Study and Practice of Wide-Angle Seismic Data Processing

This paper presents the special processing methods used for wide-angle land seismic data through both theoretical study and model testing. They are different from conventional ones in the following aspects: separation of reflection and refraction waves, long offset NMO and stacking and forward modeling and inversion. These processing techniques have been applied for the first time to land seismic data from Liaohe areas, resulting in greatly improved quality of the deep formation and better imaging of the shallow layer obtained in the volcanic-shielded area. Wide-angle reflection and refraction seismic surveys were carried out in the Liaohe area using the maximum offset of 6500m and with the target around 2000ms. In the processing, we adopted the τ-p transform and the high-order normal moveout correction.     

Comprehensive Interpretation Technique for Geophysical Data and Its Applications

Addressed in this paper was the comprehensive interpretation of all kinds of data and its applications in oil/gas exploration. Real examples were used to illustrate the importance of the comprehensive interpretation of gravity/magnetic/electric/seismic data as well as the results.     

Seismic Data Acquisition Techniques on Loess Hills in the Ordos Basin

High-resolution exploration for lithologic targets confronted with difficulties due to the original brought out from geophysical and geologic characteristics of the loess hills and the very thick deserts in Ordos. Scientific research since mid 1990s has conducted three acquisition techniques including the high-resolution crooked line survey in valleys, high-resolution multiple straight line survey and 3D survey, under different surface conditions and for different geological targets.     

The Analysis of Seismic Data Structure and Oil and Gas Prediction

In this paper, a new concept called numerical structure of seismic data is introduced and the difference between numerical structure and numerical value of seismic data is explained. Our study shows that the numerical seismic structure is closely related to oil and gas-bearing reservoir,so it is very useful for a geologist or a geophysicist to precisely interpret the oil-bearing layers from the seismic data. This technology can be applied to any exploration or production stage. The new method has been tested on a series of exploratory or development wells and proved to be reliable in China. Hydrocarbon-detection with this new method for 39 exploration wells on 25 structures indicates a success ratio of over 80 percent. The new method of hydrocarbon prediction can be applied for: (1) depositional environment of reservoirs with marine facies, delta, or non-marine facies (including fluvial facies, lacustrine facies); (2) sedimentary rocks of reservoirs that are non-marine clastic rocks and carbonate rock; and (3) burial depths range from 300 m to 7000 m, and the minimum thickness of these reservoirs is over 8 m (main frequency is about 50 Hz).     

Analysis of Geological Background of Seismic Activity in the Chengdu Plain from Data of Seismic Prospecting for Oil

Summarizing the existing data of seismological and geological investigations and of strong and intermediate-strong earthquakes in‘ the Sichuan basin and its adjacent areas accumulated by the seismological and petroleum organizations in Sichuan and of the results of seismic prospecting and detailed exploration in Chengdu depression during the last 20 years permitted us to studythe types and distribution of hidden structures in Chengdu depression and its adjacent areas, in particular, to identify in, detail the “hidden faults” in the Chenngdu-Deyang area on the one hand; The obtained data indicate that the NE-trending Xinjin fault ruus northward and dies out in the south of Penzhen town of Shuangliu County; Meanwhile, we studied genetic relations of seismic activity to active faults and their corresponding movernent charaeteristics on the other hand, Moreover, the Surface faults and deep-seated faults are clearly defined and outlined,and 5 types of seismogenic faults suggestd. The knowledge thus obtained enables us to delimit the focal zones for potential strong earthquakes in Chengdu depression. The study suggests that a zone of 40 km wide and more than 100 km long on sides along the Chengu Deyang lim bas a stable seismogeological background and good engineering-seismological conditions.     

Beamforming with the Generalized Sidelobe Cancellerfor Coherent Noise Attenuation in 3D Seismic Data

This paper presents a new approach for attenuating coherent noise in 3D seismic data. An adaptive beamforming with generalized sidelobe canceller (GSC) design methodology is utilized here as a general form of linearly constrained adaptive beamforming structure. It consists of a fixed beamformer, and a signal-blocking matrix in front of an unconstrained adaptive beamformer.Considerationf of the complexity of the geometry for 3D seismic survey, the 3D beamforming with GSC technique is developed with two key points: (1) sorting along azimuth sections to simplify the relationship between traveltime and offset from 3D to 2D, and (2) dynamic binning scheme to avoid the possible poor folding in some azimuth sections. Both simulation result and real data example show that the newly developed 3D beamforming with GSC yields more credible results at a relative low cost, sufficient stability and good resolution.     

A Preliminary Investigation of the Application of Modern Crustal Deformation Data in Seismic Zonation

INTRODUCTIONAs a high precision and lowcost tool,the global positioning system(GPS)allows easy andversatile observation anditis suitablefor dense deployment.Because of these merits,it has been usedto monitor crustal deformation andtostudytectonic movement on various scales,fromlocal segment offaults to global plates(Gan Weijun,2001).In recent years,GPS observation data has beenunceasingly enriched.Thus,it would be a very worthwhile effort to analyze the features of earthquakeoccurrence…     

Seismic Monitoring Network and Seismic Activities in Thailand

The details of seismic monitoring network and seismological work in Thailand,including some information on felt earthquakes that occured from 2000 to August 2001,are reported here.     

2D Seismic Data Processing for Straight Lines in the Loess Plateaus in Fuxian of Shanbei

The crooked seismic lines along valleys were irregular previously in Fuxian of Shanbei,showing an irregular branch in plane, and hard to complete close grids. Therefore, it‘s difficult to conduct reservoir inversion of 2D seismic data. In 2001, Zhongyuan Oilfield Company carried out the study on field acquisition methods and seismic processing technology in Fuxian. Straight lines were passing through plateaus and formed seismic grids by using flexible geometry with variable linear bins.Data processing involved model-inversion based refraction static correction, surface consistent amplitude compensation, deconvolution, and pre-stack noise attenuation. As the result, seismic data with a high fidelity was provided for the subsequent reservoir predictions, small-amplitude structure interpretation and integrative geologic study. Because all lines were jointed to form grids, comprehensive interpretation of reservoir inversion could be finally implemented by using the pseudo logging method to control lines without wells.     

Analysis of Power Supply Interference of Geomagnetic Second Data Observation-Take Changli Seismic Station as An Example

This paper analyzes two types of power supply interference encountered in the observation of geomagnetic second data:the HVDC interference and the discharge interference of electrified railway. By taking the FGM fluxgate magnetometer of Changli Seismic Station as the research object, we analyze interference characteristics and conduct intensive observational experiment of electrified railway interference. Finally, several conclusions are obtained:① HVDC interference is closely related to the changes in the current system of the interference source, such as current size, distance or orientation of the interference source. Although the characteristics of each change are not the same, the main changes are variable. ② The discharge phenomenon caused by the contact of the pantograph system or other reasons during the operation of the electrified railway is a factor that may cause random small interference in the geomagnetic second data at Changli Seismic Station. This study explains similar phenomena discovered in previous years and meanwhile correct previous misjudgments including unstable working systems, unstable power supply, and occasional sudden jumps that are considered to be discrete.     

Seismic Observations and Seismic Hazard Studies in the Philippines

It has taken more than a hundred years for seismic observations in the Philippines to evolve to a modern observation system.The responsibility of seismic observations was likewise transfeered from one agency to another during this same period of time.At present,the mandate of conducting seismic observatins in the Philippines rests with the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology(PHIVOLCS),In 2000,through a grant aid from the Japan International Cooperation Agency(JICA),the Philippine Seismic netowrk was upgraded to a digital system.As a result,a new set of seismic monitoring equipments was installed in all of the 34 PHIVOLCS seismic stations all over the country,Digital waveforms are now available for high level seismic data processing.and data acquisition and processing are now automated.Included in the upgrade is the provision of strong motion accelerographs in all stations whose data can now be used for studying ground motion and intensity attenuation relations,The new setup is now producing high-resolution data that can now be used for conducting basic seismological researches,Earthquake locations have now improved allowing for the modeling and delineation of earthquake source regions necessary for earthquake hazard studies.Current seismic hazard studies in the Philippines involve the estimation of ground motion using both probabilitstic and deterministic approaches,seismic microzonation studies of key cities using microtremor observations,paleoseismology and active faults mapping ,and identification of liquefaction-prone,landslide-prone nd tsunami-affected areas.The earthquake database is now being reviewed and completed with the addition of historical events and from data from regional databases,While studies of seismic hazards were primarily concentrated on a regional level ,PHIVOLCS is now focusing on doing these seismic hazard studies on a micriolevel.For Metro Manila,first generation hazard maps showing ground rupture,ground shaking and liquefaction hazards have recently been completed.Other large cities that are also at risk from large earthquakes are the next targets.The elements at risk such as population,lifelines,and vertical and horizontal structures for each of these urban centers are also being incorporated in the hazard maps for immediate use of planners,civil defense officials,policy-makers and engineers.The maps can also now be used to describe possible scenarios during times of strong events and how appropriate socio-economic and engineering responses could be designed.In addition,a rapid earthquake damage assessment system has been started which will attempt to produce immediate or rapid assessments identification of elements at risk durin times of strong earthquakes     

Surface-based Internal Multiple Elimination in the CMP Domain — Theory and Application Strategies on Land Seismic Data

The data-driven internal multiple elimination (IME) method based on feedback model, which includes CFP-based, surface-based and inversion- based methods, are successfully applied to marine datasets. However, these methods are computationally expensive and not always straightforward on land datasets. In this paper, we first proved that the surface-based IME method, which is the most computationally efficient method among the three methods, can be derived from the CFP theory. Then we extend it to CMP domain under the assumption of locally lateral invariance of the earth, which makes it more computationally efficient. In addition, we proposed applying a time-variant taper based on the first Fresnel zone to predict the multiples more percisely. Besides, the improved S/N ratio and dense offset distribution can be obtained by using the CMP supergather, which makes the CMP-oriented method more suitable for land data. Some practical processing strategies are proposed via case study. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated with the application to synthetic and field data.     

Seismic Monitoring of Poland–Description and Results of Temporary Seismic Project with Mobile Seismic Network

The paper describes a temporary seismic project aimed at developing the national database of natural seismic activity for seismic hazard assessment, officially called “Monitoring of Seismic Hazard of Territory of Poland” (MSHTP). Due to low seismicity of Poland, the project was focused on events of magnitude range 1–3 in selected regions in order to maximize the chance of recording any natural event. The project used mobile seismic stations and was divided into two stages.Five-year measurements brought over one hundred natural seismic events of magnitudes M_L range 0.5–3.8. Most of them were located in the Podhale region in the Carpathians. Together with previously recorded events this made it possible to conduct a preliminary study on ground motion prediction equation for this region. Only one natural event, of magnitude M_L = 3.8, was recorded outside the Carpathians in a surprising location in central-west Poland.     

Physics of Seismic Source Ⅱ. Mechanics of Seismic Source

An earthquake is regarded as a fracture from the viewpoint of continuum mechanics, in which stress and strain play key roles in understanding the nature of a seismic source. This review briefly outlines the mechanics of a seismic source in terms of the dislocation model and crack model. The introduction includes the Coulomb failure criterion, static stress drop, dynamic stress drop, the Griffith criterion, and the scaling of source parameters. The selection of topics in the introduction emphasizes the application of seismic data, i.e., in practice, the mechanical parameters introduced here are measurable in the interpretation and analysis of seismic waveform data.     

Seismic Network,Seismic Activity and Seismological Research of Vietnam

In this paper,a historical review of the seismic network of Vietnam and the ability of the network to monitor earthquakes is presented.The seismic activity of Vietnam as a country of high seismictiy in the last century and since the beginning of the new century is described.The current state of seismological research in Vietnam and cooperation with institutions outside of Vietnam is outlined.     

Local Seismic Events in the Area of Poland Based on Data from the PASSEQ 2006–2008 Experiment

PASSEQ 2006–2008 (Passive Seismic Experiment in TESZ; Wilde-Piórko et al. 2008) was the biggest passive seismic experiment carried out so far in the area of Central Europe (Poland, Germany, the Czech Republic and Lithuania). 196 seismic stations (including 49 broadband seismometers) worked simultaneously for over two years. During the experiment, multiple types of data recorders and seismometers were used, making the analysis more complex and time consuming. The dataset was unified and repaired to start the detection of local seismic events. Two different approaches for detection were applied for stations located in Poland. The first one used standard STA/LTA triggers (Carl Johnson’s STA/LTA algorithm) and grid search to classify and locate the events. The result was manually verified. The second approach used Real Time Recurrent Network (RTRN) detection (Wiszniowski et al. 2014). Both methods gave similar results, showing four previously unknown seismic events located in the Gulf of Gdańsk area, situated in the southern Baltic Sea. In this paper we discuss both detection methods with their pros and cons (accuracy, efficiency, manual work required, scalability). We also show details of all detected and previously unknown events in the discussed area.     

Analysis of Seismic Risk at an Engineering Site from Site Effect Seismic Intensity Data Using the Seismotectonic Method Taking Six Reservoir Dam Sites in Western Anhui as an Example

The seismotectonic method is used to study the seismogenic structures and the maximum potential earthquake around an engineering site in order to determine the seismic risk at the site. Analysis of seismic risk from site effect seismic intensity data, in combination with regional seismo-geologieal data, using the seismotectonic method can provide a more reliable result. In this paper, taking the area of six reservoir dam sites in western Anhui as an example, we analyze the seismic risk from site effect seismic intensity data in combination with the seismotectonic conditions and find that P (I≥i) = 10% over 50 years. The result shows that the seismogenic structure and the maximum potential earthquake have a controlling effect on seismic risk from future earthquakes in the area around the site.     

The Seismic Risk Assessment and Seismic Zoning of the Hong Kong Region

The Hong Kong-Kowloon Block,which has been uplifted continually and is stable since the late Cretaceous-Paleogene period,is identified and determined as a potential source with a maximum credible magnitude of M=5.5,while the late Cretaceous-Paleogene fault basins located around the Hong Kong-Kowloon Block are determinated as a potential source with a maximum credible magnitude of M≥6.0 based on the characteristics of seismo-tectonic activities in Hong Kong and its adjacent regions.The attenuation law of peak ground acceleration(PGA)and standard response spectra of acceleration(β)with damping 5% underlain by basement were determined by comparing the Chinese continent with the western U.S.A.in the similarity of tectonic environment of continental earthquakes,potential source with credible seismic magnitude of 5.0-7.5,and considering ground motion saturation near the source.The near source attenuation model of acceleration and response spectrum also reflect the field of Intensity distribution in East Chi