剑川—德钦一带的地热异常:对川滇菱块西北边界和地震活动性的意义

为研究川滇菱块西北缘剑川-德钦一带地热场空间分布特征,探索地热异常区与断裂及地震活动性的关系以及活动块体边界问题,运用4种传统地热温标和多矿物平衡法综合估算了川滇菱块滇西北地区(德钦-维西-剑川-丽江-中甸) 91个地热温泉的最有可能的热储温度,通过克里金插值方法获得了滇西北地区的热储温度空间分布。结果表明,地热异常区主要沿德钦-中甸-大具断裂及其以北的多条近南北向金沙江断裂的分支断层展布,澜沧江断裂带、维西-马登断裂、玉龙雪山东麓断裂和中甸-龙蟠-乔后断裂局部分段表现地热异常;地热异常区的地理展布大致反映了德钦-中甸-大具断裂与金沙江断裂带共同构成了川滇菱形块体的西北边界;绝大多数中强地震震中位于地热中-高值区即地热的横向梯度带上,德钦-中甸-稻城一带地热横向梯度变化较大且历史上强震稀少,未来的地震危险性值得关注。     

青藏高原向东挤出的变形响应及南北地震带构造组成

受青藏高原物质在南北挤压下向东逸出的影响 ,四川地块、鄂尔多斯地块、川滇地块和滇西地块均发生了不同性质的变形响应。根据航磁异常揭示的四川、鄂尔多斯盆地基底构造样式和滇西地区的地质构造研究结果 ,在主要由变质褶皱基底组成的四川地块发生平行龙门山断层的逆冲推覆 ,基底岩石发生递进褶皱缩短的同时 ,由华北变质结晶基底组成的鄂尔多斯地块在前期逆冲推覆构造的基础上 ,结晶基底沿一系列近东西向左行走滑断层向东错移。滇西和川滇地块则分别沿金沙江—红河断裂 (2 0Ma前后 )和鲜水河—小江断裂 (5Ma前后 )发生了大规模的左行位移。发生在滇西、川滇、四川和鄂尔多斯地块上的最新构造变动叠加或改造了先存构造 ,并且表现为从南向北、由盖层向基底发展的趋势 ,变形程度自西向东减弱 ,反映了青藏高原持续同构造伸展作用的边缘和远程效应。青藏高原东缘多层次、多阶段的现今构造变动引发的地震活动组成了宏观的南北地震带。     

川滇块体的侧向挤出问题

基于活动断裂长期平均滑动速率和GPS观测结果计算所得的中国大陆活动地块运动矢量图 ,认为青藏高原存在向东侧向挤出 ,但达不到“大陆逃逸”假说所设想的规模。高原挤出的南边界可能由一组断续、分散的右旋走滑断裂承担 ,而不像是连续、单一的喀喇昆仑 -嘉黎 -红河断裂带的样式 ,而且滑动速率较低。川滇地块是高原侧向挤出最突出的块体 ,它向南南东方向较强的挤出可能与川滇地区岩石圈强度的差异有关。     

2013年云南香格里拉、德钦-四川得荣交界5.9级地震灾害及发震构造

2013年8月28日、31日, 云南迪庆藏族自治州香格里拉县、德钦县、四川省甘孜藏族自治州得荣县交界地区连续发生5.1级、5.9级地震.为了查明此次地震的影响破坏程度, 进行了地震现场建筑物震害考察并对震中附近断裂进行了野外构造地质剖面调查.两次地震在短时间内并在相近位置连续发生, 造成了此次云南香格里拉、德钦-四川得荣交界地震比以往同级地震的破坏程度要高, 地震烈度最高为Ⅷ级, 有感范围大, 5.9级地震宏观震中大致处在整个灾区破坏最严重的奔子栏镇争古村一带(28.20°N, 99.36°E), 距离地震微观震中约5.1km.等震线沿德钦-中甸断裂呈北西向分布, 近似为椭球状, 结合此次地震震中附近区域现场断裂调查、震源机制解数据以及地震余震空间分布特征, 初步推断此次地震的发震构造为德钦-中甸断层, 其主要表现为一次以正断为主兼有左旋走滑错动的地震事件.      

东昆仑断裂东端塔藏断裂压剪活动与高原隆升作用讨论

塔藏断裂位于东昆仑断裂带东端,横贯青藏高原东缘的高原内部和边缘,因属于巴颜喀拉块体向东南运移的东北侧边界带,其晚第四纪活动性质和滑动速率对认识青藏高原的构造变形模式极端重要。本文综合SPOT、中巴资源卫星等高分辨率遥感影像解译,利用冲沟、山脊、断错河流阶地、断层槽谷、反向坎等地震地貌的识别,开展详细的断错地层、地貌研究和系列年代学样品采集测试,对塔藏断裂的精细几何展布、晚第四纪活动性质、滑动速率进行详细分析。塔藏断裂自西向东可分为青藏高原内部的罗叉段、青藏高原边缘的东北村段和马家磨段,各段走向依次为113°、142°、130°,逐渐向南偏转,晚第四纪的活动表现为分段性和多期性。罗叉段全新世以左旋剪切走滑为主兼挤压活动,左旋走滑速率为2.43~2.89mm/a左右,最新地表断错事件发生在0.66±0.04ka BP以来,断层面表现出走滑断层的近垂直和张裂并发育充填楔的典型特征,塔藏断裂为东昆仑断裂系东延的主要断裂之一;马家磨段也为全新世活动断层,距今9.0±0.8ka的地层被断错,而且断层面北倾达58°。因此,对比分析塔藏断裂各段活动特征可见,西部以水平剪切运动为主,而东部走滑运动分量逐渐变弱,断面北倾、北盘上升导致的垂向分量逐渐变大。东昆仑断裂带及塔藏断裂晚第四纪走滑速率向东规则减小,并转化为横向逆冲作用和高原隆升,符合"叠瓦状逆冲转换—有限挤出模型"的特征。     

青藏高原东缘新构造及其对汶川地震的控制作用

基于卫星遥感图像解译、地形起伏度分析和地面调查资料,论述了青藏高原东缘构造地貌格局、新构造演化阶段和活动断裂特征,提出青藏高原东缘不同地块在晚新生代时期有序的向东挤出过程,并划分为4个阶段：中新世早期川滇地块向北东挤出、中新世晚期川滇地块的再次强烈向东挤出、上新世至早中更新世时期川青地块的向东挤出、晚更新世以来最新构造变动阶段,青藏高原东缘地貌边界带也经历了由西向东、由南向北的有规律的迁移过程。基于活动构造的最新研究成果和现今GPS测量成果,阐述了东昆仑岷山龙门山走滑逆冲断裂系统的运动学特征。根据地震破裂构造的实地调查,分析了汶川地震的地表破裂行为,提出了汶川地震的发震构造模型。研究认为,青藏高原东部地区NW向楔状条块向东运动速度的一半被鲜水河断裂及其北西延伸的构造带所吸收,而龙门山构造带向东运动受阻于四川盆地之下扬子刚性地块,使得龙门山断裂带处在低应变、高应力环境下,因长期应力应变累积而导致向西陡倾的断裂带突然向东逆冲运动而释放能量。汶川强震发生的深部机理值得深入研究。     

右江地区新生代断裂活动及构造变形机制的物理模拟分析

右江地区北西向断裂起源于晚古生代右江盆地内发育的同沉积断裂，这些断裂近等间距平行分布，新生代以来发生了多期次左旋走滑活动，进而导致了右江地区整体发生简单剪切变形。利用三维沙箱模型展开了物理模拟实验，对新生代右江地区的变形机制进行了分析。实验结果表明，早期在红河断裂的左旋剪切错动和印支地块的顺时针旋转联合作用下，右江地区北西向断裂复活，并发生明显的左旋走滑活动；随后川滇地块发生东南向的挤出运动，对右江地区产生侧向挤压，导致了右江地区北西向断裂新一轮的快速左旋走滑活动，同时还导致了右江地区西部的地壳压缩增厚。实验证实新生代右江地区的简单剪切变形以及北西向断裂的走滑活动是印支地块和川滇地块挤出运动共同作用的结果，同时也是印度-欧亚板块碰撞产生的连锁反应之一。      

青藏高原东南缘川滇地块古近纪沉积地层古地磁分析及其构造意义

针对中国西部及中亚地区以红色陆相沉积岩为主的白垩纪—新生代地层中普遍存在古地磁数据磁倾角偏低的现象,对青藏高原东南缘川滇地块中部大姚地区古近纪陆相红层进行了磁倾角偏低研究。实验结果表明,川滇地块内部古近纪陆相红层古地磁数据不存在明显的磁倾角偏低的现象。结合前人对川滇地块内部古地磁数据及周缘新生代走滑断裂的活动演化历史研究,确定川滇地块自中中新世以来川滇地块内部表现为刚性旋转,楚雄地区则发生局部构造旋转叠加。     

Characteristics of the Strik-Slip Fault Facies in Ordovician Carbonate in the Tarim Basin, and Its Relations to Hydrocarbon

通过露头与井下资料的综合分析,塔里木盆地奥陶系碳酸盐岩走滑断裂带断裂相具有多样性,根据内部构造发育程度可以分为断层核发育、断层核欠发育两类.露头走滑带断层核部以裂缝带、透镜体、滑动面等断裂相发育为特征,断裂边缘的破碎带发育裂缝带、变形带.裂缝带主要分布在断层核附近50 m的破碎带内,裂缝多开启,渗流性好.断裂核部透镜体发育,在破碎带也有分布,破碎角砾组合的透镜体多致密.滑动面具有平直截切型、渐变条带型等两种类型,多为开启的半充填活动面.变形带多为方解石与碎裂岩充填,破碎带局部部位裂缝与溶蚀作用较发育.利用地震剖面、构造图、相干图等资料可以判识塔里木盆地内部奥陶系碳酸盐岩走滑断裂相的特征及其发育程度,沿走滑断裂带走向上断裂相具有分段性与差异性,根据渗流性可以定性区分高渗透相、致密相区.沿断裂带高渗透相区是碳酸盐岩缝洞体储层发育的有利部位.断裂相的横向变化造成油气分布的区段性,形成高渗透相输导模式、致密相遮挡模式等两类成藏模式.走滑断裂带碳酸盐岩断裂相的特征及其控藏作用对油气勘探开发储层建模具有重要意义.     

青藏高原东南部第四纪右旋剪切运动

通过对藏东南嘉黎断裂和滇西北断裂实地考察研究，表明青藏高原南部不存在统一的边界走滑断裂。嘉黎断裂的西段位于青藏高原南部，是一个南北挤压作用下的东西向伸展构造区，发育近南北向的地堑系，嘉黎断裂西段是这些地堑之间的转换断层，具有较高的右旋走滑速率。滇西北断裂与红河断裂构成川滇菱形块体的西南边界，该块体具有向东南逃逸和顺时针旋转运动。     

深大断裂对松辽断陷盆地群南部的控制作用

通过野外地质调查及对各断陷典型地震剖面和构造发育史剖面的综合研究,系统探讨了研究区深大断裂对断陷盆地群的控制作用。以西拉木伦河-长春-延吉板块拼接带、赤峰-开原超岩石圈断裂为边界,将研究区自南向北分为辽西盆地区、辽北盆地区和吉西盆地区等3个一级构造分区;根据控盆断裂及其断陷盆地群的时空分布、断陷构造样式、不同时期伸展量等特征将辽北盆地区分为西部、中西部、中东部等3个二级断陷区。西拉木伦河断裂控制了西部区断陷的形成和分布;嫩江—八里罕断裂和孙吴—大庆—阜新断裂对中西部断陷区的控盆效应大体相近;孙吴—大庆—阜新断裂与佳木斯—伊通断裂共同对中东部断陷区起着重要的控制作用;昌图断陷主要受佳木斯—伊通断裂所控制。辽北盆地区主要表现为双断式地堑,断陷群的形成和分布不仅受北北东向断裂控制,也受到近东西向的西拉木伦河断裂和赤峰—开原断裂重新活动的控制。中西部断陷区伸展率具有从九佛堂组沉积期—沙海组沉积期—阜新组沉积期依次减小的变化规律。中东部断陷区与中西部断陷区存在明显差异,NNE向与近EW向深大断裂对两区构造分区控制程度不同。     

The influence of fault geometry on small strike-slip fault mechanics

Meter-scale subvertical strike-slip fault traces in the central Californian Sierra Nevada exhibit geometric complexities that significantly contribute to their mechanical behavior. Sections of faults that opened at depth channelized fluid flow, as evidenced by hydrothermal mineral infillings and alteration haloes. Thin sections show a variation in the style of ductile deformation of infill along the fault, with greater intensities of deformation along restraining bends. Orthorectified photomosaics of outcrops provide model geometries and parameter constraints used in a two-dimensional displacement discontinuity model incorporating a complementarity algorithm. Model results show that fault shape influences the distribution of opening, and consequently the spatial distribution of fluid conduits. Geometric irregularities are present at many scales, and sections of opening occur along both releasing and restraining bends. Model sensitivity tests focus on boundary conditions along the fault: frictional properties on closed sections and fluid pressure within sections of opening. The influence of the remote stress state varies along a non-planar fault, complicating the relationships between remote stresses, frictional properties, slip, and opening. Discontinuous sections of opening along model faults are similar in spatial distribution and aperture to the epidote infill assemblages observed in the field.     

Principal fault zone width and permeability of the active Neodani fault, Nobi fault system, Southwest Japan

The internal structure and permeability of the Neodani fault, which was last activated at the time of the 1891 Nobi earthquake (M8.0), were examined through field survey and experiments. A new exposure of the fault at a road construction site reveals a highly localized feature of the past fault deformation within a narrow fault core zone. The fault of the area consists of three zone units towards the fault core: (a) protolith rocks; (b) 15 to 30 m of fault breccia, and (c) 200 mm green to black fault gouge. Within the fault breccia zone, cataclastic foliation oblique to the fault has developed in a fine-grained 2-m-wide zone adjacent to the fault. Foliation is defined by subparallel alignment of intact lozenge shaped clasts, or by elongated aggregates of fine-grained chert fragments. The mean angle of 20°, between the foliation and the fault plane suggests that the foliated breccia accommodated a shear strain of γ<5 assuming simple shear for the rotation of the cataclastic foliation. Previous trench surveys have revealed that the fault has undergone at least 70 m of fault displacement within the last 20,000 years in this locality. The observed fault geometry suggests that past fault displacements have been localized into the 200-mm-wide gouge zone. Gas permeability analysis of the gouges gives low values of the order of 10⁻²⁰ m². Water permeability as low as 10⁻²⁰ m² is therefore expected for the fault gouge zone, which is two orders of magnitude lower than the critical permeability suggested for a fault to cause thermal pressurization during a fault slip.     

太行山东缘断裂南支断层性质及断层泥K-Ar同位素定年

太行山东缘断裂是华北盆地西边界的控制性断裂,对研究华北盆地中-新生代油气藏、地震分布及成矿作用具有重要意义。通过对太行山东缘断裂南支断层几何学、运动学的详细研究以及对断层泥的X射线衍射分析、K-Ar同位素年代学研究,确定了太行山东缘断裂为枢纽性质正断层,山一系列北北东走向正断层组成,呈左阶阶梯状展布,断层活动时间为113.42±2.31 Ma。断裂在新生代再次活动,形成多幕式的断陷盆地。     

塔里木盆地柯坪断隆断裂构造分析

柯坪断隆内断裂发育，笔者根据野外及地震数据对各主要断裂和二级断裂进行了分析，认为柯坪塔格断裂形成于晚第三纪，沙井子断裂早期与柯坪塔格具有不同的发育历史，阿合奇断裂形成于挤压而非走滑的背景下，皮羌断裂和印干走滑断裂其实是协调作用的捩断层。萨尔干断裂是一条假走滑断层，实际上应该是一条撕裂断层。在挤压背景下形成了二类主要的断裂构造组合样式；叠瓦推覆体、构造窗。笔者认为柯坪断隆上的构造其实是印度板块和欧亚板块远程碰撞造山和板内变形的一种表现。     

Dating fault activity by surface textures of quartz grains from fault gouges

Surface textures of quartz grains from fault gouges are examined by means of the scanning electron microscope. It is disclosed that the surface morphology of the grains is variable, but quartz grains extracted from one fault gouge sample commonly show a type of texture different from those observed on the grains from the other samples. The surface textures observed under the microscope are tentatively classified into eight types; subconchoidal, orange peel-like, fish scale-like, moss-like, moth-eaten, stalactitic, pot-hole, and coral-like textures. These textures can be classified into four groups. Arranged in the order of their apparent features, it is interpreted that the progressive corrosion of quartz grains by ground water has taken place after faulting. The change of this surface feature can assist in estimating the time elapsed since the last fault activity.     

Discontinuous fault zones

Many tectonic faults and tension fractures are, at least initially, composed of separate segments. This note deals with a little explored reason for this phenomenon which, in faulting, has obvious implications both for the migration of hydrocarbons and for the sealing capacity of faults. Theoretical arguments based on CoulombMohr's theory of shear failure and on a theorem for the integrability of vector fields lead to the expectation that, in general, non-uniform and truly three-dimensional stress fields will impede the formation of smooth, coherent fault surfaces; this is in contrast to the stress fields that are associated with plane deformation. Examples are given and special attention is drawn to the role of tectonic stress fields with horizontal principal stresses that change with depth in magnitude and direction.     

The occurrence of graphite-bearing fault rocks in the Atotsugawa fault system,Japan: Origins and implications for fault creep

Graphite in fault zones has received little attention even though it is a well-known solid lubricant that could affect frictional properties of faults dramatically. This paper reports the presence of abundant graphite in fault zones of the Atotsugawa fault system, central Japan. Mesoscopic and microscopic observations of fault rocks revealed two processes of carbon enrichment in fault zones. One is a pressure solution process or diffusive mass transfer in general which removes water-soluble minerals such as quartz and carbonates from rocks, resulting in the enrichment of insoluble minerals including carbon. The other process is precipitation of graphite from a high-temperature carbon-rich fluid, forming graphite filling fractures within cataclasitic fault zones. The two processes have led to the concentration, up to 12 wt% of graphite, in the Atotsugawa fault zones, compared to 0 to 3 wt% of carbonaceous materials in the host rocks. This concentration is high enough for graphite to affect frictional properties at wide range of slip rates. The presence of graphite may provide an explanation for the low resistivity, the patterns of microearthquakes and fault creep along the western part of the Atotsugawa fault system. Graphite should receive more attention as a weakening and stabilizing agent of faults.     

Fudzin-Iman lateral fault

The fault is 200 km in length, trending N 5°W., cutting the N 30° E-trending structure of the Sikhote-Alin Mountains. Correlation of northwesterly-dipping Paleozoic and Mesozoic sequences on either side of the fault show that the fault is vertical, with a left-lateral displacement of about 40 km. The youngest beds displaced are Senonian, dating the movement as Upper Senonian (a post-geosynclinal stage of the Sikhote-Alin development). — P. B. Ives