藏南错那地区空布岗中新世淡色花岗岩的成因机制

空布岗位于特提斯喜马拉雅带东部、桑日-错那裂谷系内，发育二云母花岗岩、白云母淡色花岗岩、含石榴子石淡色花岗岩以及混合岩淡色体。LA-MC-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年显示，空布岗白云母淡色花岗岩结晶年龄为16.9±0.1Ma。全岩元素地球化学分析表明：二云母花岗岩为过铝质富钠花岗岩，具有较高的Sr (107×10^-6～141×10^-6)和Ba (230×10^-6～311×10^-6),较低的Rb(108×10^-6～221×10^-6)和Rb/Sr比值(0.78～2.07),Ba与Rb/Sr比值没有相关性，指示其为白云母含水部分熔融作用的产物。白云母淡色花岗岩为过铝质富钾花岗岩，具有较高的Rb(>270×10^-6)和Rb/Sr比值(5.2～9.5),但是其Sr(<58.5×10^-6)和Ba(<167×10^-6)含量较低，Ba与Rb/Sr比值呈现明显的负相关关系，表明它是白云母脱水...     

北喜马拉雅淡色花岗岩地球化学: 区域对比、岩石成因及其构造意义

北喜马拉雅出露一系列片麻岩穹窿,这些穹窿被形成于27.5～10Ma的淡色花岗岩侵入.淡色花岗岩的岩石类型为二云母花岗岩,它们的主量元素组成为SiO2=70.97%～74.54%、K2O+Na2O=6.27%～8.09%、K2O/Na2O=0.91～1.36及A/CNK=1.10～1.33.然而,它们在微量元素组成上呈现出较大的变化:Rb=(41～322)×10-6、Sr=(26～139)×10-6、Ba=(135～594)×10-6、(La/Yb)N=0.97～17.31、Eu/Eu=0.29～0.72.北喜马拉雅淡色花岗岩的主量元素和微量元素组成特征类似于高喜马拉雅中新世的二云母花岗岩,而在Ti、Mg、Ca、Ba含量和Rb/Sr比值上明显不同于高喜马拉雅中新世的电气石-白云母花岗岩.北喜马拉雅淡色花岗岩(87Sr/86Sr)t=0.7344～0.8503(t=10Ma),εNd(10Ma)=-12.5～-19.3,与高喜马拉雅淡色花岗岩无明显差异.在岩石成因上,北喜马拉雅和高喜马拉雅中新世淡色花岗岩均起因于构造减压作用,由此导致白云母发生脱水反应诱发高喜马拉雅结晶岩系的深熔.但北喜马拉雅淡色花岗岩形成的地质背景明显不同于高喜马拉雅淡色花岗岩,前者具有较长的时间跨度,开始形成于喜马拉雅渐新世的地壳增厚期,之后形成于中新世穹窿片麻岩的折返时期,而高喜马拉雅淡色花岗岩与中新世高喜马拉雅结晶岩系的构造挤出作用有关.因此,北喜马拉雅和高喜马拉雅淡色     

藏南马拉山高钙二云母花岗岩的年代学特征及其形成机制

马拉山片麻岩穹窿位于特提斯喜马拉雅带内,由马拉山二云母花岗岩、错布二云母花岗岩和派枯错复合淡色花岗岩组成。马拉山二云母花岗岩东西展布约10km,锆石U-Pb分析表明,马拉山二云母花岗岩的结晶时间较长,从17.6Ma到16.9Ma,或者至少是两次深熔作用的产物,分别发生在17.6Ma和16.9Ma。全岩主量元素、微量元素和Sr、Nd、Hf同位素分析表明马拉山二云母花岗岩是一个较均一岩体,具有以下特征:(1)高SiO2,Al2O3和相对较高的CaO(1.2%～2.0%);(2)较高的Sr,较低的Rb和Rb/Sr比值(<1.3),且随着Ba浓度的增加,Rb/Sr比值保持不变;(3)高度变化的Zr/Hf比值(25.9～39.9);(4)富集轻稀土,亏损重稀土,几乎无或弱的负Eu异常;(5)较一致的Sr和Nd同位素组成;(6)锆石岩浆增生边和继承性锆石的Hf同位素比值高度变化,εHf(t)分别为-20.4～-8.0和-27.2～-9.5。这些特征暗示马拉山二云母花岗岩是变泥质岩在较高温压条件下水致白云母部分熔融的产物,与藏南裂谷系的东西向伸展作用密切相关。     

喜马拉雅碰撞造山带不同类型部分熔融作用的时限及其构造动力学意义

喜马拉雅新生代淡色花岗岩,是世界上S型花岗岩的典例,主要分布于两条近平行排列的东西向构造带内,特提斯喜马拉雅带和高喜马拉雅带。实验岩石学和理论研究表明:这些淡色花岗岩是中—下地壳岩石进行不同性质的地壳深熔作用的产物,部分熔融类型与构造变形密切耦合。具体表现在:146~35 Ma,在增厚地壳条件下,以角闪岩部分熔融作用为主,形成了具有高Sr/Y比值的二云母花岗岩;228~9 Ma,减压条件下,俯冲物质快速折返,白云母发生脱水部分熔融,形成具有较高Rb/Sr比值的花岗岩;3其中,在21~16 Ma期间,与藏南裂谷系E—W向伸展作用开启密切相关,变泥质岩发生水致白云母部分熔融作用,形成Rb/Sr比值较低,Sr和Ba含量较高的花岗岩;4在25~27 Ma期间,局部地区发生高压水致部分熔融作用。     

特提斯喜马拉雅带东段列麦白云母花岗岩年代学及成因

列麦白云母花岗岩位于特提斯喜马拉雅东段,侵位于雅拉香波穹窿边部早古生代浅变质岩中。为揭示其形成时代及成因,本文对其开展LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学、Hf同位素及岩石地球化学研究。结果表明列麦白云母花岗岩具有高SiO_2(71.08%～71.49%)、Al_2O_3(15.55%～15.72%)和K_2O(4.32%～4.57%),高的A/CNK比值(1.17～1.21),低的CaO/Na_2O比值(0.22～0.28),属于高钾钙碱性过铝质花岗岩;富集Rb、Th和Hf,亏损Ba、Nb、Sr和Ti,稀土元素呈轻稀土(LREE)富集,重稀土(HREE)相对亏损的向右倾斜的配分模式(LREE/HREE=16.57～17.91),具有弱负Eu异常(δEu=0.78～0.79)。与二云母花岗岩比较,列麦白云母花岗岩具有较高的Rb含量(204.1×10~(-6)～293.8×10~(-6))、较低的Sr(134.6×10~(-6))及显著的重稀土分馏效应。锆石新生边年龄为48.5±1.1 Ma(MSWD=2.1),代表其结晶年龄,该年龄为目前报道的最早年龄,其初始Hf同位素组成ε_(Hf)(t)=-6.4～-2.3,显示物源为壳源性质,二阶段模式年龄介于731～839 Ma之间,表明成岩物质形成于新元古代;核部继承锆石年龄变化在135.7～3339.2 Ma之间,表明其源岩为早白垩世沉积岩,是在印度与欧亚大陆主碰撞阶段,陆-陆碰撞导致地壳缩短加压升温,引起早白垩世沉积岩部分熔融而形成的。     

藏南冲巴淡色花岗岩的地球化学特征、成因机制及其构造动力学意义

冲巴淡色花岗岩位于大喜马拉雅淡色花岗岩带的东部,岩石地球化学研究结果显示,其具有高的SiO2(73.87%~74.95%)、Al2O3(14.20%~14.74%)和K2O(4.44%~4.89%),高的K2O/Na2O比值(1.19~1.42)和A/CNK比值(1.18~1.22),富集Rb、Th和U,亏损Ba、Nb、Sr和Zr,具有强烈的负Eu异常(δEu=0.27~0.37),属于高钾钙碱性过铝质S型花岗岩。冲巴淡色花岗岩具有较高的Rb/Sr比值(2.6~8.6),低的CaO/Na2O比值(0.18~0.20),指示源区可能为泥质岩区,(87 Sr/86 Sr)i和εNd(t)值分别为0.763 199~0.778 799和-16.7~-16.3,与大喜马拉雅结晶杂岩(GHC)中变泥质岩一致,表明其来自GHC变泥质岩的部分熔融。淡色花岗岩具有高的(87Sr/86Sr)i而低的Sr含量,且随着Ba含量增加,Rb/Sr比值降低。这些特征表明,冲巴淡色花岗岩是无水条件下变泥质岩发生白云母脱水熔融的产物,部分熔融可能与STDS伸展拆离导致的构造减压密切相关。     

藏南错那淡色花岗岩LA-MC-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄、岩石地球化学及其地质意义

藏南错那淡色花岗岩位于喜马拉雅造山带的东部。对其进行LA-MC-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年,结果显示,结晶年龄为17.7±0.3Ma,代表中新世的地壳深熔作用。淡色花岗岩样品具有高的Si O2(74.46%~75.57%)、Al2O3(14.07%~14.64%)和K2O(4.19%~4.85%)含量,高的K2O/Na2O值(1.09~1.31)和A/CNK值(1.15~1.25),富集Rb、Th和U,亏损Ba、Nb、Sr、Zr等元素,显示高的Rb/Sr值(17.75~29.50)和强烈的负Eu异常(δEu=0.18~0.26),属于壳源成因的高钾钙碱性过铝质S型花岗岩。样品具有高的Isr值(0.78982~0.79276)和低的εNd(t)值(-19.5~-18.2),可与大喜马拉雅结晶杂岩(GHC)中的变泥质岩对比,暗示其来自变泥质岩的部分熔融。样品的Isr值较高,而Sr浓度较低,且随着Ba浓度的增加,Rb/Sr值逐渐降低,表明淡色花岗岩是无水条件下白云母部分熔融的产物,部分熔融可能与藏南拆离系(STDS)伸展拆离导致的构造减压有关。错那淡色花岗岩的形成反映了地壳伸展减薄背景下,构造减压导致的中下地壳中含水矿物脱水熔融,并沿STDS上升侵位的动力学过程。     

藏南吉隆淡色花岗岩地球化学特征、成因机制及其构造动力学意义

藏南吉隆淡色花岗岩体位于大喜马拉雅淡色花岗岩带的中部,是吉隆地区藏南拆离系剪切带上部的重要组成部分。地球化学特征显示,岩石具有高SiO_2(72.09%~74.02%)、Al_2O_3(14.54%~15.59%)和K_2O(4.55%~5.59%)含量,高K_2O/Na_2O比值(1.12~1.55)和A/CNK值(1.14~1.18),属于高钾钙碱性过铝质S型花岗岩。富集大离子亲石元素Rb和放射性生热元素U,亏损Ba、Nb、Sr和Zr等元素,具有明显的轻重稀土元素分异和Eu负异常(δEu=0.37~0.54)。具有高的Rb/Sr比值(3.6~9.7)和低的CaO/Na_2O比值(0.15~0.25),指示源区为泥质岩区;(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)_i和ε_(Nd)(t)变化范围分别为0.7548~0.7586和-14.0~-13.1,与大喜马拉雅变泥质岩的Sr-Nd同位素组成一致;锆石边部的ε_(Hf)(t)介于-16.0~-8.5之间,位于大喜马拉雅变泥质岩中碎屑锆石的演化线上,表明淡色花岗岩的源岩为大喜马拉雅变泥质岩。岩石(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)_i较高而Sr浓度较低,且随着Ba浓度的增加,Rb/Sr比值降低,表明淡色花岗岩是无水条件下白云母脱水熔融形成的,部分熔融可能与藏南拆离系(STDS)伸展拆离导致的深部构造减压密切相关。吉隆淡色花岗岩的形成反映了地壳伸展减薄背景下,构造减压导致的深部地壳物质中含水矿物(白云母)脱水熔融并沿向北伸展的STDS侵位的构造动力学过程。     

特提斯喜马拉雅马拉山花岗岩的年代学、地球化学特征及成因机制

马拉山花岗岩位于特提斯喜马拉雅的西部,其主要矿物组成为石英、钾长石、白云母和黑云母。锆石LA-MC-ICP-MS U-Pb定年表明,花岗岩的发育记录了(28.0±0.5)Ma和(18.4±0.3)Ma两期深熔作用,(18.4±0.3)Ma代表了最终的结晶时间。全岩地球化学分析结果显示,样品具有高的SiO_2(72.36%~72.51%)、Al_2O_3(15.22%~15.37%)和CaO(1.64%~1.66%)含量,高的K_2O/Na_2O值(0.97-1.05)和A/CNK值(1.15-1.20),显示高钾钙碱性过铝质的特征;岩石富集Rb、Th、U和K,亏损Ba、Nb、Sr和Zr、Eu负异常不明显(δEu=0.80~0.89),轻重稀土分馏较强[(La/Yb)_N=7.09~19.68]。马拉山花岗岩具有较低的Rb/Sr值(0.90-1.10)和较高的CaO/Na_2O值(0.44~0.46),指示岩浆源区物质成分可能以页岩为主;样品(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)_i和ε_(Nd)(t)分别为0.742 522~0.744 097和-14.5~-13.7,与大喜马拉雅结晶杂岩中变质沉积岩成分一致,表明其来自变质沉积岩的部分熔融。岩石具有较低的(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr);和较高的Sr含量,且随着Ba含量的增加,Rb/Sr值基本不变,表明马拉山花岗岩是水致白云母部分熔融的产物,部分熔融可能与南北向裂谷的东西向伸展关系密切。     

喜马拉雅淡色花岗岩成因与稀有金属成矿潜力

喜马拉雅淡色花岗岩世界瞩目,具有重要的理论研究和找矿意义,但是其成因争议较大。本文统计了两千余件样品的全岩主微量地球化学、Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf同位素、锆石/独居石/磷钇矿等副矿物原位U-Pb年龄和锆石Hf同位素等,试图全面地总结喜马拉雅淡色花岗岩的研究进展和现状。喜马拉雅淡色花岗岩分为南北两带,北带花岗岩主要出露于特提斯喜马拉雅和片麻岩穹隆中,而南带花岗岩主要发育在高喜马拉雅顶部和东-西构造结中。从北往南,成岩时代逐渐变新;南北两带均以二云母花岗岩和(石榴石-电气石)白云母花岗岩为主,两期(始新世和中新世)中-基性岩脉和埃达克质岩主要在北带中发育。新生代岩浆活动分为5个阶段：49~40 Ma、39~29 Ma、28~15 Ma、14~7 Ma、6~0.7 Ma,分别主要与新特提斯洋壳板片断离、印度陆壳板片的低角度俯冲、断离或回撤、南北向撕裂(裂谷)和东西构造结的快速隆升有关。喜马拉雅淡色花岗岩起源于高喜马拉雅杂岩系的不一致(不平衡)部分熔融,并经历了矿物分离结晶的高分异演化。淡色花岗岩属于强过铝质岩石,具有高Si、K、Na,低Ca、Fe、Mg、Ti、Mn,高的Rb/Sr、Y/Ho值,低的Th/U、Nb/Ta、Zr/Hf、K/Rb值,稀土元素总量较低,负Eu异常明显的地球化学特征。随着成岩时代变新,Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf等同位素都指示岩浆源区中古老地壳物质的占比逐步增加。喜马拉雅淡色花岗岩/伟晶岩中Li、Be、W、Sn、Ta、Cs和Rb等稀有元素的富集系数大于10,伟晶岩属于典型的LCT型伟晶岩。喜马拉雅新生代淡色花岗岩带有望成为一条新的世界级的Li-Be-Sn-W-Ta稀有金属成矿带。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.