中草药添加剂应用于甲鱼养殖试验简报

中草药复方添加剂应用于甲鱼养殖,添加在甲鱼配合饲料中,按每１００ｋｇ甲鱼重添加６０ｇ实验。于１９９６年７月至１９９８年８月,２个甲鱼场的实验结果表明：稚鳖（３￣５０ｇ培育阶段）平均成活率９１．３％,幼鳖（５０￣１５０ｇ养殖阶段）平均成活率９２．６％,成鳖（１５０￣５００ｇ或以上养殖阶段）,平均成活率８８．７％,整个养殖过程成活率平均达到７５．０％。养殖周期缩短至１０￣１４个月,投入与产出比为１：１     

雨生红球藻(Haematococcus pluvialis)破壁方法对虾青素提取率的影响

采用匀浆法、冻融温差法、超声波法、直接研磨法和低温研磨法等5种破壁方法,研究了雨生红球藻提取虾青素时破壁方法对虾青素提取率的影响。结果表明,对雨生红球藻进行破壁是必要的。其中匀浆法、冻融温差法、超声波法、直接研磨法和低温研磨法等的最佳破壁条件为:匀浆法破壁时间22min,水为介质;冻融温差法破壁温度为-70℃,时间为12h,冻融2次,水为介质;超声功率400W,每次超声时间5s,共超声25min;直接研磨法研磨时间1min;加液氮低温研磨法破壁2次,每次时间0·5min;虾青素的提取率依次为0·76%、0·93%、1·03%、1·51%和3·21%。匀浆法和超声波法破壁由于要使用溶剂或介质,对后续的虾青素提取和分离会有影响,而直接研磨法在破壁过程中产生高温,降低了虾青素的生理活性,所以它们都不是雨生红球藻破壁的最佳方法。加液氮低温研磨法在破壁过程中不添加化学试剂,不产生污染,能最大限度地保留虾青素的生理活性,是所选方法中最好的一种。     

反相色谱法测定调味品中过氧化苯甲酰及苯甲酸含量

调味品中含有过量的过氧化苯甲酰及苯甲酸,超出了食品添加标准,会对人体健康产生危害。研究运用反相色谱法对上述两种物质进行了定性、定量测定,两组分测定结果（１） 相关系数为Ｒ（１） ＝ ０ ．９９９５ ,浓度范围为１６６ ．７ｍｌ／Ｌ至３３３．３３ｍｇ／Ｌ之间;（２）Ｒ（２） ＝ ０．９９９７,浓度范围在１６６ ．７ｍｇ／Ｌ至３３３ ．３３ｍｇ／Ｌ之间,回收率分别为,（１）１００ ．００％ ,回收率（２）９９．９８ ％ ,测定方法迅速、准确。     

盐度对隐杆藻类胡萝卜素及脂肪酸含量的影响

于1992年6月，采集分离江苏台南盐场盐生隐杆藻，通过不同浓度的NaCl研究盐度对类胡萝卜素、脂肪酸含量的影响；类胡萝卜素，依Jones等（1974）方法提取，脂肪酸依Schwarzenbach等（1978）方法提取。结果表明，在0．5—1．5mol／LNaCl培养基中，类胡萝卜素的百分含量从2．76％下降到0．67％；然而当培养基NaCl浓度增加到3.5mol／L时，类胡萝卜素的百分含量又开始上升，到2.31％。在低盐度（NaCl，0．5－1．0mol／L）和高盐度NaCl，3．0－3．5mol／U）下培养的盐生隐杆藻中，总脂肪酸的含量高于中盐度（NaCl，10－25mol／L）的；软脂肪酸含量变化同总脂肪酸相似；此外，在不同盐度下各种脂肪酸的相对百分含量也是变化的。     

从织锦巴非蛤提取总类胡萝卜素的两种前处理方法效果比较

以织锦巴非蛤(Paphiatextile)为研究对象,分别用湿法与干法(冷冻干燥法)两种前处理方法提取织锦巴非蛤斧足、外套膜、闭壳肌及鳃4种组织的总类胡萝卜素,并比较两种前处理方法的提取效果。结果表明:用两种前处理方法提取各组织中总类胡萝卜素的变异系数均较小,干法的变异系数普遍小于湿法(P0.05)。湿法处理后提取总类胡萝卜素含量从高到低依次为:斧足、鳃、外套膜、闭壳肌,干法处理后提取总类胡萝卜素的排序结果与湿法处理后提取的结果一致,但干法的得率要显著高于湿法(P0.05),建议以后在对贝类中总类胡萝卜素进行提取时,宜选用冷冻干燥法作为前处理方法。     

中国4Ma来孢粉植物群气候的多重旋回模型

本文应用频谱分析方法，研究了近４Ｍａ来的孢粉植物群气候波动，确定存在准１２０，３０（或４０），１０（或６）万年的周期。依据孢粉植物群的时空分布建立了多重气候旋回模型，该模型将４Ｍａ来气候划分为３个１．２Ｍａ的气候幕，１２个０．３（或０．４）Ｍａ的气候期，４８个０．１（或０．０６）Ｍａ的气候段。并且讨论了模型与自然环境演变及季风气候兴衰的关系。指出在冬、夏季风交替活动过程中，夏季风兴盛于２．０－１．８Ｍａ及０．８－０．２Ｍａ两个时期；冬季风活跃于２．５－２．３Ｍａ及１．２－０．８Ｍａ两个时期。     

微波-复合酶辅助提取海带多糖工艺优化及其抗氧化性能分析

以海带多糖提取率为评价指标,优化了微波 复合酶辅助提取海带加工下脚料中多糖的最佳工艺条件。结果表明,海带废弃物原料为2.00 g时,微波辅助提取阶段的最佳工艺条件为：微波功率400 W、温度60 ℃、时间12 min、pH6.5和液料比60.00 mL/g,此工艺条件下海带多糖的提取率为106.49 g/kg;复合酶辅助提取阶段的最佳工艺条件为：酶解温度55 ℃、pH6.0、时间105 min、液料比40.00 mL/g、纤维素酶添加量4.00×10³U、木瓜蛋白酶添加量4.00×10³U、果胶酶添加量2.40×10³U,在此工艺条件下海带多糖的提取率为115.16 g/kg。在上述微波 复合酶辅助提取最佳工艺条件下,海带多糖的提取率可达 (208.93±0.18) g/kg。抗氧化试验测定结果表明,海带多糖具有一定的抗氧化活性,且清除羟自由基(·OH)的能力较强。     

黄河口邻近海域沉积物中可转化的磷

基于海洋生源物质循环研究的新思路,提出海洋沉积物中可转化的磷只能是自然粒度状态下的非碎屑态磷。黄河口附近海域表层沉积物中自然粒度下可转化的磷在５８．５～６９．８μｇ／ｇ之间,仅占总磷的９．１％～１１．０％,而全粒度（研磨）下可转化的磷在４５４．８～５２９。２μｇ／ｇ,占总磷的７４．４％～８９．１％,说明全粒度下（研磨）可转化的磷大部分不能参与海洋生物地球化学循环,同步底栖生物的调查结果发现,小、大     

皱纹盘鲍(Haliotis discus hannai)精子的超微结构

皱纹盘鲍（Ｈａｌｉｏｔｉｓｄｉｓｃｕｓｈａｎｎａｉ）的精子属于“原始型”,由顶体（２．２μｍ×１．０μｍ）、细胞核（３．１μｍ×０．８３μｍ）、中段（０．７４μｍ×１．４μｍ）和鞭毛（５２μｍ×０．２２μｍ）组成。顶体弹头状,由两部分组成：（１）顶体的前端是一呈卵形的高电子密度的部分;（２）顶体的后端为一呈翼状的低电子密度的部分。细胞核呈长柱状。在顶体凹陷和细胞核凹陷之间为顶体下腔,内有微丝束结构。中段包括５或６个线粒体,一对中心粒及一些泡状结构。鞭毛为典型的“９＋２”结构。     

海洋微藻中EPA和DHA的超临界CO2提取方法研究

用超临界CO_2萃取海洋微藻中的EPA和DHA,选用乙酸乙酯为改性剂,通过正交试验确定了工作压力、温度、CO_2消耗量和改性剂添加量等工艺条件的最优化组合,对日本小球藻Chlorellahiralaii、钝顶螺旋藻Spirulinaplatensis和亚心形扁藻Platymonassubcordiformis进行提取试验,并与直接酯化法、Bligh－Dyer法、索氏抽提法和乙醇－乙烷法等溶剂法作对比。以提取效率最高的直接酯化法为基础,超临界萃取法对日本小球藻中ω－3脂肪酸二十碳五烯酸（EPA）的提取率为92．1％,二十二碳六烯酸（DHA）为89．4％,对钝顶螺旋藻和亚心形扁藻的提取率也达到90％左右,高于其他溶剂法,产物中EPA和DHA的纯度亦优于溶剂法。     

Sugars and uronic acids in sediment and water from the black sea and north sea with emphasis on analytical techniques

Sugars and uronic acids have been extracted from marine sediment and seawater by various hydrolysis techniques and analyzed by ion-exchange chromatography. All stages of the extraction methods were examined for sources of error arising from contamination, destruction and incomplete extraction. Tested were: (1) sample drying procedure; (2) acid hydrolysis, i.e., effect of different acids, variations in acid concentration and hydrolysis time, and effect of variations in organic and CaCO₃ contents of sediment on the quantity of released sugars and uronic acids; (3) deionization, i.e., neutralization of acid by precipitation or by ion-exchange resins, separation of sugars from uronic acids; and (4) volume reduction, i.e., rotary evaporation, freeze-drying, effect of added glycerin. It is shown that the hydrolysis efficiencies of the acids tested varied with the nature of the organic matter in sediment. Simultaneous hydrolyses with different acids may give insights into the sources of the organic input and the environment of deposition. For all sediment types examined pretreatment with 72 w/w% H₂SO₄ gave the highest yields and is, thus the optimal hydrolysis method for sediment.Sugar and uronic acid yields from seawater varied with the type of acid used for hydrolysis. The highest yield for North Sea surface water was obtained with p-toluene sulfonic acid.Since most previous investigators employed non-optimal techniques, it is recommended that intercalibration studies be performed.     

A comparison of non-hydrolytic methods for extracting amino acids and proteins from coastal marine sediments

Advances in analytical techniques now allow for the potential analysis of intact peptides and proteins isolated from marine sediments. However, there is no established technique for the extraction of macromolecular materials from marine sediments. Six different methods for extracting the amino acid component from coastal marine sediments were compared to the standard hot acid hydrolysis technique for their percent recovery and amino acid composition. The standard hot acid hydrolysis on dried, whole sediments released the greatest concentration of total amino acids (PS-THAA; 3.52 mg gdwt^− 1 ± 10% (SMD)), yet this only accounted for 22% of the total nitrogen in Puget Sound sediments (Washington, USA). Repeated hydrolysis of the same samples did not improve the recovery of nitrogen by more than an additional 10%. Base extraction (0.5 N NaOH) was the second best method for recovering amino acid nitrogen, releasing 60% of the Puget Sound total hydrolyzable amino acids (PS-THAA) (corresponding to 13% of the total sedimentary nitrogen), and has the advantage that it does not rely on peptide hydrolysis to free the nitrogenous component from the sediment matrix. The amino acid distribution of the 0.5 N NaOH extract was not significantly different than the initial THAA. Other non-hydrolyzing methods released lower yields of amino acids (Triton X-100 ≥ hot water > 50 mM NH₄HCO₃ > HF), but might prove to be of use to investigators interested in specific fractions of sedimentary organic nitrogen because these four methods had distinctly different amino acid compositions (enrichments in basic amino acids and depletions in acidic amino acids). Treatments with HF both before and after traditional hydrolysis and/or extractions with base did not release any more of the sedimentary nitrogen. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that a large fraction of the sedimentary nitrogen (TN) is protected within an organic matrix.     

提取江蓠琼脂新工艺条件的研究

提取江蓠琼脂新工艺条件的研究李来好，陈培基，王道公，吴燕燕（中国水产科学研究院南海水产研究所水产加工研究室）摘要采用＂高温稀碱法＂提取江蓠琼脂，系统地研究了江蓠的碱处理、漂白和提胶的新工艺条件。其主要特点是：（１）在碱处理中，添加了蒽衍生物，使琼脂的...     

Long-chain monounsaturated fatty acids as biomarkers for the dispersal of organic waste from a fish enclosure

Sedimentation of food particles and fecal pellets under fish pens can lead to organic enrichment of the sediment. This study looked at the potential of lipid biomarkers as an indicator for the dispersal of organic waste from a fish enclosure. The lipid class and fatty acid composition of settling particles collected by sediment traps on a transect away from a cod enclosure was determined. The proportions of free fatty acids and of three long-chain monounsaturated fatty acids close to the fish pens were significantly higher (p<0.05) than before the fish enclosure was in operation and decreased moving away from the pens. This indicated a higher contribution of feces and/or uneaten feed to the settling particles at this location. Free fatty acids are the major lipid class in feces. Long-chain monounsaturated fatty acids are abundant in the feed and are also found in high proportions in feces because of their lower digestibility compared to other fatty acids.     

几种河口生物对天津市污水及其若干组分的回避反应

综合污水包括工业废水、生活污水和农业废水(含化肥、农药等)。据统计，每年排人渤海湾的工业废水达5.28亿吨，生活污水1.4亿吨，它们绝大部分经排污河汇流人海，造成了河口海域的污染。 鱼类等海洋生物具有敏锐的嗅觉和味觉，在体表上亦分布有许多化学感受器，能够感知许多低浓度的化学物质，并发生回避反应，这是海洋生物对水环境污染的一种保护性反应。我们利用梭鱼Mugil so-iuy、鲈鱼Lateolabrax japonicus、罗非鱼Tilapia mossambica和对虾Penaeus orientalis等几种河口生物对天津市南、北排污河综合污水及其主要有机污染物的回避反应进行了试验研究，探讨综合污水及其几种主要有毒组分对海洋生物的毒性效应，为海域环境管理提供科学依据。     

海藻植物生长素的提取和分离纯化方法

以IAA作为生长素的研究代表 ,结合已有的研究和方法 ,探讨了海藻中生长素的提取和纯化分离方法。确立了以有机溶剂提取海藻中的生长素 ,以乙醚萃取法和柱层析法对生长素进行分离纯化的方法。实验表明本方法适用于大型经济海藻和商业海藻植物生长剂中生长素测定的前处理部分     

Fatty acids and sterols as source markers of organic matter in sediments of the North Carolina continental slope

To estimate the source and diagenetic state of organic matter reaching bottom sediments, fatty acids and sterols were measured in unconsolidated surface material (flocs) at 12 sites ranging from 600 to 2000 m across the mid-Atlantic continental slope off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. Total free and esterefied fatty acids were similar in distribution and concentration to other coastal systems, with values ranging from 0.64 to 46.52 μg mg⁻¹ organic carbon (1.10–68.85 μg g⁻¹ dry sediment). Although shallow (600 m) stations contained significantly greater fatty acid concentrations than deep (> 1400m) stations, high variability observed at mid-depth (800 m) collections precluded a consistent relationship between total fatty acid concentration and station depth. At three sites where underlying sediments were also collected, decreases in total fatty acids, reduced amounts of polyenoic acids and significant presence of bacterial fatty acid suggest rapid reworking of labile organic material that reaches the sediment surface. The distribution of sterols was remarkably consistent among all sites even though there were large variations in concentrations (1.8–20.7 μg mg⁻¹ organic carbon). Sterol composition indicated phytoplankton, principally diatoms and dinoflagellates, as the principal source of labile organic matter to sediments, together with a significant input of cholest-5-en-3β-ol typical of zooplankton and their feeding activity. A minor but widespread terrigenous input was also evident based upon significant concentrations of sterols dominant in vascular plants.     

有机酸种类和浓度对酸渍鱼糜凝胶性质的影响

采用酸渍的方法制备鲢鱼鱼糜凝胶, 研究醋酸、柠檬酸、酒石酸等有机酸的浓度对酸渍鱼糜凝胶性质的影响。结果发现, 醋酸浸渍制备的鱼糜凝胶其TPA参数最高, 甚至超过传统的加热鱼糜凝胶。其中利用3%醋酸制备的鱼糜凝胶pH为4.3, 色泽比加热鱼糜凝胶白, 但持水性能较差。SDS-PAGE分析结果显示, 制备的酸渍鱼糜凝胶的主要蛋白组分与加热鱼糜凝胶类似。酸渍鱼糜凝胶经体外模拟胃肠液二相消化后, 发现90%以上的蛋白可以被消化。本研究结果表明, 利用酸渍方法可以制备新型的淡水鱼糜制品。     

The role of organic matter in the sorption capacity of marine sediments

Past studies have suggested that desiccation enhances hydrophobicity of salt marsh sediment, and that drying and rewetting sediment can be used to investigate sorption mechanisms of amino acids and other organic compounds [Liu, Z., Lee, C., 2006. Drying effects on sorption capacity of coastal sediment: The importance of architecture and polarity of organic matter. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 70, 3313–3324]. Here we further develop this technique to study sorption of hydrophobic and hydrophilic organic compounds in a wide range of marine sediments. Our results show that hydrophilic compounds sorb strongly to wet coastal sediments; in dried sediments, sorption of hydrophilic compounds decreases, while sorption of hydrophobic compounds is greatly enhanced. Small compounds with aromatic rings sorb more in dried than wet coastal sediments, suggesting that aromatic groups have a stronger effect on sorption than polar groups like amino and carboxyl moieties. Sorption of lysine, glutamic acid and putrescine decreases greatly when sediment is pretreated with KCl, indicating the importance of cation ion exchange. However, α-amino acids sorb much more than corresponding β- or γ-amino acids, and l-alanine sorbs more than d-alanine, suggesting that amino group location and chiral selectivity play an important role in sorption. Comparison of lysine and tyrosine sorption in different sediments indicates that source and diagenetic state of organic matter are important factors determining sorption capacity. Lysine sorbs much more to organic detritus from salt marsh sediment than to fresh Spartina root materials, marine particles, lignin or humic acids, indicating the importance of structural integrity in sorption. Desorption hysteresis of glutamic acid, putrescine and lysine (in dried sediment) suggests the presence of enzyme-type sorption sites of high sorption energy or multiple binding mechanisms. Taken together, these findings suggest that organic matter plays the major role in amino acid sorption in organic-rich sediments.     

金藻中EPA的分离与分析

为建立金灌Isocrysis galbana中EPA的分离与分析方法，对金灌中的脂肪酸进行萃取分离和乙酯化，硅胶薄板检验乙酯化程度，利用气相色谱（GC）进行定性分析，用内标法对EPA进行定量分析，测得藻粉中EPA含量为1．92％。