地震矩张量反演在地震快速反应中的应用

利用地震矩张量反演的方法,对1996年11月～1998年1月发生于我国境内的10次MＳ5.2地震的震源机制进行了快速测定,并以地震震源参数简报的形式将测定结果及时发送中国地震局震情值班室和有关省地震局,在大震的快速反应中发挥了作用．     

由矩张量反演得到的北部湾地震的震源机制

1994年12月31日和1995年1月10日,在北部湾海域发生了MS=6.0和MS=6.1地震．运用广义反射-透射系数矩阵方法计算格林函数,利用中国数字地震台网(CDSN)记录的两次地震的长周期体波资料,用频率域矩张量反演方法得到了这两次地震的震源机制．反演结果表明,这两次地震都是以剪切位错为主的事件,它们都是在相同的构造环境下,受到同一断裂的构造运动所控制,在北西-南东向为主压应力、北东-南西向的主张应力的作用下发生的．连续发生的MS=6.0,6.1地震,与菲律宾海板块和欧亚板块沿近北西-南东向碰撞有关．MS=6.0地震发生后震源区应力场发生了明显的变化,MS=6.1地震的发生与MS=6.0地震的发生引起的应力场调整有一定的联系．     

地震矩张量及其反演（讲座）

地震矩张量及其反演（讲座）陈培善（中国北京１０００８１国家地震局地球物理研究所）编者按：在中国科学技术大学研究生院开设的“地球物理进展”课程，由工作在第一线的诸多专家投诉。乃程内容翔实丰富，反映了当前地球物理到邓５受新进展。深受研究生和广大学者的欢迎...     

用长周期体波数据反演1988年11月6日澜沧-耿马Mem>Ssub>7.6地震的矩张量

应用中国数字地震台网(CDSN)记录的长周期体波波形数据,反演了1988年11月6日中国云南省澜沧-耿马MS7.6地震的矩张量,求得了其震源机制和震源时间过程．反演结果表明,断层面解的一个节面是右旋走滑断层,另一个节面是左旋走滑断层;震源时间过程较简单,持续时间约15 s;标量地震矩为6.41020 Nm．根据地质资料、区域构造、野外观测和余震震中分布,确认走向313的节面是地震断层面,主压应力轴位于几乎水平的南北向．      

地震矩张量及其反演

用地震矩张量描述一般类型的地震点源时,二阶矩张量是可以用来简明地表征震源特征的物理量。比如,可用它将震源表示为膨胀中心和双力偶的叠加。二阶地震矩张量可以分解成各向同性部分和纯偏量部分的相加,并且对偏量部分还可作多种形式的分解。本文通过对在主轴坐标系下的矩张量本征值的不同组合,给出了几种矩张量分解的形式及由它们所确定的等效点源模型,并根据本征值的大小,讨论了点矩张量所表示的震源机制解。本文还介绍了反演地震矩张量的方法。     

地震矩张量反演在地震观测报告中的应用

针对我国地震工作的实际需要,从１９９５年起,《中国地震台网目录和地震矩张量解》刊登了国内较大地震和全球大震的地震矩张量解和震源机制解。同时在《中国地震年报》上也刊登国内及邻区较大地震的地震长张量解和震源机制解。为了方便用户使用,本文对有关参数进行了说明。     

云南禄劝地震部分余震的矩张量反演

利用数字盒式磁带记录加速度仪组成的流动地震台网所记录的三分向近场加速度图,通过矩张量反演确定了1985年4月18日云南禄劝 Ms=6.1地震的部分余震的震源机制.以均匀半无限弹性介质的格林函数解释路径效应,并通过正演计算识别由两次积分得到的位移地震图中的直达 P 波、直达 S 波和 SP 转换波震相,然后用这些震相进行矩张量反演.反演结果表明,在解超定线性方程组时,采用适当的加权系数,可使上述直达波和转换波的理论计算值与观测值拟合得较好.尽管用以反演的三个余震大小不同(震级 ML48,3.2,3.5),震源位置也有差别,但它们的震源机制却非常接近,且与主震的震源机制相当一致.这一特征显示了余震的发生与主震发震构造的内在联系.这些实例说明,由震源球球面上分布适宜的数字地震台网取得的近场加速度资料,借助于即使是简单的介质模型,通过地震矩张量反演,不但可以得出这些地震震源的主要成份————剪切位错源,同时还可得出震源所含的其它成分,如膨胀源和补偿线性向量偶极.      

2003年11月13日岷县ML5.5级地震震源机制的矩张量反演

利用2003年11月13日岷县5.5级地震震中周围7个台站的数字记录反演了本次地震的矩张量,对所得结果与用P波初动符号的结果进行了比较,二者具有较好的一致性。结合该地区的地震分布和本次地震的余震分布,对可能的发震断层进行了讨论。     

A new technique for moment tensor inversion with applications to the 2008 Wen-chuan M_s8.0 earthquake sequence

A MS8.0 earthquake occurred in Wenchuan County, Sichuan Province, China, on May 12, 2008, and subsequently, numerous aftershocks followed. We obtained the moment tensor solutions and source time functions (STFs) for the Wenchuan earthquake and its seven larger aftershocks (MS5.0~6.0) by a new technique of moment tensor inversion using the broadband and long-period seismic waveform data from the Global Seismic Network (GSN). Firstly, the theoretical background and technical flow of the new technique was brie...     

A new technique for moment tensor inversion with applications to the 2008 Wenchuan M S8.0 earthquake sequence

A MS8.0 earthquake occurred in Wenchuan County, Sichuan Province, China, on May 12, 2008, and subsequently, numerous aftershocks followed. We obtained the moment tensor solutions and source time functions (STFs) for the Wenchuan earthquake and its seven larger aftershocks (MS5.0~6.0) by a new technique of moment tensor inversion using the broadband and long-period seismic waveform data from the Global Seismic Network (GSN). Firstly, the theoretical background and technical flow of the new technique was briefly introduced, and an aftershock of the Wenchuan earthquake sequence was employed to illustrate the real procedure for inverting the moment tensor; secondly, the moment tensor solutions and STFs of the eight events, including the main shock, were presented, and finally, the interpretation of the results was made. The agreement of our results with the GCMT results indicates the new approach is efficient and feasible. By using this approach, not only the moment tensor solution can be obtained but also the STF can be retrieved; the inverted STFs indicate that the source rupture process may be com-plicated even for the moderate earthquakes. The inverted focal mechanisms of the Wenchuan earthquake sequence show that the most of the aftershocks occurred in the main faults of the Longmenshan fault zone with predomi-nantly thrustingwith minor right-lateral strike-slip component, but some of them may have occurred in the sub-faults with strike-slip faulting in the vicinity of the main faults.     

汶川MS8.0地震余震震源机制时空分布特征

本文利用CAP波形反演方法,获取了汶川M_S8.0地震序列中312个具有较高信噪比波形资料的4级以上余震的震源机制解和震源深度. 基于震源深度空间分布与震源机制时空分布,分析了主震后余震区断层行为特征与应力场时空变化,并对龙门山断裂带中北段的发震断层面几何形态进行了初步探讨. 获得的主要认识如下:(1)余震震源深度分布存在显著的空间分段差异. 绵竹以西的余震区南段与平武以东的北段余震深度范围大于中段(绵竹-平武段),但深度小于5 km的5级以上超浅源地震主要分布在明显偏离龙门山断裂带走向的理县NW向分支与余震区北端NNE向分支,而中段余震主要分布在7~19 km深度. (2)余震机制类型存在明显的时空差异. 余震区中段逆冲型地震占绝对优势,理县NW向分支余震则以走滑型为主,机制类型随时间变化不显著. 沿龙门山断裂带走向的余震区南段,早期(2008年8月底前)逆冲型地震比例高于走滑型、晚期走滑型地震比例显著升高并超过逆冲型;而余震区北段早期走滑型地震占绝对优势、晚期逆冲型地震比例大幅上升且超过走滑型. 南、北两段余震机制类型比例的显著变化,可能是余震区两端断层调整性运动的表现. (3)节面走向及P轴方位优势方向均存在显著的空间差异. 南段NWW向P轴方位与区域应力场一致,中段及理县NW向分支P轴优势方向NEE,而北段具NWW和NEE两个优势方向,这种差异反映了余震活动除了受区域应力场控制外,还受到主震引发的局部应力场的控制. 节面走向的多方位分布则反映不同走向的构造参与了主震后的余震活动. (4)沿龙门山断裂带走向,余震区南段具深部缓倾角、浅部高倾角的铲形断面特征;中段深部倾角均值较稳定、浅部倾角均值随深度减小而增大;北段倾角均值相对稳定,显示其断面几何形态相对简单. 上述不同区段倾角均值随深度的变化揭示龙门山断裂带中北段断层面几何形态复杂.     

Spatio-temporal variation and focal mechanism of the Wenchuan M_S8.0 earthquake sequence

Based on abundant aftershock sequence data of the Wenchuan MS8.0 earthquake on May 12, 2008, we studied the spatio-temporal variation process and segmentation rupture characteristic.Dense aftershocks distribute along Longmenshan central fault zone of NE direction and form a narrow strip with the length of 325 km and the depth between several and 40 km.The depth profile(section of NW direction) vertical to the strike of aftershock zone(NE direction) shows anisomer-ous wedgy distribution characteristic of aft...     

Applications of seismic moment tensor inversion in fast response to earthquakes

IntroductionAfteramoderateorstronger(Ms25.0)earthquake,themosturgentworkofthedivisionforearthquakemonitoringandpredictionistodetermineitstimeoforigin,hypocentrallocation(longitude,latitudeanddepth)andmagnitudeandtojudgethetrendofseismicregimedevelopmentassoonaspossible.Ingeneralcases,whenanearthquakewithMS25.0insideChinaoraonewithMS26.0inneighboringareasofChinahasoccurred,theEarthquakeBulletinofChineseSeismologicalNetworkcanprovidedeterminationoftheorigintime,hypocentrallocation(longitude,…     

Seismic moment tensor inversion using 3D velocity model and its application to the 2013 Lushan earthquake sequence

Source inversion of small-magnitude events such as aftershocks or mine collapses requires use of relatively high frequency seismic waveforms which are strongly affected by small-scale heterogeneities in the crust. In this study, we developed a new inversion method called gCAP3D for determining general moment tensor of a seismic source using Green's functions of 3D models. It inherits the advantageous features of the “Cut-and-Paste” (CAP) method to break a full seismogram into the Pnl and surface-wave segments and to allow time shift between observed and predicted waveforms. It uses grid search for 5 source parameters (relative strengths of the isotropic and compensated-linear-vector-dipole components and the strike, dip, and rake of the double-couple component) that minimize the waveform misfit. The scalar moment is estimated using the ratio of L₂ norms of the data and synthetics. Focal depth can also be determined by repeating the inversion at different depths. We applied gCAP3D to the 2013 M_s 7.0 Lushan earthquake and its aftershocks using a 3D crustal-upper mantle velocity model derived from ambient noise tomography in the region. We first relocated the events using the double-difference method. We then used the finite-differences method and reciprocity principle to calculate Green's functions of the 3D model for 20 permanent broadband seismic stations within 200 km from the source region. We obtained moment tensors of the mainshock and 74 aftershocks ranging from M_w 5.2 to 3.4. The results show that the Lushan earthquake is a reverse faulting at a depth of 13–15 km on a plane dipping 40–47° to N46° W. Most of the aftershocks occurred off the main rupture plane and have similar focal mechanisms to the mainshock's, except in the proximity of the mainshock where the aftershocks' focal mechanisms display some variations.     

地震动旋转分量用于矩张量反演的数值试验

地震动旋转分量可以提供传统平动分量所欠缺的空间梯度信息,理论上可以提升对震源参数的约束.本文对旋转分量用于矩张量反演进行了较为全面的数值试验.首先分析了均匀无限空间中位错点源产生的旋转波场与平动波场在辐射花样上的互补性,由此推测旋转分量用于矩张量反演能提供额外的约束.随后基于层状介质模型合成的平动和旋转记录,开展了地震矩张量反演测试研究.我们通过对比反演得到的矩张量、矩张量差异角Δφ和地震矩,定量评估在矩张量反演中引入旋转分量的作用,发现在合适的条件下,在原平动记录基础上加入旋转记录来联合反演会显著提升反演结果的可靠性,可减小矩张量差异角Δφ30%以上,极端条件下70%以上;如保持总记录数量不变（即在部分台站添加旋转分量替换其他台站的平动分量）,某些矩张量元素反演效果会变好,但某些元素可能会变差.整体而言,在多数台站分布的情况下加入旋转都能起到强于增加同等数目平动台站的作用.同时,我们还发现在低频情况下,旋转分量对于深度非常敏感,引入旋转分量对于约束矩心深度有非常显著的效果.此外,还尝试了不同的试验条件,发现在低频、震中距较小、信噪比较低、速度结构模型较为准确的情况下,加入旋转分量对结果的提升更明显.整体而言,尽管旋转分量的使用需要满足一定的条件,将旋转用于矩张量反演是可行的,它能为矩张量反演提供与平动分量互补的信息,在稀疏台站和密集平动的台站的情况下加入旋转观测将显著增强对地震的监测能力.

     

2008年汶川MS8.0地震反应谱平台值衰减特性研究

2008年汶川M_S8.0地震获得了大量的强震动记录, 为研究反应谱特征参数衰减特性提供了重要的基础资料. 本文对已知场地条件的174个台站的记录进行研究, 计算其加速度反应谱并按照最小二乘分段拟合方法进行标定, 进而拟合了反应谱平台值的衰减关系;对比分析了水平方向与竖直方向反应谱平台值的衰减特性, 提出用“平台值的场地衰减影响系数”来定量研究不同场地类型对反应谱平台值的影响, 用“衰减曲线下降速率”来定量分析不同衰减曲线的衰减速率. 通过计算得出水平向Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ类场地的平台值场地衰减影响系数平均值分别为0.5358, 1和1.579, 且Ⅲ类场地的加速度平台值衰减曲线的衰减速率最小.      

Spatio-temporal variation and focal mechanism of the Wenchuan MS8.0 earthquake sequence

Based on abundant aftershock sequence data of the Wenchuan M_S8.0 earthquake on May 12, 2008, we studied the spatio-temporal variation process and segmentation rupture characteristic. Dense aftershocks distribute along Longmenshan central fault zone of NE direction and form a narrow strip with the length of 325 km and the depth between several and 40 km. The depth profile (section of NW direction) vertical to the strike of aftershock zone (NE direction) shows anisomerous wedgy distribution characteristic of aftershock concentrated regions; it is related to the force form of the Longmenshan nappe tectonic belt. The stronger aftershocks could be divided into northern segment and southern segment apparently and the focal depths of strong aftershocks in the 50 km area between northern segment and southern segment are shallower. It seems like 'to be going to rupture' segment. We also study focal mechanisms and segmentation of strong aftershocks. The principal compressive stress azimuth of aftershock area is WNW direction and the faulting types of aftershocks at southern and northern segment have the same proportion. Because aftershocks distribute on different secondary faults, their focal mechanisms present complex local tectonic stress field. The faulting of seven strong earthquakes on the Longmenshan central fault is mainly characterized by thrust with the component of right-lateral strike-slip. Meantime six strong aftershocks on the Longmenshan back-range fault and Qingchuan fault present strike-slip faulting. At last we discuss the complex segmentation rupture mechanism of the Wenchuan earthquake.     

2008汶川Ms8.0地震发生的深层过程和动力学响应

汶川Ms8.0强烈地震发生在一条现今并不活动的龙门山构造带上,造成了以汶川、映秀为中心及其周边地域的严重破坏和人员的重大伤亡.然而强烈震发生前却未见有可能的确切征兆或浅表层异常活动,即浅层过程与地震发生的深层过程并不匹配.为此对这次强烈地震"孕育"、发生和发展的深层过程进行了分析和探讨,初步研究表明:①在印度洋板块与欧亚板块陆—陆碰撞、挤压作用下,喜马拉雅造山带东构造结向NNE方向顶挤、楔入青藏高原东北缘,迫使高原深部物质向东流展,在受到以龙门山为西北边界的四川盆地阻隔下,一部分物质则转而向东南侧向运移;②龙门山地带在地形上差达3500±500m左右,而地壳厚度在龙门山西北部为60±5km左右,四川盆地为40±2km左右,而龙门山地带与其东、西两侧相比则为地壳厚度变化幅度达15～20km的突变地域,即为应力作用的耦合地带;③中、下地壳和地幔盖层物质以地壳低速层、低阻层(深20～25km)为第一滑移面,以上地幔软流层顶面为第二滑移面,且在四川盆地深部"刚性"物质阻隔下,深部壳、幔物质以高角度在龙门山构造带和四川盆地的耦合地带向上运移(或称逆冲),且在龙门山地表三条断裂构成的断裂系向下延伸到20km左右深处汇聚,二者强烈碰撞、挤压、震源介质破裂;在物质与能量的强烈交换下,应力得到释放,故形成了这次Ms8.0强烈地震.为此从深部初步揭示了这次强烈地震"孕育"、发生和发展的深层动力过程.