中国茎苔虫属的研究

茎苔虫属(Caulibugula Verrill, 1900) 隶于唇口目、无囊亚目、双胞科(Cheilostomata,Anasca, Bicellariellidae)。茎苔虫的群体系由分节的长茎(stem) 和丛状分枝构成。每节为一空个虫。空个虫的前膜细长，侧壁有钙质加厚(Calcareous thickening)。附根一般由茎部始端的空个虫分出。泡状体(vesicles) 或有或无。分枝双列(很少单列)，通常呈扇形。大多数种类扇形分枝始端的第一个虫与其后续个虫稍有不同，常呈倒圆锥形。普通个虫(ordinary zooids) 系双胞型(Bicellariella-type) 或草苔虫型(Bugula-type)。双胞型个虫呈陀螺形，前膜短但刺长；草苔虫型个虫细长形，前膜长但刺短而少，或无刺。鸟头体皆有柄，着生位置因种而异，吻和颚骨皆呈尖形，或全无鸟头体。卵胞或有(口上卵胞hyperstomial ovicell) 或无。 茎苔虫属的种可分为两组：一组种的扇形分枝的普通个虫为双胞型，如桑给巴尔茎苔虫C. zanzibariensis (Waters)；另一组种为草苔虫型，如杯茎苔虫C.caliculata (Levinsen)。 Busk(1884)把具有双胞型个虫的种归于双胞苔虫属(Bicellaria, s, l.), 而Levinsen(1909)则把具有草苔虫型个虫的种放入草苔虫属。但是由空个虫构成的分节长茎是这类苔虫所特有的稳定特征，因而具有这一稳定特征的种，不能归于双胞苔虫屈和草苔虫属，只能归于茎苔虫属(Harmer, 1926:457)。 茎苔虫属的成员通常栖息在近岸浅海，有的种从潮间带至水深100多米皆有分布，多数为热带－亚热带种，主要分布在马来群岛、澳大利亚西部和南部、印度、非洲东岸、中国和日本。此外，还分布在美洲太平洋沿岸(加利福尼亚)和大西洋沿岸(佛罗里达、卡罗来纳、巴西)等地。 本文系作者对中国科学院海洋研究所历年来搜集的标本进行系统整理后写成，共报道10种，其中3种为中国首次记录，6种为新种。新种模式标本保存在中国科学院海洋研究所(青岛)。     

南沙群岛多齿鳞虫科一新属、两新种

于1987年4—5月在南沙群岛进行综合考察,采集环节动物多毛类样品,经鉴定表明,系多齿鳞虫科1新属,定为新多齿鳞虫属Neopolyodontes,模式种为秀丽新多齿鳞虫Neopolyodontes lepidus gen.sp.nov.,以及新斑鳞虫属Neopanthalis的1新种,命为刺须新斑鳞虫Neopanthalis muricatus sp.nov.。     

中国双胞苔虫科(苔藓虫)的种类记述

唇口目、无囊亚目、枝室超科(Order Cheilostomata;Suborder Anasca; Superfamily Cellularinoidea) 的双胞苔虫科(Bicellariellidae Levinsen，1909)的种类十分丰富，它的成员从潮间带至4000 多米的深海海底，从热带海洋到寒冷的极地海域，都有广泛的分布。 双胞苔虫科群体通常直立，有时多少平卧(recumbent)，甚至松散被覆(encrusting)在基质上。分枝多数为双列，有时单列或多列。个虫(zooids)通常钙化弱，但几丁化强。在一列个虫中，每一个虫从其前位个虫的背面末端生出，故个虫末端多少重叠在其后续个虫的始端部分上。前膜(frontal membranes)通常大，常占个虫整个前表面，但有时较小，始端裸壁发达。个虫两侧通常内卷，整个个虫常呈陀螺形。刺通常存在，有端刺(distalspines)和侧刺(lateral spines)。有柄鸟头体(pedunculated avicularia)为双胞苔虫科所特有。有时无刺也无鸟头体。卵胞通常存在。群体分歧方式和粗胞苔虫科(Family Scrupocellariellidae)不同(图1)：两支子分枝的内列个虫来自不同的虫室。为了叙述方便，可用字母统一标注与分歧有关的个虫。A是准备分岐的两个交替排列的始位个虫。B是与A连续交替、位于分枝另一侧的末位个虫。E是与分歧中轴密切相关的后续个虫，称为轴个虫;C与D是Y状分枝的一枝(子分枝)的外列个虫，分别是A和B的直接后续个虫，在形状上它们与A和B一致，与A和B的区别在于它们彼此分歧，以便让其他两个后续个虫E和F嵌在它们中间。E来自A，位于A的内侧，F来自B，位于B的内侧，即群体分枝分歧后的两支子分枝的内列(个虫)来自不同的个虫: F来自B，G来自E。这是双胞苔虫科的分歧模式。     

黄东海刺尖锥虫属(多毛纲,锥头虫科)一新种

本文描述了于1959年采自中国黄海和东海锥头虫科刺尖锥虫属一新种——中国刺尖锥虫Leodamas sinensis sp.nov.。本文详细描述了该物种的形态特征及与近似种的区别,并编制了刺尖锥虫属Leodamas Kinberg,1866物种检索表。     

中国粗胞苔虫科的研究

唇口目、无囊亚目的枝室类苔虫(Division Cellularina)通常包括5科:小隔苔虫科(Farciminariidae)、粗胞苔虫科(Scrupocellariidae)、双胞苔虫科(Bicellariellidae)、戎胞苔虫科(Euoplozoidae)和端口苔虫科(Epistomidae)。在中国科学院海洋研究所历年来从底栖拖网和潮间带搜集的标本中,已发现小隔苔虫科1属1种,粗胞苔虫科5属31种,双胞苔虫科8属41种,端口苔虫科1属1种;戎胞苔虫科至今尚未获得标本。Mawatari[1973：Studies on Japanese Anascan Bryozoa.2.Division Scruparina. Bull. Nat. Sci. Mus. Tokyo,16(4):605-624.] 提出把 Brettia 属和 Eucratea 属从微室类的Scrupariidae中分出,归于枝室类。根据这两属的出芽类型及群体的一般特征。它们与 Scruparia 属区别显著，而与枝室类的 Bugulella 属、Beania属近似。因此我们认为, Mawatari的意见是可取的。由于我们至今尚未获得 Brettia 和 Eucratea 两属的标本,故本文不予论述。 粗胞苔虫科是枝室类苔虫的两个大科之一;种类十分丰富。其主要特征是:群体直立或稍松散葡匐,通常在分枝分歧处有关节。个虫多列或双列。前、侧鸟头体通常存在。除三胞苔虫属 Tricellaria Fleming,1828外,背面都有振鞭体或鸟头体,刺通常存在。口上卵胞。本科最显著的特征是在前膜上面覆盖一根盖刺(scutum),它是刺的变形,其形状多种多样。 在研究枝室类苔虫时,首先要弄清它们分枝的分歧方式,亦即弄清个虫在分枝分歧处的排列方式。所有枝室类苔虫在分枝分歧处群体结构大致相同,但个虫排列方式各异。一支双列分枝的分岐是通过个虫数目的一分为二来完成的。分岐进行的方式,一般是母节间部(parent internode)相对应的两个连续交替的个虫各自接续两个末位后生个虫(distal successor zooids)。为叙述方便,可用字母统一标注与分歧有关的个虫。A是准备分歧的两个交替排列的始位个虫(proximal zooid),B是与A连续交替、位于分枝另一侧的末位个虫(distal zooid)。E是与分枝中轴密切相关的后续个虫(successor zooids),称为轴个虫(axillary zooid)。C和D是“Y”状分枝的一枝(子分枝daughter branch)的外列个虫,分別是A和B的直接后续个虫,在形状上它们与A和B一致。与A和B的区别在于它们彼此分岐,以便让其他两个后续个虫E和F嵌在它们中间。E来自A,位于A的内侧,F来自B,位于B的内侧,也就是说,群体分枝分歧后的两支子分枝的内列个虫来自不同的个虫:F来自B,G来自E。这是双胞苔虫科的分岐模式(图1:2)。 粗胞苔虫科的分岐模式与双胞苔虫科不同。在祖胞苔虫科,末位个虫B发育成为单列,从始位个虫A分出两个子个虫C和E,因此与A接续的不是B而是C和E。C是A的末位后续个虫,在A的外侧分出,发育成为单列。E是A的始位后续个虫,在A的内侧分出。E分出个虫F和G,因此从A长出完整的分枝。此分枝与群体分枝具有相同的外列和内列,分别称为B列、C列,而G和F分别形成A侧枝的内列和B侧枝的内列。因此,粗胞苔虫科在群体分枝分岐时产生的两支子分枝的内列来白同一个虫,轴个虫E产生F和G(图1:1)。 不同种类分岐方式不同。分岐方式在区別种属时有一定的参考价值。这里就本文涉及的种类,将粗胞苔虫科的分歧类型概述如下。 粗胞苔虫科有9属,在我国已发现5属。     

东海大陆架掌苔虫属一新种

掌苔虫属(Genus Kinetoskias Danielsen,1868)隶于唇口目、无囊亚目、双胞科(Cheilostomata, Anasca, Bicellariellidae),除南极海域、地中海、加勒比海未见报道外,各地都有记录,但多数种类在北极海域分布较广(Kluge,1953)。掌苔虫系深海类型,有的种能栖息在水深4670米的深海海底。掌苔虫的个虫系草苔虫型(Bugula-type),与草苔虫不同处是个虫始端不分叉。掌苔虫和茎苔虫(Caulibugula Verrill,1900)的群体都由一根长柄和分枝部分构成,但掌苔虫的长柄为膜质;无任何钙质沉淀,仅由一空个虫(keno zooid)构成,而茎苔虫的长柄分节,由许多空个虫构成,往往有钙质加厚,因而两属极易区分。掌苔虫群体分枝的分歧方式属于Harmer的模式7(见Harmer，1923:326,pl,16,fig.7)，即双列分枝在分歧时,两个内个虫(inner zooids)F和G分别由轴个虫(axillary zooid)E相连接,轴个虫产个虫F和G,它伸到与个虫A对应一侧分枝的始端,个虫B不参与个虫数目的复分(图2)。 掌苔虫虽系深海类型,但有的种深度分布范围很广,如Kinetoskias arborescens栖息在水深19-1229米,K.smitti分布在水深65-1210米,S. mitsukurii则分布在水深20-3400米(Kuge1953、1962；Menzies1963)。 掌苔虫的群体借助于膜质长柄插入海底淤泥,由长柄始端分出的微细附根附着在砂粒等基质上。个虫由于特殊的个虫牵引肌(flexor: Zooidal muscles)的伸縮彼此间能活动。鸟头体皆侧位,都长在个虫自由缘上,或位于个虫中点(mid-point)。或位于中点以上(cephlad of the mid-point),或位于中点以下(caudad to the mid-point);有的种鸟头体长在特殊阶梯状突起(step-like process)上,但有些种类无此阶梯状突起。     

介甲目甲壳动物的研究——Ⅲ.中国的六种原蚌虫

本文对栖息在我国淡水鱼苗培育池及水稻田中的6种原蚌虫(隶属于甲壳门,鳃足纲,介甲目,蚌壳虫科)进行了分类记述。其中的兖州原蚌虫Eocyzicus yanzhouensis sp.nov.及拟莱阳原蚌虫E.paralaiyangensis sp.nov.系2新种。分别列表比较了新种与其近似种佩里原蚌虫E.perrieri Daday,1914,多刺原蚌虫E.spinfer Durga Prasad et al,1981及莱阳原蚌虫E.laiyangensis Hu,1985的主要形态区别特征。文中附有6种原蚌虫的检索表及形态特征图54幅。本文记述种的名录如次: 1.东方原蚌虫Eocyzicus orientalis Daday,1914; 2.蒙古原蚌虫E.mongolianus Ueno,1927; 3.戴维原蚌虫E.davidi(Simon,1886)Brtek et al,1984; 4.莱阳原蚌虫E.laiyangensis Hu,1985; 5.兖州原蚌虫,(新种)E.yanzhouensis sp.nov.; 6.拟莱阳原蚌虫,(新种)E.paralaiyangensis sp.nov.     

双核平腹虫(新种)的研究及平腹虫属的修订

于1991年4,5月在山东潍坊一对虾育苗池中发现一小型盾纤目纤毛虫,经鉴定确定为一新种——双核平腹虫Homalogastra binucleata nov. sp.。借助各银染法及生物统计学方法对其分类及形态学特征作了描述。新种的特点为:体呈倒梨形;胞口位于体后半部;约16列体纤毛,其第n列贯穿尾极后交于背方第8,9列纤毛间;具独特的两个大核。鉴于该属系国内首次报道,同时由于迄今对本属描述所存在的混乱,文中另对平腹虫属的定义、系统地位及与相近种属的关系做了补充和探讨,将其同物异名圆尾虫属(Urocyclon)并入本属并由此建立起两个新组合Homalogastra filificum nov. comb., H. chesapeakensis nov. comb.。     

人工越冬对虾体内寄生纤毛虫——旋毛蟹栖拟阿脑虫,新亚种的记述

报导了从中国对虾(Penaeus orientalis Kishnouye)越冬亲虾血淋巴内分离的盾纤毛目纤毛虫一新亚种,隶属于嗜污科(Philasteridae)拟阿脑虫属(Paranophrys),系蟹栖拟阿脑虫(Paranophrys carcini)一新地理亚种,定名为旋毛蟹栖拟阿脑虫,新亚种(Paranophrys carcini spiralis subsp.nov.)。本工作对该亚种做了蛋白银染色、银浸法、孚尔根染色,以显示其银线系、纤毛下器及细胞核器,并结合扫描电镜对虫体形态作了观察与鉴定。文内对该亚种的形态学作了描述并列表比较了所在属诸种主要性状特征以及本新亚种与相似种在形态特征上的主要差别,以确定新亚种的成立。     

南沙群岛多齿鳞虫科—新属,两新种

于１９８７年４－５月在南沙群岛进行综合考察，采集环节动物多毛类样品，经鉴定表明，系多齿鳞虫科１新属，定为新多齿鳞虫属Ｎｅｏｐｏｌｙｏｄｏｎｔｅｓ，模式种为秀丽新多齿鳞虫Ｎｅｏｐｏｌｙｏｄｏｎｔｅｓ ｌｅｐｉｄｕｓ ｇｅｎ．ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．，以及新斑鳞虫属Ｎｅｏｐａｎｔｈａｌｉｓ的１新种，命为刺须新斑鳞虫Ｎｅｏｐａｎｔｈａｌｉｓ ｍｕｒｉｃａｔｕｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．。     

Two new species of Ectopleura from the Taiwan Strait, China (Cnidaria, Hydroidomedusae)

Two new species of genus Ectopleura, i.e., Ectopleura elongata sp. nov. and E. triangularis sp. nov. are described in the present paper based on type specimens from the Taiwan Strait. The types are deposited in the Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen, China.     

Three new species of Anthomedusae (Hydrozoa: Hydroidomedusa) from the Guangdong coastal water, China

The samples of Anthomedusae were collected from the Guangdong coastal water,China.Three new species of Anthomedusae,i.e.Zhangiella condensum Huang,Zhang et Sun,sp.nov.,Hydractinia leizhouensis Huang,Zhang et Yang,sp.nov.,and Cladosarsia simplex Huang,Zhang et Ke,sp.nov.are described.All type specimens are deposited in College of Ocean and Earth Sciences,Xiamen University.     

Ultrastructure study of the diatom——Ⅱ. Synedra, Cyclophora, Plagiogramma, Opephora, Fragilaria and Pseudostaurosira

Ｕｌｔｒａｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅｓｔｕｄｙｏｆｔｈｅｄｉａｔｏｍ──Ⅱ．Ｓｙｎｅｄｒａ，Ｃｙｃｌｏｐｈｏｒａ，Ｐｌａｇｉｏｇｒａｍｍａ，Ｏｐｅｐｈｏｒａ，ＦｒａｇｉｌａｒｉａａｎｄＰｓｅｕｄｏｓｔａｕｒｏｓｉｒａ￥ＬｉｕＳｈｉｃｈｅｎｇ（Ｒｅｃｅｉｖｅｄ...     

On a new Siphonophora from the East China Sea and South China Sea

In the course of identifying the samples of Siphonophora from the East China Sea and South China Sea, a new Siphonophora, Vogtia microsticella sp. nov. , was noted. The new species is distinguished from other five species in the genus in nectophore as follows: Parahorse-shoe shaped with five bluntly rounded projections, the two projections below the ostium, i. e. the basal projections, approach each other. The dorsal facet is smooth without any gelatinous prominence. Smaller are the nectosac and the ostium.     

Descriptions of four new species of the genus Reticunassa Iredale, 1936 (Gastropoda: Nassariidae) from the northeastern coast of Taiwan Island and the South China Sea

In the present study, four new species of the genus Reticunassa Iredale, 1936 collected from Chinese waters are described and illustrated. Reticunassa hugokooli sp. nov., Reticunassa jungi sp. nov. and Reticunassa aureolineata sp. nov. were collected from the northeastern coast of Taiwan Island, whereas Reticunassa fuscofasciata sp. nov. was collected from the northeastern coast of Taiwan Island and the South China Sea. The four new species can be distinguished conchologically from other congeners mainly in protoconch, shell shape, sculpture, and coloration. These findings demonstrate that the biodiversity of this group in China might be largely underestimated.     

Two new species of medusae (Cnidaria) from the coastal waters of the northern Beibu Gulf

Medusae in 116 samples collected from the coastal waters of the northern Beibu Gulf during four seasonal oceanographic cruises from October 2017 to August 2018 were analyzed. In total, 34 species were identified. Two of the species are new to science, Proboscidactyla pentacanalis Xu, Chen & Yang sp. nov. and Helgicirrha apapillata Xu, Chen & Wang sp. nov., and three species are newly recorded in the Beibu Gulf, i.e., Hydractinia vacuolata Xu & Huang, 2006, Proboscidactyla flavicirrat...     

Taxonomic notes on Hydroidomedusae (Cnidaria) from the South China Sea Ⅴ: Families Laodiceidae,Lovenellidae,Malagazziidae,and Mitrocomidae (Leptomedusae)

This study reviews all species belonging to the families Laodiceidae,Lovenellidae,Malagazziidae,and Mitrocomidae in the South China Sea.Two new species,Eucheilota carinata sp.nov.and Halopsis nanhaiensis sp.nov.,are described and illustrated.One genus,Staurostoma,and two species,Staurostoma sp.and Octophialucium aphrodite(Bigelow,1928),are first recorded in China seas.The key to all medusa genera and species of Lovenellidae and Malagazziidae are presented.Other data are briefly summarized to the list and distribution of species presented on the family Laodiceidae,Lovenellidae,Malagazziidae and Mitrocomidae in the South China Sea.The type specimens are deposited in the Third Institute of Oceanography,State Oceanic Administration,China.     

On a new species of deep-water Siphonophora, Lensia multicristoides sp. nov. from middle South China Sea

-In this paper, a new species of deep-water Siphonophora, Lensia multicristoides sp. nov., collected from the middle South China Sea is described and compared with some similar species in the genus.     

Endemic new cyclostome bryozoans from Spirits Bay,a New Zealand marine‐biodiversity “hotspot”

Two notable species of erect cyclostome bryozoans from a nearshore benthic fauna off Spirits Bay, northernmost New Zealand, are described here for the first time. The first, Spiritopora perplexa gen. et sp. nov., is an endemic cerioporine‐grade genus which is abundant in this area. Colonies are characterised by an unusual combination of fixed‐and free‐walled skeletal morphologies: autozooids forming the extensive encrusting colony bases are normally fixed‐walled, whereas those forming the short, bifoliate erect branches are usually free‐walled. The highly distinctive morphology of S. perplexa, very different from any other fossil or Recent cyclostome, together with its success in overgrowing competitors for space, makes its restricted geographical distribution puzzling and highlights the importance of conservation in this area now closed to trawling, Danish seining, and commercial scallop dredging. The second species, Calvetia osheai sp. nov., is less common, and has small, tree‐like colonies. It is the third species assigned to this distinctive cancellate genus, previously known only from Recent of Tierra del Fuego and the Eocene of Antarctica.     

A new genus and a new species of Nereidae

A new genus and a new species have been established on the basis of three specimens collected from Fujian's coastal zone in China. This new genus is named Laevispinereis. Its brief characters are as follows: oral ring of proboscis has papillae, maxillary ring has conical paragnaths; the peristomium greatly expands into a collar; notosetaes are homogomph spinigers, neurosetaes are homogomph spinigers and homogomph falcigers; tip of spinigers setae with minute serratures and smooth on side. The type of genus is Laevispinereis fujianensis sp. nov., it has conical paragnaths on maxillary ring of proboscis: I has Ⅰ; Ⅱ has 6-7: Ⅲ has 12;Ⅳ has 6-7.