考虑坡度效应的水平受荷桩应变楔计算方法

由于坡度效应的存在,常规方法并不适用于斜坡上水平受荷桩的计算,首先开展了斜坡上基桩的横向加载破坏试验,以确定斜坡上基桩的破坏模式。在此基础上,沿坡体方向对破坏土楔体进行斜向单元划分,提出了考虑坡度效应的土体应变楔模型,对于其中的关键参数应变楔深度与应变楔土体应变采用迭代求解。迭代过程中,建立基桩横向受荷的桩-土相互作用方程并用有限杆单元法求解,当求解得到的桩身地面处位移与应变楔模型中地面处土体位移之差小于某一允许值时,得到的基桩的水平位移及内力即为最终解答。通过与试验测试数据的对比,验证了该方法的合理性。最后,将土体破坏深度与边坡斜率的比值定义为陡坡效应影响范围,并对其影响因素进行了对比分析。结果表明,陡坡效应的影响范围受土体强度参数及基桩尺寸等多因素影响,其随着桩径的增加而减小,且随土体强度的增强而减小。     

桩板结构桩-板-土相互作用模型试验研究

为了明确桩板结构桩-板-土体相互作用机制,基于推导的相似理论,制作了桩板结构在2种跨度、有无板下土体支承等不同条件下的竖向分级加载试验和水平加载试验,系统研究了桩板结构桩-板-土相互作用力学特性。初步得出以下结论：（1）板-土相互作用对桩板结构的受力影响明显。当不考虑板下土体支承作用时,板的位移、应力、桩的受力、板-土接触压力等都会明显增大,且跨度越大,影响越明显。表明目前在工程设计时不考虑板下土体的支承作用进行设计,偏于保守。因此,建议桩板结构在设计时应考虑板下路基土体的支承作用。（2）在横向荷载作用下,桩-土相互作用明显,其主要作用区域在桩的上部1/2范围内。同时试验表明,板的跨度对桩-土相互作用影响较小,但对板的横向位移影响较大,且桩板结构的跨度越大,在横向力作用下,板的弯拉应力也越大。因此,建议在进行桩板结构跨度设计时,应检算横向荷载作用下板的拉应力指标。     

基于透明土技术的开口管桩施工模拟

开口管桩因为土塞效应的存在,其施工力学机理比实心桩要复杂。传统的测量方法无法测得整个桩周土体的位移场以及土塞的具体情况。利用透明土技术,模拟不同桩径,壁厚的开口管桩的沉桩过程,得到管桩外侧土体的全部位移场,并观测到土塞高度的变化、土塞中土颗粒的位移向量场和土塞土颗粒位移中性面。通过对实验结果的分析,可以得到以下结论:不同截面尺寸的管桩施工引起的土体变形区域的横向范围与管桩内径与壁厚的比值（r/w）成反比,且每施工2倍管桩外径R深度,横向影响范围扩大67%;当外径相等时,r/w值相差150%时,土塞高度相差186%;土塞效应和桩径无关,和r/w有关;当壁厚保持一定的同时,土塞高度变化量约为管桩内外径比（R/r）的改变量的2倍;土塞达到完全闭塞状态时还会发生桩端土体的剪切破坏,从而管桩内腔涌入新土形成新的土塞。     

悬臂式抗滑桩模型试验研究

作为治理滑坡的重要手段之一的抗滑桩,由于岩土体介质的特殊性,桩后滑坡推力、土体抗力及桩身变形破坏模式与理论计算存在较大差异。通过悬臂式抗滑桩加固滑坡的模型试验,对滑体进行逐级加载,测得桩后滑坡推力、桩前土体抗力和桩体的应变,研究滑坡推力分布、土体抗力的变化情况、桩身变形破坏模式。试验结果表明,对于悬臂式抗滑桩可分为分离段和接触段两部分,滑坡推力逐渐向接触段集中;桩前土体抗力主要在桩前25 cm以上,随着深度增加,抗力逐渐减小;悬臂式抗滑桩为折断破坏形式,破坏点的位置在滑面以下25 cm处。模型破坏主要是由于桩前土体发生屈服,从而使桩顶部位移过大,致使桩身因折断破坏而失效,最终滑坡模型失稳。其结果可为实际工程提供借鉴。     

横向载荷作用下刚性桩变位规律研究

目前对横向受载刚性桩的研究主要集中在其承载力方面,对变化规律研究很少。为此提出了利用刚性桩上两点位移求桩上任意一点位移、桩回转中心位置及转角的方法。通过对粉质黏土中的刚性桩进行模型试验与数值计算发现,回转中心位置随位移和载荷的增大,先是急剧下降,然后变缓,最后基本趋于稳定,而且桩埋置参数与土力学参数对回转中心位置的变化规律影响很小;而桩的转角随位移增大近似线性变化。比较发现,由试验和数值计算得到的回转中心极限位置与由极限地基反力法得到的结果相差不大     

CM桩复合地基桩土应力比及垫层效应现场试验研究

通过现场4桩大压板静载试验,布置土压力盒,测定并分析C桩（刚性桩）桩顶、M桩（亚刚性桩）桩顶和桩间土体应力,计算桩（C桩+M桩）土荷载分担比,分析CM桩复合地基静载试验过程中桩、土的受力特性。通过设置不同垫层厚度,对比大压板试验P-S曲线,结合单桩静载试验,分析CM桩复合地基垫层的破坏模式及垫层效应。试验结果表明,CM桩复合地基工作时C桩桩顶应力集中现象明显,C桩桩土应力比大于10,M桩桩土应力比小于10;随着试验加载,桩土应力比逐渐增大,C桩桩土应力比增大幅度大于M桩;在复合地基设计荷载条件下,桩土荷载分担比接近6:3:1;将M桩和桩间土体视为一整体,即地基处理后相对于C桩的“桩间土”,则桩土荷载分担比为6:4,设计较为合理;随着垫层厚度增大,CM桩复合地基沉降值增大;当C桩成桩质量较好时,垫层破坏模式为C桩桩顶刺入破坏,试验时应合理选取褥垫层的材料和厚度。     

碎石土斜坡土体水平抗力分布规律研究

斜坡上或临近斜坡顶部设置工程结构（桩基础）时,桩身变形将导致基桩对桩侧岩土体产生水平挤压作用,如果因桩身变形过大而导致桩前坡体失稳,即桩侧岩土体抗力弱化甚至消失,则会引发工程事故,土体抗力的实际分布规律并未探明。本文统计分析碎石土斜坡场地4根桩基（深入覆盖层）的水平静载荷试验数据,来分析同一坡度碎石土场地土体水平抗力沿深度的变化、土体抗力随桩身位移的变化特点,进而获得土体在不同抵抗变形阶段（弹性、塑性阶段）土体水平抗力分布的一般规律。     

竖向循环荷载作用下砂土中单桩承载特性模型试验研究

采用自主设计的竖向循环加载装置,通过室内模型试验研究竖向循环荷载作用下砂土中单桩承载特性和桩周土体变形机制。根据试验结果,桩体累积位移可以划分为不发展区域、渐变发展区域、破坏区域3种区域;滞回曲线的滞回圈包络面积随着循环次数的增加,呈现逐渐减小的趋势,滞回曲线由不闭合发展为闭合曲线,桩周土体由弹塑性变形逐渐转变为弹性变形。采用粒子图像测速（particle image velocimetry,简称PIV）技术对循环荷载作用下桩周土体变形进行实时量测,得到桩周土体完整的位移场和剪切应变场。结果表明：循环周期、幅值和密实度为桩周土体变形的主要影响因素,随着循环周期的增加,剪切破坏带在接近土体表面处呈现内敛趋势,剪切破坏面最终近乎平行于桩-土界面。循环荷载幅值越大,表层土体在循环荷载作用下越趋于密实,侧向土压力增大,位移影响区域减小,对应剪切应变场呈现“耳”状分布,幅值比循环周期更容易导致桩周土体出现沉陷。不同砂土密实度中的桩体累积位移随着循环周期呈现出不同的特征,松砂状态下桩周土体位移场呈现倒截锥形,密砂则呈现圆柱形。     

成层土中倾斜荷载作用下桩承载力有限元分析

利用有限元方法对现场单桩水平载荷试验进行模拟,在此基础上,分析了成层土中桩在倾斜荷载作用下其竖向分量的有利作用和横向土抗力分布特点。计算结果表明,在地面下一定范围内,倾斜荷载作用下的桩侧摩阻力比水平荷载作用下的桩侧摩阻力大。在土层分界处土抗力分布有明显的跳跃。达到一定深度后,横向土抗力主要是静止土压力,而由荷载引起的横向土抗力很小。承台能有效减小土体及桩的水平位移。模拟的灌注桩和钢管桩桩顶在地面以上的自由长度较小,竖向分量由于桩身挠曲变形而产生的P-Δ效应较小,所以就算例中的灌注桩和钢管桩而言,荷载倾斜度不大时,荷载竖向分量提高了桩的侧阻并由此增大桩侧土竖向应力,对桩水平承载力总体上起到了有利的作用。     

排水刚性桩群桩抗液化性能的振动台试验研究

排水刚性桩是一种将竖向排水体与刚性桩相结合的新型抗液化处理措施。为研究排水刚性桩群桩的抗液化作用效果,开展了桩顶竖向荷载作用下排水刚性桩处理可液化地基的振动台试验研究,分析了地基土体的超孔压响应、加速度响应及桩顶结构的水平位移响应,并与未设置排水体的普通桩群桩工况进行对比。结果表明：加载开始后,排水桩桩身排水通道有大量超孔隙水排出,普通桩桩身没有排水现象。采用排水桩时超孔压比峰值比普通桩中减小12%,孔压消散稳定后超孔压比减小13%左右,排水桩桩身的排水通道对超孔压的消散作用集中在振动作用的前期。排水桩桩顶的侧向永久位移较普通桩桩顶侧向永久位移减小约27%。试样土体液化前,剪应力-应变滞回圈包络面积较大,土体呈现一定的剪胀特性。液化后,排水桩的剪应力-应变滞回圈的割线模量更大。上述试验结果均表明了排水刚性桩在抗液化方面的有效作用。     

斜坡地基刚性桩水平承载力上限分析

为探讨斜坡地基刚性桩水平极限承载力的计算方法，介绍柔性桩的等效刚性桩有效嵌入深度并引入极限水平地基反力分布形式。根据荷载指向坡外及坡内两种情况，提出适用于斜坡地基桩前土体的两种极限破坏模式。然后，基于极限分析上限定理，推导出两种荷载方向下的刚性桩极限承载力，并引入多组现场试验，验证了理论方法的合理性。探讨了边坡坡角、内摩擦角、黏聚力及荷载方向对极限承载力的影响，得出了一些规律性结论，并基于以上分析结果，提出斜坡地基刚性桩水平极限承载力随坡角变化的拟合公式。这些分析为斜坡地基上基桩设计提供了一定的参考，具有理论及工程应用价值。     

Centrifuge study on behavior of rigid pile composite foundation under embankment in soft soil

The rigid pile composite foundation is widely used in highway projects in soft soil area as it can effectively increase the bearing capacity and stability of the foundation. While the research on the behavior and failure mode of rigid pile composite foundation under embankment is not enough, instability failure of rigid pile composite foundation often occurs in practical projects. This paper presents a centrifuge model test to investigate the load transfer mechanism, settlement characteristic and failure mode of rigid pile composite foundation under embankment. The test results show that: the soil displacement of different region in rigid pile composite foundation was different, obvious vertical displacement occurred in the soil under the center of embankment and the horizontal displacement was very small in this region; both vertical and horizontal displacement occurred in the soil under the shoulder of embankment; and obvious horizontal displacement occurred in the soil under the slope toe of embankment; moreover, ground heave also occurred near the slope toe of embankment. The soil displacement in rigid pile composite foundation had a large influence on the stress characteristic and failure mode of rigid piles, the compressive failure and bending failure would probably occur for the piles under the center and shoulder of the embankment, respectively, and the tension-bending failure would probably occur for the piles under the slope toe of embankment. The different failure modes of piles at different regions should be considered in the design of rigid pile composite foundation under embankment. The test results can be used to improve the design method for rigid pile composite foundation under embankment in practical projects.

     

Analysis of rectangular piles subjected to lateral loads in nonhomogeneous soil using a Winkler model approach

An analytical approach using a Winkler model based on two lateral soil displacement components in a three‐dimensional soil is investigated to provide analytical solutions of horizontal response of a rectangular pile subjected to lateral loads in nonhomogeneous soil. The two lateral displacement components of a soil surrounding the rectangular pile are represented by the Fourier series of displacement potential functions in the elastic three‐dimensional analysis. The lateral stiffness coefficient of the rectangular pile shaft in nonhomogeneous soil is derived from the rocking stiffness coefficient taking into account rocking rotation of a rigid pile shaft. The relationship between horizontal displacement, rotation, moment, and shear force for the rectangular pile subjected to horizontal loads in nonhomogeneous soil is obtainable in the form of the recurrence equation. The formulation of lateral displacement and rotation for a rectangular pile subjected to lateral loads on the pile base in nonhomogeneous soil is proposed by taking into account Mindlin's equation and the equivalent thickness for soil layers in the equivalent elastic method. The difference of lateral behavior between square and circular piles subjected to lateral loads is insignificant. The effect of aspect ratio of the rectangular pile on the lateral behavior is great for the lower stiffness ratio between pile and soil and the larger length–equivalent diameter ratio. The effect of the value of Poisson's ratio of soil on lateral stiffness coefficient is relatively small except Poisson's ratio close to 0.5. The comparison of the results calculated by the current method for a rectangular pile subjected to lateral loads in nonhomogeneous soil has shown good agreement with those obtained from the analytical methods and the finite element method. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

砂土中桩土侧向相互作用的应变楔模型修正

提出了砂土中水平受荷单桩的修正应变楔方法。从3个方面对应变楔模型进行了修正,首先假设三维被动土楔后桩身的水平位移呈非线性变化,从而使得楔形体内的水平应变不再是一常量,而是沿深度变化。其次引入了两个双曲线型的模型分别用以模拟楔形体中土体的水平应力增量-应变关系和桩-土界面处桩侧剪应力-位移关系。然后通过算例验证了修正方法的有效性,模拟结果与实测结果吻合较好。最后分析了各个修正因素对计算结果影响,结果显示,非线性位移假设的引入对原应变楔模型计算的水平承载力偏高有明显地改善,新的水平应力增量-应变关系和桩侧剪应力-位移关系的引入使得应变楔方法更加简便有效。     

考虑挤土和群桩效应的预制桩安全监控模型

在深入分析密集型静力压入式预制桩挤土效应和群桩效应的机理和不利影响的基础上，建立了确保地基土不因挤土效应而破坏的孔隙水压力监控模型，优化压桩线路和次序的超静孔压监控模型，确保基桩不因桩周土隆起而被拔断的基桩轴力监控模型，确保基桩不因挤土效应而产生弯折破坏以及桩间土不因群桩效应而产生剪切破坏的桩侧土压力监控模型。实测数据表明，在没有采取有效的降排水和卸压预防措施时，沉桩施工容易导致地基土强度失效和基桩拔断破坏。采取袋装砂井排水和碎石桩式降水井降水后。即使是透水性差的软土地基。也可使较大的超静孔压在1d时间内消散70％。     

基于相对变形方法的桩后土拱模型试验研究

为分析桩后土拱在滑动过程中的动态演化过程,设计了一种新型的土体相对变形监测系统,开展了物理模型试验和滑体强度参数分析试验,基于试验监测数据,引入了两个无量纲参数表征滑体相对变形程度和不均匀变形程度。试验结果表明：（1）基于桩后土拱变形与传递侧向力曲线特征,土拱演化可分为弹性形成阶段、塑性发展阶段和破坏阶段3个阶段。在破坏阶段观察到显著的三维破坏特征,在水平面上,土拱表现出成层的拱圈挤出破坏;在竖直面上,表现出中下部的滑体土率先开裂并塌落,然后在顶部出现悬链形状的裂缝。（2）随相对变形变化,桩后滑体强度参数在滑动过程中是处于一个动态的强化过程,就强化程度而言,黏聚力较内摩擦角更敏感。（3）前期相对靠后的滑体的相对变形程度与参数强化程度分别高于相对靠前的滑体和桩间滑体,因此,桩周滑体裂缝在向后发展过程中逐渐向桩间中心线发生偏转,在裂缝贯通后形成稳定支撑的拱形结构。     

Modification of strain wedge method for lateral soil-pile interaction in sandEI北大核心CSCD

A modified strain wedge (SW) method for analyzing the behavior of laterally loaded single piles in sand is proposed. The modified model assumes that the lateral displacements of a pile behind the three-dimensional passive soil wedge are nonlinear, which makes the horizontal soil strain variable with depths instead of a constant value in the original strain wedge model, and also employs two different hyperbolic models, one for describing horizontal stress increment-strain behavior of soil in the wedge, and the other for describing the shear stress-displacement property at the interface between soil and pile shafts. An example is analyzed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the modified method, and a good agreement is obtained. Finally, the effects of modifications on the lateral bearing capacity of pile shafts are discussed. The results show that the problem of overestimating the lateral bearing capacity of piles with strain wedge method can be ameliorated by introducing the assumption of nonlinear lateral displacements of piles. It makes the SW method more convenient and effective in analyzing the behavior of laterally loaded piles by introducing the new relationships of horizontal stress increment-strain and shear stress-displacement.     

Nonlinear analysis of laterally loaded rigid piles in cohesive soil

This article presents a method for the nonlinear analysis of laterally loaded rigid piles in cohesive soil. The method considers the force and the moment equilibrium to derive the system equations for a rigid pile under a lateral eccentric load. The system equations are then solved using an iteration scheme to obtain the response of the pile. The method considers the nonlinear variation of the ultimate lateral soil resistance with depth and uses a new closed‐form expression proposed in this article to determine the lateral bearing factor. The method also considers the horizontal shear resistance at the pile base, and a bilinear relationship between the shear resistance and the displacement is used. For simplicity, the modulus of horizontal subgrade reaction is assumed to be constant with depth, which is applicable to piles in overconsolidated clay. The nonlinearity of the modulus of horizontal subgrade reaction with pile displacement at ground surface is also considered. The validity of the developed method is demonstrated by comparing its results with those of 3D finite element analysis. The applications of the developed method to analyze five field test piles also show good agreement between the predictions and the experimental results. The developed method offers an alternative approach for simple and effective analysis of laterally loaded rigid piles in cohesive soil. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

刚性桩加固软土路基失稳破坏数值模拟

为控制路堤的整体稳定性,刚性桩现已常用于软土路基的加固。本文引入了桩体的断开机制,采用有限元软件ABAQUS对刚性桩加固软土路基的失稳破坏模式进行分析,相较于传统的数值模拟方法,体现了路堤荷载作用下,刚性桩的渐次失稳破坏过程。在此基础上,考虑桩体可能优先发生的弯曲破坏,提出将临界比例n作为判断桩体优先发生剪切破坏或弯曲破坏的临界值,并将其作为本文桩体断开机制的终止判别条件,合理地规避了数值模拟软件定量计算存在的较大误差。最后,将本文数值模拟与传统的数值模拟、等效砂桩法的数值模拟进行对比,结果反应出本文数值模拟方法的合理性与可靠性,工程上可通过增大前排桩的抗弯强度或限制桩体的水平位移,提高路堤的整体稳定性。