb年代学、黑云母矿物化学、岩石地球化学等方面分别对矿区两个花岗闪长质侵入岩体开展了系统的对比研究。结果表明,花岗闪长斑岩成岩年龄为145. 1±2. 1Ma～144. 9±2. 2Ma,花岗闪长岩为142. 5±1. 8Ma～141. 8±1. 6Ma,前者侵位结晶稍早于后者。两者具有近于一致的主量、微量、稀土和Sr-Nd同位素组成特征,显示矿区两个花岗闪长质侵入岩体是由同一岩浆活动先后侵位到相近空间所形成,其原始岩浆具有相同的壳幔混合来源,即上涌的幔源玄武质岩浆与由其底侵引起挤压加厚的扬子下地壳部分熔融岩浆的混合,与长江中下游成矿带铜陵矿集区中酸性侵入岩不同的是,岩浆在上升过程中或滞留于浅位岩浆房中时明显地同化混染了扬子上地壳物质。然而,起源相同的花岗闪长质岩浆历经演化并先后侵位结晶时,其岩浆特征和结晶条件发生了显著变化,表现为:花岗闪长斑岩结晶时继承大量元古代锆石,花岗闪长岩则较少见有继承锆石,综合两者岩体特征和侵位结晶条件,显示前者岩浆熔体规模小、岩浆温度低、冷却结晶较快,岩体形成于富含F、Cl和相对还原的环境;而后者岩浆熔体规模巨大,岩浆温度相对较高,冷却结晶慢,岩体形成于贫F、Cl和相对氧化的环境。这在一定程度上影响了矿区两个花岗闪长质侵入岩体的成矿能力,演化早期偏还原性的花岗闪长斑岩岩浆以及其中较高的F、Cl含量更有利于钨富集于岩浆期后热液流体中,进而形成大型钨(钼)矿床。此外,相较于大型花岗闪长岩体而言,浅成侵位的小型花岗闪长斑岩体具有更为发育的裂隙系统以及受围岩更大影响而发生强烈矽卡岩化,也为矿质富集和沉淀提供了有利条件。本文研究为皖南地区钨(钼)矿床的找矿勘探及成矿模式的建立提供了新依据。     

皖南祁门地区东源钨钼矿区花岗闪长斑岩SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年龄和Hf同位素特征

江家等系列花岗闪长斑岩是皖南祁门县东源钨钼矿区含矿岩体的组成部分,位于东源花岗闪长岩的西侧。对江家和方村花岗闪长斑岩进行的SHRIMP锆石U-Pb测年结果表明,江家、方村花岗闪长斑岩的结晶年龄为149~152Ma,与富钨的东源花岗闪长岩相近。岩石地球化学和锆石Hf同位素分析显示,江家等系列花岗闪长斑岩源区具有复杂的多成分端元,其中老锆石核的正εHf值反映了成岩岩浆对晋宁期岩浆岩的继承,震荡岩浆环带的负εHf值（-39.5~-2.86）指示源区的主要成分为古老的地壳物质,有少量地幔物质的混染。全岩锆石饱和温度（737~913°C）显示岩浆组成中有幔源物质的贡献。     

皖南祁门地区东源钨钼矿区花岗闪长斑岩SHRIMP 锆石U-Pb年龄和Hf同位素特征

江家等系列花岗闪长斑岩是皖南祁门县东源钨钼矿区含矿岩体的组成部分,位于东源花岗闪长岩的西侧。对江家和方村花岗闪长斑岩进行的SHRIMP锆石U-Pb测年结果表明,江家、方村花岗闪长斑岩的结晶年龄为149~152Ma,与富钨的东源花岗闪长岩相近。岩石地球化学和锆石Hf同位素分析显示,江家等系列花岗闪长斑岩源区具有复杂的多成分端元,其中老锆石核的正εHf值反映了成岩岩浆对晋宁期岩浆岩的继承,震荡岩浆环带的负εHf值(-39.5~-2.86)指示源区的主要成分为古老的地壳物质,有少量地幔物质的混染。全岩锆石饱和温度(737~913°C)显示岩浆组成中有幔源物质的贡献。     

榍石LA-SF-ICP-MS U-Pb定年及对结晶和封闭温度的指示

榍石富含U、Th,贫Pb,是U-Pb定年的理想矿物之一。本文采用激光剥蚀-高分辨等离子体质谱建立榍石U-Pb定年方法,采用25~30μm激光斑束,准确测定榍石U-Pb标准样品BLR-1（~1048Ma）、OLT-1（~1014Ma）和Pakistan（~21.4Ma）,以及年轻榍石样品（<100Ma）U-Pb年龄,提高了检测准确性和空间分辨率。综合对比共生锆石和榍石U-Pb年龄、榍石颗粒微量元素和U-Pb年龄环带及不同成分岩浆岩（SiO₂含量48.1%~77.0%）中岩浆榍石的结晶温度,结果表明：岩浆演化过程中,榍石具有宽泛的结晶温度（600~900℃,峰值~750℃）,主要集中于岩浆演化中晚期结晶,榍石U-Pb同位素封闭温度接近或略低于锆石,因此同一岩浆体系中锆石与榍石的年龄差异可能反映了该熔体较晚达到榍石饱和,而非熔体热演化历史或封闭温度信息。     

土耳其西部新生代斑岩成矿岩浆氧逸度-挥发份元素组成演化特征——来自锆石和磷灰石组成约束

特提斯成矿域中段的土耳其西部集中产出了与俯冲、碰撞-后碰撞、伸展动力学背景有关的斑岩型铜、钼、金矿床。前人已完成了针对这些斑岩型矿床构造背景的大量研究工作,但对于区内不同构造背景下斑岩型矿床的成矿岩浆源区性质、成矿元素-挥发分含量和成矿物质演化关系尚未有系统研究。而这些研究将对认识中特提斯构造域晚白垩世以来在新特提斯洋俯冲、欧亚板块-Tauride-Anatolide板块碰撞和伸展过程中斑岩矿床形成时地壳厚度、壳幔相互作用方式及成矿物质演化过程具有重要意义。本研究选择土耳其西段三个斑岩成矿带(Tavsanli带、Biga半岛成矿带和Afyon-Konya带)内五个斑岩型矿床的成矿岩体与同期侵入岩-火山岩,开展锆石微量元素和磷灰石主量元素研究,限定碰撞与伸展环境下斑岩型矿床成矿岩浆的形成温度、氧逸度条件及其与岩浆形成时地壳厚度的关系,利用磷灰石F-Cl-S含量组成揭示熔体挥发分和硫元素的物质组成,进而约束新特提斯洋俯冲-碰撞-伸展过程中斑岩系统的深部物质演化规律。研究结果表明,土耳其西部新生代斑岩型矿床成矿岩浆锆石大部分落于高水含量-高氧逸度区间,具有相似的稀土元素标准化配分曲线。从始新世到中新世,锆石氧逸度Ce~(4+)/Ce~(3+)比值呈现出先降低(斑岩型Cu-Mo矿到斑岩型Mo矿)后升高(斑岩型Mo-Cu矿到斑岩Au矿)的趋势,且相对于斑岩型Mo矿和Mo-Cu矿,斑岩型Au矿和Cu-Mo矿成矿岩体的锆石形成时具有相对较高的氧逸度。绝大部分斑岩型矿床成矿岩体的锆石Eu_N/EU_N~*位于0.4～0.7之间,但斑岩型Mo矿和斑岩型Mo-Cu矿床的锆石具有相对较低的Eu_N/Eu_N~*比值,可能是由于在结晶时熔体受斜长石结晶影响较大。锆石微量元素显示(Yb/Gd和Hf/Y-Th/U)锆石组成大部分受岩浆房中角闪石±榍石±磷灰石分离结晶控制。根据锆石Ti温度计估算土耳其西部斑岩型矿床成矿岩体及其相关岩体的形成温度在650～900℃之间,结晶温度从斑岩型Au矿、斑岩型Cu-Mo/Mo-Cu矿至斑岩型Mo矿呈现递减趋势。对于熔体的挥发分与硫含量组成始新世-渐新世斑岩型Cu-Mo与Mo矿床成矿岩浆相对具有高F和低Cl组成,中新世伸展环境形成的斑岩型Mo-Cu矿和斑岩型Au矿床成矿岩浆Cl含量普遍较高。与成矿岩体同期的暗色包体或基性岩脉中磷灰石计算获得的熔体硫含量均大于侵入体对应熔体的硫含量,且具有不均一的含量组成,表明基性岩浆注入可能为岩浆房提供硫。结合区域动力学和地壳厚度估算,本文认为触发土耳其西部新生代斑岩矿床形成的动力学机制是:在新特提斯洋向北单向汇聚的背景下,北部始新世-渐新世斑岩矿床受控于碰撞后俯冲的新特提斯洋板片(Vardar洋)后撤-回转-断离过程;南部中新世斑岩矿床的形成则受控于爱琴海板片俯冲控制的地壳伸展-减薄过程。北侧Izmir-Ankara-Erzincan缝合带附近的Tavsanli与Biga半岛斑岩成矿带始新世-渐新世斑岩型矿床的形成与熔融-同化-储存-均一过程(MASH)有关,深部地壳热区过程(DCHZ)与中新世Afyon-Konya带斑岩型矿床的形成有关。     

吉林延吉杜荒岭浅成热液金矿床岩体锆石微量元素地球化学特征及其地质意义

杜荒岭金矿床是中国东北部吉林省延吉地区典型的浅成热液高硫化型金矿床之一,矿区内发育大量早白垩世火成岩。为了更深入地认识杜荒岭金矿床的岩浆作用、岩浆起源及成矿条件,本文在已有研究基础上对矿区内含矿的石英闪长岩、花岗闪长岩和花岗闪长斑岩中的锆石进行了微量元素测试。结果显示,绝大多数锆石Th/U值>0.1,锆石的球粒陨石标准化REE配分曲线呈左倾配分型式,强烈富集重稀土元素、亏损轻稀土元素,并存在不同程度的Ce正异常与Eu负异常;研究对象为典型岩浆锆石,结晶温度主要介于700～900℃之间。研究认为含矿岩石起源于下地壳部分熔融,形成于板块俯冲的弧构造环境。此外,成矿岩体花岗闪长斑岩锆石相比成矿前岩石具有较高的Ce⁴⁺/Ce³⁺值和较低的结晶温度,指示花岗闪长斑岩岩浆具有高氧逸度和含水量,即高成矿潜力。而岩浆氧逸度和含水量的差异可能是石英闪长岩和花岗闪长岩未成矿的原因。     

安徽姚家岭锌金多金属矿区花岗闪长斑岩锆石U-Pb年龄和Hf同位素特征及其地质意义

姚家岭锌金多金属矿床位于铜陵矿集区东部,其形成与小青塘花岗闪长斑岩密切相关.然而,前人对该岩体的研究仍较少,为了深入认识姚家岭矿区的成矿作用,利用岩石地球化学的方法,对花岗闪长斑岩及锆石特征进行研究,结果表明:花岗闪长斑岩具有较高的SiO2,K2O/Na2O比值为0.68~1.02,为I型花岗岩,属于高钾钙碱性系列;锆石具有明显的环带结构,Th/U比值为0.34~1.20,为典型的岩浆锆石;锆石的206Pb/238 U加权平均年龄为141.0±1.7 Ma,说明花岗闪长斑岩形成于早白垩世;锆石的εHf(t)为-22.5~-9.2,Hf同位素两阶段模式年龄为1 639~2 620Ma,表明形成花岗闪长斑岩的岩浆是古元古代地壳岩石部分熔融的产物.此外,研究还表明,花岗闪长斑岩的结晶温度为558~739℃,成岩压力为50~250MPa.     

Roles of xenomelts,xenoliths, xenocrysts,xenovolatiles, residues,and skarns in the genesis,transport, and localization of magmatic Fe-Ni-Cu-PGE sulfides and chromite

Most sulfide-rich magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits form in dynamic magmatic systems by partial melting S-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren to weakly-mineralized immiscible Fe sulfide xenomelts into which Ni-Cu-Co-PGE partition from the magma. Some exceptionally-thick magmatic Cr deposits may form by partial melting oxide-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of the miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren Fe ± Ti oxide xenocrysts into which Cr-Mg-V ± Ti partition from the magma. The products of these processes are variably preserved as skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles, which play important to critical roles in ore genesis, transport, localization, and/or modification. Incorporation of barren xenoliths/autoliths may induce small amounts of sulfide/chromite to segregate, but incorporation of sulfide xenomelts or oxide xenocrysts with dynamic upgrading of metal tenors (PGE > Cu > Ni > Co and Cr > V > Ti, respectively) is required to make significant ore deposits. Silicate xenomelts are only rarely preserved, but will be variably depleted in chalcophile and ferrous metals. Less dense felsic xenoliths may aid upward sulfide transport by increasing the effective viscosity and decreasing the bulk density of the magma. Denser mafic or metamorphosed xenoliths may also increase the effective viscosity of the magma, but may aid downward sulfide transport by increasing the bulk density of the magma. Sulfide wets olivine, so olivine xenocrysts may act as filter beds to collect advected finely dispersed sulfide droplets, but other silicates and xenoliths may not be wetted by sulfides. Xenovolatiles may retard settling of – or in some cases float – dense sulfide droplets. Reactions of sulfide melts with felsic country rocks may generate Fe-rich skarns that may allow sulfide melts to fractionate to more extreme Cu-Ni-rich compositions. Xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles are more likely to be preserved in cooler basaltic magmas than in hotter komatiitic magmas, and are more likely to be preserved in less dynamic (less turbulent) systems/domain/phases than in more dynamic (more turbulent) systems/domains/phases. Massive to semi-massive Ni-Cu-PGE and Cr mineralization and xenoliths are often localized within footwall embayments, dilations/jogs in dikes, throats of magma conduits, and the horizontal segments of dike-chonolith and dike-sill complexes, which represent fluid dynamic traps for both ascending and descending sulfides/oxides. If skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and/or xenovolatiles are present, they provide important constraints on ore genesis and they are valuable exploration indicators, but they must be included in elemental and isotopic mass balance calculations.     

深部矿井水煤共采水文地质数值分析

针对兖州煤田下组煤深部开采受奥灰高承压水威胁以及当地大型煤化工企业生产用水量大的现状,在已进行的水文地质勘探及放水试验基础上,评价奥灰富水性,并采用有限差分法进行奥灰疏水降压数值模拟研究,提出水煤共采观点。研究结果表明:兖州煤田深部奥灰水压高,合理布置水煤共采孔,可以实现奥灰水位的有效疏降,疏降中心区水位最大降深可达110 m,突水系数显著下降,提高了下组煤开采的安全性;同时可提供煤化工43200 m3/d的供水量,能达到可持续的、水资源保护性的供水效果,实现下组煤的水煤共采。     

Partition coefficients of Hf,Zr, and REE between zircon,apatite, and liquid

Concentration ratios of Hf, Zr, and REE between zircon, apatite, and liquid were determined for three igneous compositions: two andesites and a diorite. The concentration ratios of these elements between zircon and corresponding liquid can approximate the partition coefficient. Although the concentration ratios between apatite and andesite groundmass can be considered as partition coefficients, those for the apatite in the diorite may deviate from the partition coefficients. The HREE partition coefficients between zircon and liquid are very large (100 for Er to 500 for Lu), and the Hf partition coefficient is even larger. The REE partition coefficients between apatite and liquid are convex upward, and large (D=10–100), whereas the Hf and Zr partition coefficients are less than 1. The large differences between partition coefficients of Lu and Hf for zircon-liquid and for apatite-liquid are confirmed. These partition coefficients are useful for petrogenetic models involving zircon and apatite.     

Coprecipitation of Ti,Mo, Sn and Sb with fluorides and application to determination of B,Ti, Zr,Nb, Mo,Sn, Sb,Hf and Ta by ICP-MS

We examined the coprecipitation behavior of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides under two different fluoride forming conditions: at < 70 °C in an ultrasonic bath (denoted as the ultrasonic method) and at 245 °C using a Teflon bomb (denoted as the bomb method). In the ultrasonic method, small amounts of Ti, Mo and Sn coprecipitation were observed with 100% Ca and 100% Mg fluorides. No coprecipitation of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides occurred when the sample was decomposed by the bomb method except for 100% Ca fluoride. Based on our coprecipitation observations, we have developed a simultaneous determination method for B, Ti, Zr, Nb, Mo, Sn, Sb, Hf and Ta by Q-pole type ICP-MS (ICP-QMS) and sector field type ICP-MS (ICP-SFMS). 9–50 mg of samples with Zr–Mo–Sn–Sb–Hf spikes were decomposed by HF using the bomb method and the ultrasonic method with B spike. The sample was then evaporated and re-dissolved into 0.5 mol l^− 1 HF, followed by the removal of fluorides by centrifuging. B, Zr, Mo, Sn, Sb and Hf were measured by ID method. Nb and Ta were measured by the ID-internal standardization method, based on Nb/Mo and Ta/Mo ratios using ICP-QMS, for which pseudo-FI was developed and applied. When 100% recovery yields of Zr and Hf are expected, Nb/Zr and Ta/Hf ratios may also be used. Ti was determined by the ID-internal standardization method, based on the Ti/Nb ratio from ICP-SFMS. Only 0.053 ml sample solution was required for measurement of all 9 elements. Dilution factors of ≤ 340 were aspirated without matrix effects. To demonstrate the applicability of our method, 4 carbonaceous chondrites (Ivuna, Orgueil, Cold Bokkeveld and Allende) as well as GSJ and USGS silicate reference materials of basalts, andesites and peridotites were analyzed. Our analytical results are consistent with previous studies, and the mean reproducibility of each element is 1.0–4.6% for basalts and andesites, and 6.7–11% for peridotites except for TiO₂.     

Distribution of Cu,Co, As,and Fe in mine waste,sediment, soil,and water in and around mineral deposits and mines of the Idaho Cobalt Belt,USA

The distribution of Cu, Co, As and Fe was studied downstream from mines and deposits in the Idaho Cobalt Belt (ICB), the largest Co resource in the USA. To evaluate potential contamination in ecosystems in the ICB, mine waste, stream sediment, soil, and water were collected and analyzed for Cu, Co, As and Fe in this area. Concentrations of Cu in mine waste and stream sediment collected proximal to mines in the ICB ranged from 390 to 19,000 μg/g, exceeding the USEPA target clean-up level and the probable effect concentration (PEC) for Cu of 149 μg/g in sediment; PEC is the concentration above which harmful effects are likely in sediment dwelling organisms. In addition concentrations of Cu in mine runoff and stream water collected proximal to mines were highly elevated in the ICB and exceeded the USEPA chronic criterion for aquatic organisms of 6.3 μg/L (at a water hardness of 50 mg/L) and an LC50 concentration for rainbow trout of 14 μg/L for Cu in water. Concentrations of Co in mine waste and stream sediment collected proximal to mines varied from 14 to 7400 μg/g and were highly elevated above regional background concentrations, and generally exceeded the USEPA target clean-up level of 80 μg/g for Co in sediment. Concentrations of Co in water were as high as in 75,000 μg/L in the ICB, exceeding an LC50 of 346 μg/L for rainbow trout for Co in water by as much as two orders of magnitude, likely indicating an adverse effect on trout. Mine waste and stream sediment collected in the ICB also contained highly elevated As concentrations that varied from 26 to 17,000 μg/g, most of which exceeded the PEC of 33 μg/g and the USEPA target clean-up level of 35 μg/g for As in sediment. Conversely, most water samples had As concentrations that were below the 150 μg/L chronic criterion for protection of aquatic organisms and the USEPA target clean-up level of 14 μg/L. There is abundant Fe oxide in streams in the ICB and several samples of mine runoff and stream water exceeded the chronic criterion for protection of aquatic organisms of 1000 μg/L for Fe. There has been extensive remediation of mined areas in the ICB, but because some mine waste remaining in the area contains highly elevated Cu, Co, As and Fe, inhalation or ingestion of mine waste particulates may lead to human exposure to these elements.     

Geochemistry and petrology of selected coal samples from Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and Papua, Indonesia

Indonesia has become the world's largest exporter of thermal coal and is a major supplier to the Asian coal market, particularly as the People's Republic of China is now (2007) and perhaps may remain a net importer of coal. Indonesia has had a long history of coal production, mainly in Sumatra and Kalimantan, but only in the last two decades have government and commercial forces resulted in a remarkable coal boom. A recent assessment of Indonesian coal-bed methane (CBM) potential has motivated active CBM exploration. Most of the coal is Paleogene and Neogene, low to moderate rank and has low ash yield and sulfur (generally < 10 and < 1 wt.%, respectively). Active tectonic and igneous activity has resulted in significant rank increase in some coal basins. Eight coal samples are described that represent the major export and/or resource potential of Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and Papua. Detailed geochemistry, including proximate and ultimate analysis, sulfur forms, and major, minor, and trace element determinations are presented. Organic petrology and vitrinite reflectance data reflect various precursor flora assemblages and rank variations, including sample composites from active igneous and tectonic areas. A comparison of Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs) elements abundance with world and US averages show that the Indonesian coals have low combustion pollution potential.     

Dielectric constants of apatite,epidote, vesuvianite,and zoisite,and the oxide additivity rule

The dielectric constants and dielectric loss values of 4 Ca-containing minerals were determined at 1 MHz using a two-terminal method and empirically determined edge corrections. The results are: vesuvianitel κ′ _a=9.93 tan δ=0.006 κ′ _c=9.79 tan δ=0.005 vesuvianitel κ′ _a=10.02 tan δ=0.002 κ′ _c=9.85 tan δ=0.003 zoisite1 κ′ _a =10.49 tan δ=0.0006 κ′ _b =15.31 tan δ=0.0008 κ′ _c=9.51 tan δ=0.0008 zoisite2 κ′ _a =10.55 tan δ=0.0011 κ′ _b =15.45 tan δ=0.0013 κ′ _c=9.39 tan δ=0.0008 epidote κ′ ₁₁= 9.52 tan δ=0.0008 κ′ ₂₂=17.1 tan δ=0.0009 κ′ ₃₃= 9.37 tan δ=0.0006 fluorapatite1 κ′ _a =10.48 tan δ=0.0008 κ′ _c = 8.72 tan δ=0.0114 fluorapatite2 κ′ _a =10.40 tan δ=0.0010 κ′ _c=8.26 tan δ=0.0178 The deviation (δ) between measured dielectric polarizabilities as determined from the Clausius-Mosotti equation and those calculated from the sum of oxide polarizabilities according to α _D (mineral)=∑ α _D (oxides) for vesuvianite is ～ 0.5%. The large deviations of epidote and zoisite from the additivity rule with Δ=+ 10.1 and + 11.7%, respectively, are attributed to “rattling” Ca ions. The combined effects of both a large F thermal parameter and possible F-ion conductivity in fluorapatite are believed to be responsible for Δ=+2–3%. Although variation of oxygen polarizability with oxygen molar volume (V_o) is believed to affect the total polarizabilities, the variation of V_o in these Ca minerals is too small to observe the effect.     

Comparative study of As,Cd, Cu,Cr, Mg,Mn, Ni,Pb and Zn concentrations between sediment and water from estuary and port

The contents of As, Cd, Cu, Cr, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn have been determined in sediment and water samples from Valle de las Garzas estuary and Port Manzanillo (Colima, Mexico) using ICP-AES. The concentrations of these elements were used for a comparative study to determine the distribution of heavy metals and to evaluate which elements reflect natural or anthropogenic backgrounds. For this purpose, seven sampling points were selected: Four of them correspond to the lagoon, and three were situated in the port. Statistical analysis of the mineral content was assessed. Initially, data comparison was assessed by statistical tests for each variable. Principal component analysis was then applied considering the influence of all variables at the same time by obtaining the distribution of samples according to their scores in the principal component space. In this way, four studies were carried out: (1) study of sediments collected during the dry season; (2) study of sediments collected during the rainy season; (3) comparative study between sediments from rainy and dry season; and (4) study of water composition collected during rainy season. From the results of the performed analyses, it can be concluded that metals distribution pattern reflected natural and anthropogenic backgrounds (e.g., sediments from the lagoon, situated at the beginning of the rain channel, presented high contents of Zn and Cu, perhaps related to anthropogenic activities or the influence of igneous sediments).