基于海域使用综合管理的海岸线划定与分类探讨

文章依据海陆分界线的影响因素,对海岸线的划定与分类进行探讨。从海域使用和海域空间资源动态监测的角度,将海陆分界线界定为6条;基于海域使用角度,将海岸线划分为9个一级类型,29个二级类型;基于生态演替角度,将海岸线划分为原生自然岸线、伴生自然岸线、人工岸线、再生自然岸线4个类型;并就两个分类进行了关联关系分析,提出自然岸线生态系统恢复与重建的基础理论,以期为海域使用动态监测中海岸线分类体系的建立提供思路指引。     

考虑人类活动的海岸线分类体系 ——近期浙江省海岸线调查的实践与思考

海岸线是海陆分界线,定义为多年平均大潮高潮位的痕迹线,兼具海洋与陆地的空间资源管理界限功能。海岸线具有重要的生态功能和资源价值,其功能和价值源于所依附的海岸带。随着海岸带地区的经济与社会快速发展,海岸带资源的保护与开发的矛盾日益凸显。在此背景下,中国构建了以自然岸线保有率为核心的海岸线管理办法。2018年实施的浙江省地方标准《海岸线调查统计技术规范(DB33/T2106—2018)》提出了海岸线的三级分类体系,包括自然岸线、人工岸线和河口岸线3个一级类。该《规范》综合反映了海岸线的科学定义和国家需求。首先,该《规范》给出海岸线定义是"平均大潮高潮时水陆分界的痕迹线",突出了"大潮高潮位"和"痕迹线"对海岸线界定工作的指示意义。其次,该《规范》将自然岸线定义为"由海陆相互作用形成的海岸线",由此推论,人工岸线的地貌动力学功能是隔断了原有的海陆相互作用。第三,该《规范》提出了"原生自然岸线"、"自然恢复的岸线"和"整治修复的岸线"等概念,将曾经受过人类活动影响但恢复了(或拥有了)某种自然海岸形态特征和生态功能的岸线纳入自然岸线的统计口径。由于河口岸线是没有"水陆分界痕迹"可循的特殊类型,现有的海岸线定义未能体现河口岸线的内涵,因此我们建议将海岸线的定义扩展为"平均大潮高潮位的海陆分界痕迹线,以及河流入海口附近按一定规则人为划分的海域与陆域水体的分界线"。从海岸带地貌动力学的角度来看,海岸线的类型和变化主要受地质基底、海平面位置、沉积物供应条件和海岸动力环境等因素影响。因此,海岸线的定义和分类应该综合考虑这四个因素,而人类活动主要从海岸动力作用环境和沉积物供应条件两方面影响海岸带系统状态。     

1979—2009年山东半岛连岛沙坝-潟湖的变迁

以山东半岛3处连岛沙坝-潟湖(朝阳港潟湖、镆铘岛潟湖和林家流潟湖)为研究对象,利用1979—2009年间4期TM/ETM+遥感影像数据,提取了上述潟湖30 a间的变化信息,并应用分形方法讨论了潟湖岸线的复杂度。结果表明,总体上潟湖岸线趋于平直,其复杂度降低,稳定性增加,具体表现为:(1)朝阳港潟湖面积增加;青矶岛西沙嘴向东迅速淤积延伸,每年达30 m左右;东沙嘴随着口门不断东移而蚀退;沙坝长宽比增大;由于水产养殖的增加,导致淤积严重,水体变浅,潟湖逐渐走向衰亡。(2)镆铘岛潟湖面积变化不大;东沙嘴长度基本不变,宽度变窄,长宽比增大;潟湖南部被改造成水产养殖区,呈稳定状态;潟湖北部被开垦成盐田,流向潟湖北部的主流槽变窄、变浅,淤积严重,生态环境恶化,逐渐走向消亡,将演化成潟湖平原。(3)林家流潟湖面积增加;楮岛沙坝长宽比有所增大,岸线长度增加;潟湖西南部淤积;口门变窄,纳潮量聚减,趋势是发展为内陆湖泊。     

莱州湾西岸岸滩冲淤特征分析

利用风暴潮前后潮滩剖面的实测对比及不同时期地形图和卫星遥感影像解译分析,研究了莱州湾西岸海滩冲淤变化特征。结果表明,莱州湾西岸海滩中、高潮滩处于相对稳定状况,低潮滩呈现弱淤积的特征。岸线50多年来的总体变化特征是1986年以前岸线淤进蚀退变化较明显,1986年以来海岸线逐渐趋于稳定。分析表明,岸滩变化的原因主要为人类活动对岸滩形态的改造以及大风暴潮的影响。     

海岸冲淤动态的理论分析：物质收支、剖面形态、岸线进退

海岸线动态经常被作为海岸冲淤的判据,然而,由于未能涵盖物质收支和海岸剖面形态的双重因素影响,此判据具有局限性。基于沉积物收支方程性质和海滩-潮滩剖面形态的理论分析,认为将物质收支与岸线进退速率或海岸剖面形态相结合,才能准确判别海岸冲淤状态。沉积物收支方程含有沉积体系规模、冲淤强度、系统生长极限等信息;海滩剖面形态决定于物质粒径、波能大小,波能耗散最小原理决定了海滩均衡剖面的存在性,而潮滩剖面形态决定于沉积物供给、粒径组成和潮汐动力。根据沉积物收支方程和海岸剖面理论,融合极端事件(风暴等)和海面变化因素,可获取砂质海岸(以海滩为代表)、泥质海岸(以潮滩为代表)各种侵蚀现象的发生机制、速率和时间尺度信息,海岸线变化速率从低(<100 m/a)到高(10¹～10² m/a)有数量级的差异,冲淤过程的时间尺度包括10^-2a(风暴事件)到10³a(海面变化)的范围。根据沉积物收支和海岸线进退的不同组合,可将海滩、潮滩海岸冲淤动态分为4类,其中第一类为堆积海岸,其余三类为侵蚀海岸,与不同的地貌演化方向和时...     

人类活动影响下的1989—2019年江苏中部海岸线变化特征研究

海岸线是海岸带地区重要的自然资源,也是海洋生态系统的重要组成部分.通过分析江苏中部海岸1989—2019年海岸线变化特点、潮滩围垦特征以及围填海潮滩断面地貌响应过程,研究人类围填海活动对海岸线演变的影响机制.结果表明,近30 a来江苏中部海岸线变化具有明显的时空不对称性,变化速率变异系数空间差异显著,岸线的向海推进是在...     

近100 a来浙江大陆海岸线时空变化特征

收集7个时期的历史图件或卫星遥感影像,运用RS和GIS技术,进行信息提取和实测岸线数据验证,获取各时期浙江大陆海岸线矢量,统计分析结果显示:(1)浙江大陆海岸线总体上表现为海岸线位置外推加快,平直的人工岸线不断取代曲折的自然岸线,部分近岸岛屿并入大陆,海岸线长度明显缩短,百年来人工岸线所占比例由48.01%上升至67.46%。(2)人工岸线和围垦面积变化规律总体呈现出3个明显阶段:1913—1970年自耕农时代高滩围垦阶段,人工岸线长度增加288.78 km,围垦面积仅增593.35 km²;1970—1995年集体农业时代联围堵港阶段,围垦面积快速增加,人工岸线长度反而减少;1995—2014年工业与城镇化建设围垦阶段,人工岸线长度增加116.66 km,而围垦面积剧增1 053.00 km²。(3)河口区大陆海岸线全线平移外推,海岸线长度则有增有减,1913年以来浙江主要河口区围填海面积达1 914.85 km²,占全省围填海面积的76.79%。(4)海湾区大陆海岸线变化以截弯取直为特点,岸线总长度持续减少,百年来三大港湾围填海面积达429.32 km²,占全省的17.22%。     

基于多时相GF-1和Landsat影像的连云港市44年海岸线遥感监测与演变分析

海岸线的动态变化监测可为海岸带防护、海岸带资源开发利用和可持续发展过程中的决策支持提供理论支撑。文中基于1973-2017年覆盖连云港市的Landsat系列和GF系列卫星影像数据,结合海岸线分类体系,提取了连云港市10期海岸线信息,并分析了海岸线演变特征及其成因。结果表明:(1) 2017年连云港市海岸线总长度为205.90 km,主要岸线类型为建设围堤和港口岸线,两类岸线总长为120.52 km,占总岸线长度的58.53%;(2) 1973-2017年连云港市海岸线长度整体呈现增长态势,44年间海岸线长度共增长了57.17 km,年增长率约为1.3 km/a。连云港市海岸线主要增长的岸线类型为建设围堤、港口岸线和生物岸线;(3) 44年间,连云港市海岸变化主要的海岸线类型为粉砂淤泥质岸线、生物岸线、港口岸线、建设围堤和盐田围堤;(4) 2017年连云港市自然岸线长度为69.15 km,占总岸线长度的33.6%,44年间,自然岸线长度减少了28.8km,年减少率为0.65 km/a。自然岸线减少的原因主要为养殖业发展、城市扩张建设和港口建设。     

浙江省淤泥质海岸线特点及整治修复探讨

文章总结了浙江省海岸线分类及分布特点,以及淤泥质海岸线面临被大量占用、数量和比例锐减、自然淤积形成速率减缓、潮间带生态系统单一等一系列问题。为完成国务院关于浙江省海洋功能区划(2011—2020年)的批复要求,近年来浙江省全面开展海岸线整治修复工作。结合浙江省近岸海域含沙量高,潮滩长期处于淤涨态势的特点,对于人工海塘外自然淤涨条件较好的淤泥质滩,在以自然恢复为主、人工干预为辅的整治修复措施下可将该部分海岸线整治修复成为淤泥质海岸线,使其具有较完备的淤泥质海岸线地貌形态和潮间带生态系统,最终纳入自然岸线管控目标管理。文章针对淤泥质海岸线整治修复,提出了潮滩地貌结构完整性塑造、潮滩生态系统构建及整治修复海域水环境改善等整治修复方向,以供规划设计单位和管理部门参考。     

海岸潟湖遥感信息提取与精度验证方法

潟湖是水陆交接的地貌体,结合遥感手段实现水陆的准确、快速分割对于潟湖岸线长度和面积信息提取具有重要意义.以山东半岛的海岸潟湖为研究对象,利用7景2010年左右覆盖研究区域的Landsat TM图像,在图像几何校正和信息增强的基础上,采用敏感波段组合的阈值分割方法,通过对比归一化植被指数(NDVI)、归一化水体指数(NDWI)和改进的归一化差异水体指数(MNDWI)方法处理潟湖边界信息的敏感性,确定了基于NDWI的潟湖水陆分割方法,并通过栅矢转换完成了潟湖边界范围的自动提取,为了避免由于栅格精度限制而导致的边界信息提取结果不圆滑,采用样条函数法的插补算法进行平滑处理.同时,为了验证潟湖信息自动提取的精度,提出了一种基于相同地理位置的斑块精度验证方法,利用人工目视解译的结果,从潟湖的形状、岸线长度和面积3个角度评价自动提取的结果,该方法可验证潟湖边界自动提取结果与真实潟湖边界的形状相似度,并对相似度较好的潟湖信息提取结果进行精度分析.     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.