我国西沙群岛一些常见的海产贝类

浩瀚的中国南海碧波万顷,在一望无际的洋面上,有无数珊瑚礁岛屿和浅滩暗礁星罗棋布,这就是我国的南海诸岛。它包括东沙群岛、西沙群岛、中沙群岛和南沙群岛,这些群岛自古以来卽为我国领土。自秦汉时期就有我国劳动人民在这些岛屿和附近水域进行捕鱼劳动,至元明时代已正式饼入我国版图。 西沙群岛是我国南海诸岛的一部分,是由     

我国南海诸岛浮游多毛类的地理分布和演化的初步探讨

辽阔南海中的东沙群岛、西沙群岛、中沙群岛和南沙群岛,统称为南海诸岛。我国南海诸岛附近海域有丰富的水产资源,是我国大洋性良好渔场之一,自古以来就是我国勤劳勇敢渔民的重要渔捞基地。为了建设我国神圣领土南海诸岛,中国科学院海洋研究所和中国科学院南海海洋研究所等单位进行了多次科学考查,采集的浮游多毛类,经过我们初步分析和研究,说明我国南海诸岛浮游多毛类的区系是非常丰富的,种的组成与底栖多毛类迥不相同(底栖多毛类几乎由全部与珊瑚礁相联系的典型热带种组成),有很显明的地     

我国西沙羣岛的鱼类

西沙群岛是我国南海诸岛的一个组成部分,由包括北部的宣德群岛和南面的永乐群岛在内的三十多个珊瑚岛、礁组成。 西沙群岛和东沙群岛、中沙群岛、南沙群岛一样,自古以来就是我国的领土。勤劳勇敢的中国人民,特别是我国广东省和福建省的渔民,世世代代在这些岛屿及共邻近水域从事生产和航海活动,积累了大量有关航海、气象、     

西沙群岛及其附近海域的多毛类Ⅰ

西沙群岛是我们伟大祖国南海诸岛的一部分,位于广东省海南岛的东南面,自古以来就是我国渔民的渔捞基地.为了进一步查清西沙群岛及其附近海域的生物资源,1956年-1976年中国科学院海洋研究所和中国科学院南海海洋研究所等单位曾进行过多次调查,本文是根据1975-1976年在西沙群岛潮问带及潮下带采集的标本,以及1959年在西沙群岛西北水域,水深200米以内采到的标本进行研究,鉴定了68种多毛类,均系西沙群岛第一次发现,其中有47种在我国是新记录,报告如下.     

论证南海海疆国界线

追溯探查历史图件,根据1946年内政部方域司编制的一组"南海诸岛位置图"(南海诸岛位置图,南沙群岛,中沙群岛,西沙群岛,西沙群岛永兴岛及石岛,南沙群岛太平岛)和1948年出版的"中华民国行政区域图"分析,南海诸岛外围的断续线段是我国在南海的海疆国界线;当时划定,是与陆域国界相连的,海上国界是陆域国界的延伸,以断续线段表示是国际地图上对海疆国界线通用的表示方法,当时即获国际认可。上述结果为南海划界提供了科学依据。     

中沙群岛浮游多毛类的初步调查

我们伟大祖国大陆的南方,在辽阔的南海,散布着许多瑚珊礁构成的岛屿、沙洲、暗礁、暗沙和暗滩,这就是我们祖国的神圣领土——南海诸岛。南海诸岛蕴藏着极其丰富的水产资源,群岛附近海域,是我国的良好渔场之一,自古以来就是我国渔民的渔捞基地。中沙群岛位于南海中部,在西沙群岛东南约60海里。中沙群岛暗沙距海面大多为20米左右,其外侧逼临千米以下的深海。1975年3—4月中国科学院南海海洋研究所组织     

巡航宝岛西沙——中国海监海南省总队西沙海域专项巡航执法检查侧记

2011年3月30日,随着船上汽笛响起,海监执法船从海南省三亚港徐徐起航,拉开了中国海监海南省总队在西沙海域所属岛屿和无居民海岛开展专项巡航执法检查的序幕。西沙群岛是我国南海诸岛四大群岛之一,位于海南省东南方向的万顷碧波之上。西沙群岛     

西沙群岛仙菜科海藻研究Ⅰ

我国西沙群岛海域生长着极为丰富的海藻,但是,过去研究报道不多,为了进一步开发、利用南海诸岛资源，就有必要对该海区海藻进行全面的调查研究。 中国科学院海洋研究所(1957、1958、1975、1976年)及山东海洋学院(1976年)在西沙群岛进行了详细的海藻资源调查和采集，采到数千号海藻标本。我们仅研究红藻门仙菜目里的仙菜科种类。经过初步鉴定，属于仙菜科的海藻有11属。本文报道四个属八个种，其中三种是西沙群岛首次记录，三种是我国首次记录。     

“打捞”西沙历史

西沙群岛位于我国南海诸岛的西部,它由40多座岛、洲、礁、滩组成,自古就是我国固有的领土。西沙海域是古代“海上丝绸之路”的必经海区。千百年来,西沙海域既留下了航海者的辉煌航迹,同时也成为冒险者的“坟墓”。西沙海域海底埋藏着数不清的文物,打捞这些文物,就是“打捞”西沙的历史。1997年,海南警方发现     

三沙市南海诸岛底栖海藻区系调查及其与其它相关区系的比较分析

我国海岸线绵长,所属岛屿众多,除了台湾岛和海南岛两个大岛外,还有数以千计的中小沿海岛屿及众多的珊瑚岛,如我国三沙市的南海诸岛—西沙群岛、南沙群岛、东沙群岛和中沙群岛等。根据多年来我国科研人员在该海区的调查研究,对我国三沙市南海诸岛海区的海藻区系进行初步的植物地理学研究,以探讨我国该海域海藻区系的温度性质,以及与邻近海区海藻区系的关系。研究结果表明,我国三沙市南海诸岛底栖海藻区系与北太平洋西部海藻相同种数最多的是区系性质为热带性的南海南区,因此海藻区系的温度性质具有很明显的热带性。另外,三沙市南海诸岛海藻区系与印度洋海藻区系有很多共同成分,两地共有种数高达184种,为南海诸岛海藻总数的63%,进一步证明我国三沙市南海诸岛区系属于暖水性印度—西太平洋区,印—马亚区。     

中国鱼类名录Ⅻ--鳚亚目、(鱼衔)亚目、喉盘鱼亚目、鰕虎鱼亚目、微体鱼亚目、刺尾鱼亚目、带鱼亚目、鲭亚目、鲳亚目、金枪鱼亚目、攀鲈亚目、刺鳅亚目

鳚亚目 4 科 33 属 95 种，鰕虎鱼亚目 5 科 98 属 259 种，刺尾鱼亚目 5 科 11 属 65 种，鲈形目 19亚目 104 科 535 属 1799 种。     

The distribution of Mn,Fe, Cu,Ni, Co,Ga, Cr,V, Ba,Sr, Sn,Zn, and Pb,in some soil-sized particulates from the lower troposphere over the world ocean

Soil-sized particulates have been collected on board ship by a mesh technique from the lower troposphere of the North, Equatorial and South Atlantic Ocean, northern and southern Indian Ocean, South and East China Sea and various coastal localities.Spectrographic analysis reveals that, on average, the particulates have concentrations of Mn, Ni, Co, Ga, Cr, V, Ba, and Sr which are of the same order of magnitude as those in average crustal material. In contrast, the average concentrations of Pb, Sn, and Zn are one order of magnitude higher than those in average crustal material.Within this “world-wide” average there are significant geographical variations in the distributions of Pb, Sn, and Zn which may be related to anthropogenic sources.On the basis of trace-element distributions lower tropospheric soil-sized marine particulates have been divided into four genetic components; local, zonal, inter-zonal, and global. The proportions of these components vary geographically, and each component may have both a natural and an anthropogenic fraction.     

Distribution, abundance, and growth of larval tautog, Tautoga onitis, in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts, USA

Tautog, Tautoga onitis, is an abundant species of fish in estuaries of the northeastern United States. Planktonic tautog larvae are abundant in summer in these estuaries, but there is little information on rates of growth of tautog larvae feeding on natural assemblages of food in the plankton. We examined abundance and growth of larval tautog and environmental factors during weekly sampling at three sites along a nearshore‐to‐offshore transect in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts, USA during summer 1994. This is the first study of a robust sample size (336 larvae) to estimate growth rates of field‐caught planktonic tautog larvae feeding on natural diets, using the otolith daily‐growth‐increment method. The study was over the entire summer period when tautog larvae were in the plankton. The sampling sites contrasted in several environmental variables including temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), and chlorophyll a concentration. There was a temporal progression in the abundance of tautog larvae over the summer, in relation to location and temperature. Tautog larvae were first present nearshore, with a pronounced peak in abundance occurring at the nearshore sites during the last 2 weeks in June. Larvae were absent at this time further offshore. From late June through August, larval abundance progressively decreased nearshore, but increased offshore although never approaching the abundance levels observed at the nearshore sites. The distribution and abundance of tautog larvae appeared to be related to a nearshore‐to‐offshore seasonal warming trend and a nearshore decrease in DO. Otoliths from 336 larvae ranging from 2.3 to 7.7 mm standard length had otolith increment counts ranging from 0 to 19 increments. Growth of larval tautog was estimated at 0.23 mm·day^?1, and length of larvae prior to first increment formation was estimated at 2.8 mm indicating that first increment formation occurs 3–4 days after hatching at 2.2 mm. Despite spatial and temporal differences in environmental factors, there were no significant differences in growth rates at any of three given sites over time, or between sites. Because larval presence only occurred at a narrow range of temperature (17–23.5 °C) and DO (6.5–9.3 mg·l^?1), in situ differences in growth did not appear to be because of differences in larval distribution and abundance patterns relative to these parameters.     

The behavior of Zn,Cd, Cu,Ni, Co,Fe, and Mn in anoxic baltic waters

In June 1981, dissolved Zn, Cd, Cu, Ni, Co, Fe, and Mn were determined from two detailed profiles in anoxic Baltic waters (with extra data for Fe and Mn from August 1979). Dramatic changes across the O₂H₂S interface occur in the abundances of Cu, Co, Fe, and Mn (by factors of ?100). The concentrations of Zn, Cd, and Ni at the redox front decrease by factors between 3 to 5.Equilibrium calculations are presented for varying concentrations of hydrogen sulfide and compared with the field data. The study strongly supports the assumption that the solubility of Zn, Cd, Cu, and Ni is greatly enhanced and controlled by the formation of bisulfide and(or) polysulfide complexes. Differences between predicted and measured concentrations of these elements are mainly evident at lower ΣH₂S concentrations.Cobalt proved to be very mobile in anoxic regions, and the results indicate that the concentrations are limited by CoS precipitation. The iron (Fe²⁺) and manganese (Mn²⁺) distribution in sulfide-containing waters is controlled by total flux from sediment-water interfaces rather than by equilibrium concentrations of their solid phases (FeS and MnCO₃). The concentrations of these metals are therefore expected to increase with prolonged stagnation periods in the basin.     

Arsenic,barium, germanium,tin, dimethylsulfide and nutrient biogeochemistry in Charlotte Harbor,Florida, a phosphorus-enriched estuary

Concentrations of dissolved nutrients (NO₃, PO₄, Si), germanium species, arsenic species, tin, barium, dimethylsulfide and related parameters were measured along the salinity gradient in Charlotte Harbor. Phosphate enrichment from the phosphate industry on the Peace River promotes a productive diatom bloom near the river mouth where NO₃ and Si are completely consumed. Inorganic germanium is completely depleted in this bloom by uptake into biogenic opal. The $\text{Ge}\text{Si}$ ratio taken up by diatoms is about 0·7 × 10^?6, the same as that provided by the river flux, confirming that siliceous organisms incorporate germanium as an accidental trace replacement for silica. Monomethylgermanium and dimethylgermanium concentrations are undetectable in the Peace River, and increase linearly with increasing salinity to the seawater end of the bay, suggesting that these organogermanium species behave conservatively in estuaries, and are neither produced nor consumed during estuarine biogenic opal formation or dissolution. Inorganic arsenic displays slight removal in the bloom. Monomethylarsenic is produced both in the bloom and in mid-estuary, while dimethylarsenic is conservative in the bloom but produced in mid-estuary. The total production of methylarsenicals within the bay approximately balances the removal of inorganic arsenic, suggesting that most biological arsenic uptake in the estuary is biomethylated and released to the water column. Dimethylsulfide increases with increasing salinity in the estuary and shows evidence of removal, probably both by degassing and by microbial consumption. An input of DMS is observed in the central estuary. The behavior of total dissolvable tin shows no biological activity in the bloom or in mid-estuary, but does display a low-salinity input signal that parallels dissolved organic material, perhaps suggesting an association between tin and DOM. Barium displays dramatic input behavior at mid-salinities, probably due to slow release from clays deposited in the harbor after catastrophic phosphate slime spills into the Peace River.     

Cadmium,cobalt, copper,iron, lead,nickel and zinc in Indian Ocean water

Results of trace-metal analyses of water samples obtained during a cruise with the Soviet R.V. “Akademik Kurchatov” in the Indian Ocean are presented. The determinations were performed on board with atomic absorption spectrophotometry after a two-stage dithiocarbamate—Freon extraction procedure. Trace-metal concentrations found are in the same range as those found recently for similar open-ocean areas by other workers. The values for lead and zinc are probably high due to contamination. Vertical profiles indicate biogenic processes as controlling factors for the increase of cadmium, copper and nickel concentrations with depth. Iron shows an irregular depth distribution as a result of large random variations in concentration.     

Northstar-Geology,Exploration History,and Development Status,Beaufort Sea,Alaska

Exploration for oil at Northstar has been long and costly. Northstar leases were first acquired in 1979 at a joint state and federal sale by Shell Oil, Amerada Hess, and Texas Eastern. The Northstar Unit is 6 mi offshore and about 4 mi northeast of the Point McIntyre Field. Oil was first discovered in Shell's Seal Island 1 in 1983. Five additional appraisal wells were drilled (1983-1986) from two man-made gravel islands in 40 ft of water. Early engineering estimates put the cost of development at $ 1.6 billion. In February 1995, BP Exploration (Alaska) acquired a 98 % interest in the Northstar Unit from Amerada Hess and Shell Oil. When developed by BP, Northstar will be the first oil produced from federal leases in Alaska. To date, the oil industry has invested in excess of $ 140 million in exploration and appraisal operations. An additional $ 90 million was spent on lease bonus bids. The giant Prudhoe Bay and Kuparuk Fields lie along the Barrow Arch. This arch is bounded to the north by a rift margin that deepens into the present-day offshore region. Northstar is located among a series of down-stepping faults off this northern rift margin of the Prudhoe Kuparuk high. The structure is a gently south-dipping northwest-trending faulted anticline. The crest of the structure is located near 10,850 ft subsea. The primary reservoir is the Ivishak Formation (325 ft thick) of the Sadlerochit Group. This is the same primary reservoir at Prudhoe Bay, approximately 12 mi to the south. At Northstar the Ivishak is a high-energy, coarse-grained conglomeratic facies of the Ivishak Formation. The primary lithology is a pebbly chert to quartz conglomerate with occasional sandstone. This very high net to gross reservoir appears to contain no regionally continuous permeability barriers. Cementation has reduced primary porosity to less than 15 %. Accurate porosity estimates are difficult to make due to the coarse-grained nature of the lithology and the presence of kaolinite and microporous chert. Permeability is highly variable, but averages 10 to 100 mDarcies. Oil is a very light and volatile 42 API crude with approximately 2,100 ft3 of gas per stock tank barrel of oil. This oil is very different from the heavier oils (26) found to the south in Prudhoe Bay. Estimated recoverable oil reserves range from 100 to 160 million barrels. A free-standing drilling rig is required at Northstar because the reserves are beyond extended-reach drilling techniques from shore-based facilities. The current development plan is to expand the existing Seal Island to about 5 acres. This is significantly less than Endicott's 40-acre island. The proposed drilling and produc tion island will be accessed by summer barges and winter ice roads. Oil, gas, and water will be processed at a stand-alone facility and then sent to shore via a subsurface pipeline. Northstar will have the first Arctic subsea pipeline in Alaska to transport oil to shore facilities (TAPS). Preliminary tests in Spring 1996 were very successful in demonstrating the technology to successfully bury a subsea pipeline safely in the Arctic.