中国近海菲律宾蛤仔的生态研究

菲律宾蛤仔 Ruditapes philippinarum (又称蛤仔)在我国沿海均有分布,以辽东半岛和山东半岛的密度为最高。近年来由于水产品需求量日益增长及渔业资源严重衰退,蛤仔已成为我国渔业捕捞和养殖的重要经济贝类之一。80年代以来,随着蛤仔资源的开发利用,国内开始重视对蛤仔的生态调查和研究。本文根据作者1989-1990年对胶州湾水域非律宾蛤仔的生态和资源量的系统调査资料,以及国内的有关报道(刘永峰等,1979;庄启谦等,1981;林笔水等,1983;齐秋贞,1987;李明云等,1987;吴耀泉等,1992),对分布在我国的蛤仔生态特征进行了综合分析,为保护蛤仔资源、合理捕捞和发展蛤仔增养殖提供了必要的科学依据。     

胶州湾移植底播菲律宾蛤仔秋季性腺发育研究

为了开发保护胶州湾菲律宾蛤仔增养殖业,保护菲律宾蛤仔资源,本文利用组织学手段对胶州湾移植底播菲律宾蛤仔的性腺发育及生殖周期进行了研究。通过组织切片观察,确定胶州湾移植底播菲律宾蛤仔除5～6月份为繁殖期之外,9～10月为另一繁殖期。根据性腺细胞在生殖滤泡中的比例,将其第二繁殖期内的生殖腺发育过程分为增殖期、生长期、成熟期、排放期和休止期五个阶段。结合自然海区调查观测。确定海区水温15℃以上时,蛤仔排放精、卵,且在繁殖盛期至少有两次集中排放的过程。胶州湾移植底播菲律宾蛤仔的性腺发育和生殖周期与自然野生种群的情况基本一致。     

胶州湾养殖菲律宾蛤仔的清滤率、摄食率、吸收效率的研究

2003年6月,利用模拟现场流水系统采用生物沉积法对胶州湾养殖的菲律宾蛤仔的清滤率、摄食率、吸收效率及其与蛤仔规格之间的关系进行了现场实验研究。结果表明,个体的清滤率在0.18—0.40L/h范围内,平均为0.31L/h(SD=0.068),个体清滤率和摄食率随壳长增加而增加,但吸收效率与个体大小无关。蛤仔对颗粒有机物(POM)、颗粒有机碳(POC)、颗粒有机氮(PON)及叶绿素的吸收效率不同,对叶绿素的吸收效率最高,平均为(81.8±7.9)%,对POM、POC和PON的吸收效率分别平均为(64.2±10.7)%(、55.7±9.8)%和(53.9±9.6)%。结合胶州湾蛤仔的生物量和野外调查数据,分析了春季养殖蛤仔对胶州湾初级生产力和颗粒有机碳的摄食压力及可能对整个湾的物质循环的影响。根据本文的结果估算,菲律宾蛤仔对本实验海区初级生产力和颗粒有机碳现存量的摄食压力分别为560%和90%。养殖的蛤仔通过滤食已经能够影响甚至控制养殖区的浮游植物的生长或初级生产力,甚至与整个胶州湾叶绿素a浓度的季节性变化趋势相吻合,因为胶州湾叶绿素浓度冬、夏季高,春、秋季节低,而蛤仔的生长旺季刚好在春、秋两季。     

中国近海蛤仔属的研究

软体动物帘蛤科的蛤仔属Genus Ruditapes在中国近海发现有两种。一种是菲律宾蛤仔Ruditapes philippinarum (Adams et Reeve)，另一种是杂色蛤仔R. variegata (Sowerhy)。菲律宾蛤仔在我国沿海分布广，天然产量很大，是我国水产捕捞和养殖的重要贝类。 十多年来，国内对这两种蛤仔的鉴别以及属名、种名的采用都存在混乱现象。归纳起来有以下三个问题:1.我国的蛤仔，特别是黄渤海沿岸的蛤仔是一种还是两种; 2.菲律宾蛤仔和杂色蛤仔在我国的分布情况怎样; 3.这两种蛤仔的外部和内部形态有什么区别。 针对上述三个问题，我们从外部和内部(组织切片)形态学的研究，对菲律宾蛤仔和杂色蛤仔进行比较，搞清了这两种蛤仔的主要区别和它们在我国沿海的分布情况。 我们检查了我所历年来在我国沿海采到的共325号3730个标本。切片材料，菲律宾蛤仔采自青岛，杂色蛤仔采自海南岛三亚，各自在软体部的相同部位取材，用70%酒精、10%福尔马林或波恩(Bouin)氏液固定，石蜡包埋，切片厚度8-12μ。Ehr1ich氏苏木精-伊红(H. E.)染色法或Mallory 氏染色法染色。     

利用虾池排出水养殖菲律宾蛤仔的研究

本文报道了福建泉州市晋江县金井垦区利用虾池排出水试养匪律宾蛤仔(花蛤)的结果。垦区排水渠道具有丰富的饵料生物和适宜的流水条件,饲养3个月的花蛤个体平均重量从1.5g增至6g。每亩毛产量可达2756kg。体重(W)相对月增长率与体重呈负相关(R_fW=1.028—0.405lnW)。调查结果还表明,这种花蛤养殖方式可大大地降低虾池排出水的有机质含量,从而减轻其邻近内湾的有机质污染压力。     

基于GLM模型Logistic回归的菲律宾蛤仔地理群体判别

菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapesphilippinarum)是重要的海洋经济贝类和海水养殖品种,具有较强的表型可塑性特点,不同地理群体之间存在表型差异。本研究根据实测数据建立了胶州湾与天鹅湖菲律宾蛤仔壳长(SL)与壳高(SH)、壳宽(SW)和活体重(W)的回归方程,定量分析了两个地理群体的形态学差异。由于其近似圆形的形态使得所能测量的外部指标较少,限制了传统形态测量学在其地理群体判别中的应用。本研究提出了将传统形态测量学和广义线性模型(GLM)相结合的方法,建立了判别菲律宾蛤仔地理群体的逻辑斯蒂(Logistic)回归方程。结果表明:菲律宾蛤仔的天鹅湖群体比胶州湾群体具有更高的SH/SL和SW/SL比值,壳形椭圆较圆且隆起程度高,"凸"形明显;基于GLM模型的Logistic回归能够快速准确地判别菲律宾蛤仔的地理群体归属,判别正确率高达94.23%。本研究为双壳类物种地理群体判别提供了新的分析方法和技术手段。     

菲律宾蛤仔呼吸和排泄规律的研究

菲律宾蛤仔是我国北方海区滩涂的主要养殖经济贝类,关于它的繁殖生物学、生态等规律已进行过深入的研究[1]。但关于它的代谢如呼吸、排泄等规律的研究还未见报道,本文研究了菲律宾蛤仔在有埋栖物如砂子,无埋栖物情况下的呼吸、排泄规律,为弄清它的代谢规律提供理论依据。1　材料和方法菲律宾蛤仔(以下简称蛤仔)来源于青岛市农贸市场,随贝生长的不同时期采回后放玻璃钢水槽内暂养一周,每天定时投喂单胞藻并换水。实验前两天取出,去除其表面附着物,放水族箱内用过滤海水暂养两天,以备实验用。升温时每天升1℃,直到达到实验所需的温度。实验用…     

胶州湾底栖生物动态的研究

胶州湾底栖生物组成复杂,数量丰富,其中有些种为捕捞对象,如菲律宾蛤仔等开发潜力很大,有些种为鱼、虾类天然饵料,如多毛类的长吻沙蚕、索沙蚕,软体动物的金星碟铰蛤等。底栖生物对渔业资源的补充和开发利用以及增、养殖和海洋生态学的研究都具有重要意义。早在30年代,张玺教授等(1936)就对胶州湾的底栖生物进行了系统的研究。解放后,中国科学院海洋研究所在胶州湾进行了大量的调査研究(E.Φ.古丽娅诺娃、吴宝铃,1963),特别是刘瑞玉教授领导的底栖生物组在1980-1990年对胶州湾进行了长期的、连续的调査,积累了许多宝贵的资料,发表了很多文章(刘瑞玉等,1992a;刘瑞玉等,1992b;孙滨等,1992;孙道元,1990;吴耀泉等,1992),基本掌握了胶州湾底栖生物的全貌。作者自1991年5月至1994年2月在原来调查的基础上,在胶州湾6个不同底栖生物群落的分布区范围内设立了10个底栖生物监测取样站(图5),进行了3年调査。每年分春(5月)、夏(8月)、秋(11月)、冬(2月)四季在各站以取样面积为0.1㎡的表层采泥器取样2次,对胶州湾底梄生物的种类组成、数量变化及群落结构进行了研究。     

山东蓬莱菲律宾蛤仔资源调查研究

对蓬莱沿海的菲律宾蛤仔资源进行了调查研究,分析了菲律宾蛤仔的分布、资源现状及其生物学特性。结果表明:蓬莱沿海菲律宾蛤仔主要分布于栾家口、湾子口、刘家旺、朱家庄滩;资源总面积146.9hm2,资源现存量58.9t,可捕量26.8t,宜捕量16.1t,商品率18.1%;平均壳长与体重的关系方程:W=0.19458 L3.2782(r=0.88);每年2次繁殖高峰,分别为6月和10月。     

菲律宾蛤仔对三价和五价无机砷的富集转化规律

砷是具有类金属特性的污染物,不同赋存形态的砷毒性差异极大,海洋贝类由于其生活习性易于富集高浓度的砷,本研究以菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)为对象,探讨其在亚砷酸盐(arsenite,AsⅢ)和砷酸盐(arsenate,AsⅤ)暴露14天后的生物富集和转化规律。结果表明,菲律宾蛤仔对砷的积累量随海水中无机砷浓度的升高而逐渐增加。但菲律宾蛤仔鳃组织对砷的生物利用度很低,10μg/L暴露组菲律宾蛤仔鳃组织对砷的积累量与对照组相比无显著差异。菲律宾蛤仔对三价砷的生物利用度高于五价砷,且砷更易于在菲律宾蛤仔肝胰腺中积累。菲律宾蛤仔组织中无机砷转化过程主要包括As(Ⅲ)氧化,As(Ⅴ)还原和甲基转化。在对照组和各暴露组有机砷砷甜菜碱(As B)和二甲基胂酸(dimethylarsinic acid,DMA)是主要赋存形态,一甲基胂酸(monomethylarsonic acid,MMA)在100μg/LAs(Ⅴ)暴露处理后含量显著下降,表明在无机砷的限速转化反应中MMA可以较快地代谢或转化为其他赋存形态。无机砷在菲律宾蛤仔鳃组织中主要转化为DMA,肝胰腺中主要转化为As B。以上研究结果为阐明菲律宾蛤仔的生物富集和转化机制提供了重要依据,同时也可为贝类安全养殖和食用提供一定理论依据。     

烟台沿岸贻贝的生长

像其他海洋生物的生长一样,贻贝(Mytilus edulis L.)也是因海区或生境不同,养殖方法不同,季节不同,生长状况也不同。研究殆贝的生长规律,无疑对判断养殖效果、确立养殖程序等是十分重要的;同时在生态学研究中,对分析种群结构及推断某些生物学特点等,也是不可缺少的。 关于贻贝的生长过去虽有一些记载,但是较系统的材料,现在还不多见。随着生产发展及调查研究的需要,对这个问题我们必须做到胸中有数。为此,我们于1972-1973年结合人工育苗工作,对烟台沿岸的贻贝,自受精卵开始至成贝收获的全部生长过程,进行了较系统的调查研究。除贝壳生长的材料外,还测定了养成时期的肉质部生长的材料。对自然苗的生长情况也作了一些记录。关于春苗的幼虫期及幼苗期的生长情况,我们过去已较详细地报告过[1],此处不再赘述;仅对生产意义更大的人工秋苗的生长状沉予以论述。     

The influence of natural variation in discharge on juvenile brown trout population dynamics in a nursery tributary of the Motueka River,New Zealand

The effects of natural flow variation on juvenile brown trout population dynamics were investigated by biannual sampling over 5.5 years in the Rainy River, a tributary of the Motueka River. A large flood in late March (50-year return period) substantially reduced the density (by 66%) and biomass (by 73%) of 0+ trout over autumn–spring, but the cohort responded with compensatory survival to achieve similar density and biomass by spring as in other years. A low-flow event in February–April (return period >8.4 years), when 7-day low flows fell to 56% of the 7-day mean annual low flow (MALF) and were less than the MALF for 46 days, had no adverse affect on the population. We found no evidence for density-dependent growth. However, there was strong evidence for a two-phase self-thinning response in density, with no self-thinning occurring over summer (i.e. the 0+ population remained below carrying capacity) until a threshold mass of 22.08 g (length=123.7 mm) was attained in autumn after which severe self-thinning took place over autumn to spring. The results indicate that over spring–autumn the population is insensitive to flow reduction and that over autumn–spring the effects of high (and probably low) flow events on local abundance and biomass are offset by compensatory (density-dependent) survival. However, effects on the contribution of migrants to the downstream population remain unknown. The study identified ecological redundancy, which could be exploited for flow allocation. Significantly, it has shown that minimum flows equivalent to the MALF (often advocated by New Zealand conservation and fisheries management organisations) are not always necessary for sustaining juvenile trout populations.     

番红砗磲幼虫的生长

番红砗磲Tridacna crocea Lamarck由D形幼虫发育至幼苗(第26天),壳长净生长106.62μm,壳高净生长104.41μm。其生长过程可分为三个时期:面盘期幼虫生长快,壳高的增长大于壳长的增长;变态期幼虫生长平缓,壳长与壳高的增长接近均衡;两者之间的足面盘过渡期幼虫生长出现两个停滞期。壳长与壳高的关系可以H=0.99998L-21.81275表示,它们分别与铰合部长度的变化有联系。壳长/壳高和(1/2)壳高/铰合部长度两个比率呈现一定的规律性,并可预测幼虫足的发生。     

硬壳蛤(Mercenaria mercenaria)稚贝中间培育模式的初步研究

采用现场测定方法 ,研究了硬壳蛤稚贝野外中间培育的适宜初始规格以及直接底播、袋中加砂底播、袋中加砂笼养和袋中无砂笼养 4种野外培育模式的效果。结果表明 ,硬壳蛤稚贝进行野外中间培育的适宜规格为壳长大于 2— 4mm。在 4种培育模式中 ,直接底播和袋中加砂底播模式效果比较理想。直接底播的稚贝 ( 30 0 0粒 /m2 )经过 2 8天便可由壳长2 .62mm长到 9.47mm ,达到播种规格 ;经过 62天的培育可以长到 1 7.5 1mm ,成活率可达83.3%。利用袋中加砂底播模式培育的稚贝生长速度略低于直接底播的稚贝 ,但成活率略高于直接底播的稚贝 ,可达到 89.8%— 94.5 %。与上述两种培育模式相比 ,袋中加砂笼养和袋中无砂笼养模式培育的稚贝生长速度较慢 ,其中以袋中无砂笼养模式培育的稚贝生长速度最慢 ,成活率最低。在这两种培育模式中 ,下层稚贝生长最慢 ,其次为中层稚贝 ,再次为上层稚贝     

不同花纹文蛤(Meretrix meretrix)的外套膜蛋白质的双向电泳研究

采用双向电泳技术,对浙江乐清无花纹和有花纹文蛤外套膜的全蛋白进行了研究,并利用质谱和软件对差异蛋白进行了分析。经PDQuest软件分析,在pH4—7,分子量14.3—200kD之间,无花纹文蛤样品中检测到682±24个蛋白质点,有花纹样品检测到600±35个蛋白质点,平均匹配率为84.5%。研究结果显示,两种文蛤共有256个点存在差异表达,这些差异点可能与贝壳的颜色和花纹形成有关。其中98个点为无花纹文蛤特有,57个点为有花纹文蛤特有,另有101个点在表达量上存在两倍以上差异。在无花纹贝壳中发现分子量为42kD左右,等电点为6.4左右,与库蚊的肌动蛋白(分子量为41.7kD,等电点为5.3)匹配率较高;分子量为29kD,等电点为5.6,与飞鱿的肌动蛋白(分子量为29kD,等电点为5.25)匹配率较高的两个蛋白质。在有花纹文蛤中发现了分子量为27kD左右,等电点为4.8,与丽文蛤属的肌浆钙结合蛋白(分子量为20.8kD,等电点为4.98)匹配率较高。     

黄海中部太平洋磷虾的大小组成和丰度分布的季节变化及其与环境因子的关系

The seasonal size structure and spatial abundance distributions of Euphausia pacifica populations were investigated in the central part of southern Yellow Sea from August 2009 to May 2010.The abundance and biomass of E.pacifica were higher in spring and summer,and lower in autumn and winter.The mean abundance and biomass(calculated by carbon)were 74.94 ind./m~3 and 8.23 mg/m~3,respectively.Females with total length(TL)ranging between 10 and 19 mm in summer had a substantial contribution to the population biomass,whereas larvae of TL of 3–7 mm in spring were the main contributor to the population abundance.The sex ratio(female:male)showed a female bias in four seasons.Its value peaked in summer,and then decreased in autumn,spring,and winter successively.Cohort analysis revealed that the length-frequency distribution of E.pacifica could be characterized as one group with large animals(mean TL12 mm)accompanied by one or two subgroups of small individuals(mean TL7 mm).Regarding the spatial distribution,juveniles and adults of E.pacifica tend to concentrate in relatively deep water with low temperature(～11℃)and high salinity(32),whereas its larvae showed more abundance in inshore water with rich chlorophyll a,low salinity(32),and warm temperature(11℃),especially in summer and autumn.Associations changed seasonally between stage-specific abundance and environmental factors.     

Gametogenic development and spawning of the razor clam,Zenatia acinaces in northeastern New Zealand

The potential exists for New Zealand to exploit already established markets for razor clams through development of fisheries or aquaculture industries for the New Zealand razor clam, Zenatia acinaces. However, fishery or aquaculture development for Z. acinaces requires an understanding of the reproductive cycle including the timing of gametogenic development and spawning. The reproductive cycle of Z. acinaces was studied over an 11‐month period from May 2000 to March 2001 at Kennedy Bay, Coromandel Peninsula, using qualitative standard histological analysis and quantitative measures of oocytes. Histological analysis indicated that Z. acinaces is dioecious and gametogenic development was synchronous between the sexes. Gametogenesis began in June with gametes maturing quickly and by August/September (late winter/ early spring) most razor clams were ripe. Spawning began as early as September (spring) although spawning mainly occurred during October. By December (summer), nearly all clams were completely spent. From January 2001 most clams could not be sexed as all residual gametes were resorbed. Razor clams remained in this stage during March 2001. Spawning began when the water temperature was around its lowest, c. 15°C. Monthly mean number of eggs/follicle was sensitive to changes in reproductive development, closely following patterns observed in the qualitative stagings. Patterns of monthly mean oocyte diameters did not adequately describe the spawning events observed in qualitative analyses. Sex ratios were equal over the size range (69–99 mm shell length) of clams that could be sexed. The data presented in this study provide valuable information on the timing of spawning events for Z. acinaces, necessary for developing sustainable management strategies and selecting broodstock for aquaculture.     

Variability in low tide populations of tuatua,Paphies donacina,in Pegasus Bay,Canterbury, New Zealand

Paphies donacina (Spengler, 1793) populations were surveyed at 11 low tide sites on surf beaches along Pegasus Bay, Canterbury, New Zealand, during summer 1998. Random sampling was not feasible. At the non‐random sites chosen the average number of tuatua per 5 m of shoreline ranged between 0.1 and 62. Total wet weight biomass m^‐2 was highest at the southern sites in the Bay. There were site‐related differences in length frequency distributions of tuatua populations. Northern populations included a wide length range and southern populations were dominated by larger bivalves. Average shell length increased significantly with distance south, being close to 40 mm at Waikuku and 80 mm at Taylors Mistake. The shell length: width and weight relationships were similar for tuatua collected over the whole geographic range. Average dry weight condition index varied significantly between sites (ANOVA F= 23.3, d.f. = 10, 329) depending on the length distribution of the contributing population. Where populations included a wide length range the condition index was positively correlated with shell length but in populations dominated by larger bivalves there was either no relationship or a negative relationship with shell length. Juvenile tuatua were found at average densities between 81 and 1200 m^‐2 at all sites except Taylors Mistake. The mean length of recruits ranged from 2.2 to 3.1 mm and shell length was independent of both juvenile and adult density. These results are discussed in relation to the environmental and other factors thought to influence population structure and recruitment of tuatua in Pegasus Bay.     

Reproductive and growth strategies of Idotea balthica basteri (Pallas, 1772) population in the Bizerte lagoon (Tunisia,Southern Mediterranean)

We analysed several life history traits of the marine isopod Idotea balthica basteri (Pallas, 1772) from the Bizerte lagoon, Southern Mediterranean Sea. Growth was continuous throughout the life of the animal with a high growth rate in the first life phase, and the growth curve was described according to von Bertalanffy's model. The lowest growth rate (0.23 mm) was recorded in winter (December, January and February) and the maximum rate (2.31 mm) between April and June. The total number of hatched eggs or embryos was positively correlated with the body length of ovigerous females. This population of I. balthica basteri was iteroparous, showing distinct strategies of reproduction. Large ovigerous females with high fecundity were collected during the whole sampling period, while breeding in smaller females with low fecundity was restricted to the period from late spring to early autumn, Manca size increased significantly with increasing female body size and there was also a significant trade‐off between manca size and the number of eggs per brood. Reproductive allocation, ranging between 17.1 ± 1.2% in winter and 23.2 ± 1.8% in summer, was positively correlated with female weight. Accordingly, parental investment in producing a juvenile varied between 1.02% per manca in winter to 3.38% in spring. Evaluated traits show that late summer and autumn cohorts have a K‐strategy, whereas cohorts born in winter and spring, and which exhibit a shorter life time, exhibit faster development, earlier reproduction and a smaller parental investment tending towards an r‐selected strategy.     

缢蛏耐高盐性能及其与生长性状的相关性分析

缢蛏(Sinonovacula constricta)是我国重要的水产经济贝类,开展耐高盐新品种选育对平衡不同地区缢蛏良种养殖意义重大。本研究对不同家系缢蛏幼贝进行高盐胁迫,运用统计学方法和相关性分析探究了缢蛏耐高盐性能及其与生长性状的相关性。结果显示,缢蛏家系间壳长、壳高、壳宽和体质量表型值差异较大,体质量变异系数达15.53%。不同家系对高盐耐受性差异较大,家系间死亡率范围在0～100%。胁迫实验共持续9 d,各家系缢蛏首粒死亡时间在第1～9 d之间,而且死亡率较高的家系内缢蛏死亡时间离散程度较大,说明不同个体间高盐耐受性差异也较大。缢蛏开始出现大量死亡的时间主要在胁迫后第8 d,第9 d部分家系死亡率高于80%,说明缢蛏对高盐耐受存在一个阈值,超过该阈值会开始或大量死亡。皮尔逊和斯皮尔曼相关性分析显示,缢蛏存活时间和生长性状为正相关,其中存活时间与缢蛏壳长、体质量相关性均达到显著水平(P<0.05)。缢蛏存活率与体质量、生长速度均显著正相关(P<0.05)。整体而言,壳长较长和体质量较重的缢蛏个体耐高盐性能较强,在高盐环境中具有生长优势。本研究揭示了缢蛏的高盐耐受性及...