气枪震源地震波走时变化影响因素分析及地震相关的走时变化

云南省地震局在程海断裂以西10 km的大银甸水库处建成了气枪震源发射台, 在水库丰水期内进行连续激发观测。 2014年8月21日、 24日气枪震源附近分别发生M_S4.2、 M_L4.1和M_L4.0地震。 本文利用宾川气枪震源附近的钟英台、 黄坪台等10个台站2014年9月8日至2015年2月28日观测数据, 使用波形互相关方法提取这些台站气枪信号的走时变化, 使用射线追踪的方式正演研究了气压、 水库水位、 潮汐应力等因素对波速变化的影响。 排除上述影响后, 认为3次4级左右地震可能是2014年9月台站气枪信号走时增大0.04~0.05 s的原因。     

上海及其邻近地区三维地壳结构层析成像

利用上海及其邻近地区地震台网的地震记录及人工爆破资料,采用地震层析成像方法反演研究区地壳三维P波、S波速度结构模型。成像结果表明:不同深度的P波、S波速度扰动呈北西向展布特征;地震大多数分布在低速区的块体内,说明地震不仅与断裂活动有关,有可能还与物质结构和性质有关;上海及其邻近地区上地壳速度结构,断裂活动和物质性质三者之间存在密切关系。     

Research on the 3—D Seismic Structures in Qinghai—Xizang Plateau

Based on the recording data from the analogue and broadband digital seismic stations in and around Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet)Platean,the three dimensiomal 3-D) seismic velocity stroctures in Qinghai-Xizang Plateau were obtained by using the regional body wave tomography and surface wave tomography.The results from these two tomography methods have similar characteristics for P-and S-wave velocity structures in crust and upper mantle.They show that there are remarkahle low velocity zones in the upper crust of L hasa block in the southern Qinghai-Xizang Plateau and the lower crust and upper mantle of Qiangtang block in the northern Qinghai-Xizang Plateau.These phenomena may be related to the different steps of collision process in southern and northern Qinghai-Xizang Plateau.     

强地震前兆低频波的实验研究

声波透射实验表明，对于板状材料，声音的一部分能量可以透射到空气中。另一部分能量在板中产生简正波，使板产生较大的振幅，在空气中产生能被话筒接收到的声音信号，而信号的简正频率与板的尺寸有关。另外，破裂过程中的声发射实验证实：随着微破裂的集结和裂纹的扩展，所辐射波的频谱会逐渐向低频移动，而且当频率很低时，可以透射出岩石，被话筒接收到。根据尺度相似性原理，推广到野外，强地展前破裂集结可能会辐射出超低频波，这种超低频波不能被常规的地震仪记录到，但可以被超低频传感器或次声接收器记录到。在地震前，产生前兆的源非常复杂，大多数情况下可能并非脆性破裂，而是塑性蠕滑或者有流体的参与。而后两种情况产生的波的周期会更长，而且缺乏脆性破裂所固有的高频成分，这可能就是多数地震前缺乏前震的原因。     

地震波斜入射对高面板坝地震反应的影响

为研究地震波斜入射对高面板坝地震反应的影响,根据地震波动入射理论,采用FORTRAN进行波动荷载的编程计算,并与大型通用有限元软件ADINA相结合,实现基于黏弹性人工边界的地震波斜入射,研究P波和SV波分别以不同角度入射对高面板堆石坝地震反应的影响。结果表明,地震波斜入射时大坝地震动反应与垂直入射时明显不同,常规垂直入射的结果偏于不安全,因此在高面板坝地震反应分析和抗震设计中应考虑地震波斜入射的影响。     

Separation of Source, Propagation and Site Effects from S Waves¶of Local Earthquakes in Bursa Region, Northwestern Turkey

—?We have used micro-earthquake recordings (M= 1.8–4.1) of local events in the distance range of 5–60?km in order to quantify the attenuation and site effects in the vicinity of the Bursa city, Marmara region, Turkey. The data set consists of 120 three-component recorded accelograms from 69 earthquakes, recorded at six stations. Each station is deployed on different geologic units, such as massive limestone, slope deposit and Quaternary young sediments, in the framework of the Marmara Poly-Project.¶In this study a nonparametric inversion method was applied to acceleration records from the Bursa region to estimate source, site and path effects using a two-step inversion. At the first step, we determined attenuation functions by analyzing the distance dependence of the spectral amplitudes and retrieved values of Q _s (f) = 46.59f ^0.67. At the second step, the corrected S-waves spectral records for the attenuation function, including the geometrical spreading effect, were inverted to separate source and site response for 21 different frequencies selected between 0.5 and ～25?Hz. The near-surface attenuation, κ value, was also estimated by using the model proposed by Anderson and Hough (1984) at each site. We observed that κ₀ is smaller for stations located on rock site (I?dιr, SIGD, κ₀～0.004) compared to the one that is located on Neogene sediment (Çukurca, SCKR, κ₀～0.018).¶Site amplifications from inversion showed that the station located within the Bursa basin, Çukurca (SCKR), is the most important site with about 4.0 amplification value at 1.8?Hz. Demirta? (SDEM) amplifies the spectral amplitudes about 3.0 times at 2.0?Hz, SHMK about 3.5 times between 2.5 and 3.5?Hz and SHMT nearly reaching 3.5 times between 1.5 and 4.0?Hz. However, stations located on the Uluda? Mountain Massif (SKAY and SIGD), which correspond to a deep limestone geological unit, have the smallest amplification, that values between 0.6 and 1.4.     

青藏高原地震波三维速度结构的研究

根据青藏高原及其邻区的模拟地震台站和宽频带数字地震记录资料,采用区域体波层析成你和瑞利面波层析成像,反演得到了青藏高原地区的三维地震波速度结构。两种层析成像方法得到的地壳上地幔P波和S波速度结构的结果非常相似,它们显示,青藏高原南部的拉萨块体的上地壳存在明显的低速区,青藏高原北部的羌塘地区的下地壳和上地幔顶部相对速度较低。这些结果与青藏高原南、北部处于碰撞过程中的不同阶段有关。     

两次巨震的天文影响

讨论了1960年智利Ms8．9和2004年印度洋Ms8．7地震的天文影响，它们的影响方式虽有不同，但都是在天文大事件的背景下发生的。     

Features of Radiation and Propagation of Seismic Waves in the Northern Caucasus: Manifestations in Regional Coda

Based on the Anapa (ANN) seismic station records of ~40 earthquakes (M_W > 3.9) that occurred within ~300 km of the station since 2002 up to the present time, the source parameters and quality factor of the Earth’s crust (Q(f)) and upper mantle are estimated for the S-waves in the 1–8 Hz frequency band. The regional coda analysis techniques which allow separating the effects associated with seismic source (source effects) and with the propagation path of seismic waves (path effects) are employed. The Q-factor estimates are obtained in the form Q(f) = 90 × f 0.7 for the epicentral distances r < 120 km and in the form Q(f) = 90 × f1.0 for r > 120 km. The established Q(f) and source parameters are close to the estimates for Central Japan, which is probably due to the similar tectonic structure of the regions. The shapes of the source parameters are found to be independent of the magnitude of the earthquakes in the magnitude range 3.9–5.6; however, the radiation of the high-frequency components (f > 4–5 Hz) is enhanced with the depth of the source (down to h ~ 60 km). The estimates Q(f) of the quality factor determined from the records by the Sochi, Anapa, and Kislovodsk seismic stations allowed a more accurate determination of the seismic moments and magnitudes of the Caucasian earthquakes. The studies will be continued for obtaining the Q(f) estimates, geometrical spreading functions, and frequency-dependent amplification of seismic waves in the Earth’s crust in the other regions of the Northern Caucasus.     

利用断层围陷波资料研究汶川M_S8.0地震构造特征

利用汶川地震区不同地段的断层围陷波记录,分析了该地震断层的分段性特征。对断层北东段的关庄测线分析研究结果表明：地壳内破碎带的宽度大约160~180m,地下破碎带的中间与地表破裂的位置对应,并且地下破碎带在断层的两盘边缘较均匀地分布,反映了北东段的断层倾角较陡,近似直立断层。对断层南西段的虹口测线研究结果表明：地壳内破碎带的宽度大约180~200m,地下破碎带主要分布在地表断层陡坎上盘所对应的地壳内,反映了南西段断层倾角比北东段断层倾角小。本文的研究结果可以为汶川8.0级地震的构造背景研究提供依据。     

Crustal Structure of the Southern Korean Peninsula from Seismic Waves Generated by Large Explosions in 2002 and 2004

In order to investigate the velocity structure of the southern part of the Korean peninsula, seismic refraction profiles were obtained along a 294-km WNW-ESE line and a 335-km NNW-SSE line in 2002 and 2004, respectively. Seismic waves were generated by detonating 500–1000 kg explosives in drill holes at depths of 80–150 m. The seismic signals were recorded by portable seismometers at nominal intervals of 1.5–1.7 km. Separate velocity tomograms were derived from first arrival times using a series expansion method of travel-time inversion. The raypaths indicate several mid-crust interfaces including those at approximate depths of 2–3, 15–17, and 22 km. The Moho discontinuity with refraction velocity of 7.8 to 8.4 km/s has a maximum depth of 37–39 km under the southern central portion of the peninsula. The Moho becomes shallower as the Yellow Sea and the East Sea are approached on the west and east coasts of the peninsula, respectively. The depth of the 7.6 km/s velocity contour varies from 29.4 km to 36.5 km. The discrepancy in depth between the seismological Moho and the interpreted critically refracting interface may result from the presence of a gradual transition between the crust and mantle. The velocity tomograms show particular crustal structures including (1) the existence of an over 70-km wide low-velocity zone centered at 6–7 km depth under the Okchon fold belt and Ryeongnam massif, (2) existence of high-velocity materials under the Gyeongsang basin, and (3) the downward extension of the Yeongdong fault to depths greater than 10 km.     

用可视化技术分析虚拟现实环境下三维地震数据场的研究

目的 用可视化方法分析三维地震数据，直接观察数据中隐藏的地质现象。方法：将第每个反射子波用一个粒子模型表示，来自同一反射面的子波粒子相互叠合成一个同相面。为加快显示速度，将一个三维地震数据体转换为三维二值图像，用有序扩展算法追踪同相面所在的三维连通域，细化后得到反射面的坐标数据。再在虚拟现实系统下的对反射面进行立体显示，直观地分析地下地层的结构。结果 实际数据试验得到了反射面的三维形态及断层的分布规律，立体显示更深刻地揭示了复杂地质现象及其规律。结论 只有在虚拟现实系统中进行三维地震数据的可视化，才能直观地看到地下地层的真实场景，真正实现三维数据的全三维解释，所提出的方法是有效。     

阻尼连体结构地震响应影响参数研究

针对阻尼连体结构,采用串并联质点系层模型,沿连体设置方向施加El Centro1940地震波,讨论了毗邻结构自振周期比与连接体阻尼刚度变化对阻尼连体结构地震响应的影响。研究结果表明:毗邻结构自振周期比与连体阻尼刚度对结构的地震响应影响较大,存在一个使结构地震响应为最优的周期比与阻尼刚度值,为实际工程应用和研究提供一些参考。     

弱裂隙各向异性对地震体波的效应

由数据模拟证明，尽管对地震体波走时及纵波动力学特征来讲，弱裂隙各向异性的影响可以忽略，但与各向同性介质中的横波相比，即使对弱裂隙介质，穿透其中的横波的偏振特征也会出现显著的不同。     

The Migration Characteristics of Strong Earthquakes on the North-South Seismic Belt and Its Relation with the South Asia Seismic Belt

Migration of strong earthquakes （M≥ 7.0） along the North-South Seismic Belt of China since 1500 AD shows three patterns： Approximately equal time and distance interval migration from N to S, varied patterns of migration from S to N and grouped strong earthquake activity in a certain period over the entire seismic belt. Analysis of strong earthquakes in the past hundred years shows that the seismicity on the North-South Seismic Belt is also associated with strong earthquake activities on the South Asia Seismic Belt which extends from Myanmar to Sumatra, Indonesia. Strong earthquakes on the former belt often lag several months or years behind the quakes occurring on the later belt. So, after the occurrence of the December 26, 2004 Ms8.7 great earthquake off the western coast of Sumatra, Indonesia, the possibility of occurrence of strong earthquakes on the North-South Seismic Belt of China cannot be ignored. The abovementioned migration characteristics of strong earthquakes are related to the northeastward collision and subduction of the India Plate as well as the interaction between the Qinghai-Xizang （Tibet） Plateau and the stable and hard Ordos and Alashan Massifs at its northeastern margin.     

川西地区地壳三维速度结构环境噪声高分辨率地震成像研究

川西高原地处青藏高原东部边缘。川西地区高分辨率的地壳上地幔三维速度结构探测研究对于青藏高原动力学和大陆内部块体边界动力学来说无疑具有至关重要的意义。近年来,川西地区已成为青藏高原动力学和大陆内部块体边界动力学研究的热点。与之相应的地球物理探测工作也十分活跃。但是,由于台站覆盖区域及空间分辨率的限制,     

山西省部分台站下方S波速度结构研究及与地震关系探讨

本文利用山西省数字台网的深源远震S波记录,利用直接拟合S波波形的方法反演得到了山西境内山自皂(113.71,40.08)、右玉(112.37,40.02)、苛岚(111.72,38.78)、昔阳(113.72,37.57)、离石(111.24,37.53)、夏县(111.24,35.12)共6个台站下的剪切波速度结构.     

利用正交多项式对三维地震资料拟合算法的研究

目前在地震勘探中经常采用的拟合方法多是二维的,本文利用正交多项式的性质以及地震资料的相干性对地震资料进行三维拟合.该方法充分利用了三维地震资料,提高了处理效率.     

3-D Simulation Study on Seismic Response of Bridge Piles in Landslide

The anti-slide support structure is widely used in the anti-seismic reinforcement of bridge foundations, but related experimental research was processing slowly. Based on the prototype of the Jiuzhaigou bridge at the Chengdu-Lanzhou Railway, a 3-D simulation model was established on the basis of the shaking table model test, and the rationality of the dynamic analysis model was verified by indicators such as the bending moment of the bridge piles, peak soil pressure, and PGA amplification factors. The results show that the inertia force of the bridge pier has an important influence on the deformation of the pile foundation. The bending moment and shearing force are larger in lateral bridge piles, and the maximum value is near the pile top. The PGA amplification factor is stronger in the back of the rear anti-slide piles and so is it in front of the bridge pier, and the soil is prone to slip and damage. The bedrock is rigid and the dynamic response is maintained at a low level. The anti-slide piles in the rear row play a major role in the anti-seismic reinforcement design, and the anti-slide piles in the front row can be used as an auxiliary support structure.     

支座沉降对大跨度钢结构连廊地震受力性能影响分析

在大跨度钢结构连廊的地震冲击影响分析中支座沉降都被忽略,而分析其受力情况对抗震性影响至关重要。研究支座沉降对大跨度钢结构连廊在地震中的受力性能变化,建立连廊结构在地震中的受力模型。做法为模型设定一个沉降量,计算支座沉降时,在地震冲击下连廊(包括钢框架和钢桁架)附加内力,再利用结构力学方法得到连廊附加弯矩图,得出沉降量对连廊钢框架地震冲击表达式,利用SAP2000软件分析不同沉降量下连廊钢桁架结构内力变化情况,得到连廊上、下弦杆在地震作用下的最大弯矩和最大轴拉力。实验结果表明,计算得到支座沉降后,连廊上弦杆和腹杆内动力系数最大值分别为0.17、0.15,比传统的时程分析法更接近相关规定值0.16,结果准确。