从粗沉积物组份与粘土矿物资料看始新世至晚渐新世威德尔海的古海洋与古气候演化

本研究基于ODP113航次水深2080m处的689站位所钻取的位于毛德海隆之上的沉积物．毛德海隆是位于威德尔海东部，孤立的无震洋脊，比大洋盆地高出了2500m．沉积序列由中始新世的有孔虫一超微化石软泥与晚始新世的超微化石软泥组成，其上为渐新世的台硅藻超微化石软泥与超微化石软泥．     

中国东部晚白垩世至早第三纪海侵

笔者通过对我国东部盆地晚白垩世和早第三纪沉积及古生物资料，特别是有孔虫，沟鞭藻，钙质超微化石，龙介虫科栖管，藻叠层石等的综合研究认为，我国东部盆地在晚白垩世至早第三纪曾发生过四期海侵。由老到新依序为森诺曼期，晚土伦期至早赛诺期，古新世至早始新世，晚始新世至早渐新世。在海侵影响下，我国东部十多个盆地形成了海陆过渡相半咸水沉积，并具有典型的半咸水生物化石组合。通过对松辽盆地，苏北－南黄海盆地，渤海湾沉     

渐新世/中新世分界的地层学事件

介绍渐新世/中新世分界面(即古近纪/新近纪分界面)附近的浮游有孔虫和钙质超微化石事件及其新年龄。2004年国际地层年代表确定该分界面位于第58长偏心率周期弱振幅处,古地磁事件C6Cn.2n底面,经天文调谐后的年龄为23.03 Ma。发生在该界面附近的生物地层学事件主要是浮游有孔虫Paragloborotalia kugleri的始现面(22.96 Ma)和钙质超微化石Sphenolithus delphix的末现面(23.11 Ma)。在南海北部东沙群岛附近的大洋钻探ODP1148站,渐新世/中新世界面以崩塌沉积物为特征,有明显沉积间断,标志南海当时有较大范围的构造运动。     

东太平洋中新世钙质超微化石及其地层学、古海洋学意义

本文研究了《海洋四号》87—88两个航次CC—48和CC(c)—9两岩心的钙质超微化石。共鉴定出7属13种。CC—48岩心自上而下可分为3个钙质超微化石组合,其中组合3和2分别相当于NN2和NN3带;CC(c)—9孔722cm以下的钙质超微化石属于一个组合,大致相当于NN3—4带。两孔所见最老沉积皆为早中新世。同时根据CC(c)—9孔NN3—4带中广泛见有Discoaster exilis化石,认为在该区其地史分布可下延至NN3带(最迟不晚于NN4带)。并结合CaCO_3含量、溶解指数及丰度变化,在早中新世钙质软泥沉积中识别出两个较强的溶蚀期,认为是南极底层水强烈活动所致。     

莺歌海盆地的构造反转作用及其油气勘探意义

莺歌海盆地是北西走向红河断裂带末端在第三纪走滑运动形成的扭张性断陷盆地,控制盆地形成演化的构造动力在早-晚渐新世和中-晚中新世发生了改变,导致盆地内部发生了两期性质不同的构造反转作用。晚渐新世-中中新世期间的构造反转表现为轴向近南北的褶皱变形和沉降中心向东南方向的迁移,晚中新世至今的构造反转使盆地西北边缘的北东走向断裂发生反转逆冲。晚渐新世-中中新世构造反转作用导致盆地西北部和中南部的油气聚集特征存在明显差异。     

南海北部海盆晚第四纪钙质超微化石及其古海洋学初步研究

本文根据南海北部海盆HY4—2柱状样的钙质超微化石分析结果,阐述了本区晚第四纪钙质超微化石分布特征,化石的溶解作用及暖水种化石的分布规律。依此对区内晚第四纪的地层及古气候环境进行了初步讨论。结果表明,柱状样所揭露的地层包括上更新统和全新统。其古气候包括了三个暖期和二个冷期等五个气候期。     

南海北部陆架晚第三纪δ~(13)C记录与古生产力——以珠江口盆地BY7-1-1和PY33-1-1井为例

南海珠江口盆地ＢＹ７－１－１及ＰＹ３３－１－１井晚第三纪浮游有孔虫的丰度、底栖有孔虫小泡虫超科中葡萄虫（Ｕｖｉｇｅｒｉｎａ）和小泡虫（Ｂｕｌｉｍｉｎａ）的相对丰度（Ｕ＋Ｂ含量）以及浮游有孔虫壳体的δ１３Ｃ记录表明，晚第三纪期间表层水生产力总体上呈增高趋势，其中早中新世为表层水生产力较低的时期，但由Ｎ４至Ｎ８带表现为递增趋势，中—晚中新世为高生产力时期，早上新世为又一个高生产力时期。其中中—晚中新世时期本区最可能处于非上升流的高生产力地区，而早上新世为受上升流影响的高生产力地区。     

南海北部陆架晚第三纪δ^13C记录与古生产力

南海经珠江口盆地ＢＹ７－１－１及ＰＹ３３－１－１井晚第三服游有孔虫的丰度、底栖有孔虫小虫超科中葡萄虫和小虫和相对丰度以及浮游有孔虫壳体的δ＾１３Ｃ记录表明，晚第三纪期间表层以水生产力总体上呈增高趋势，其中早中民为表层水生产力较低的时期但由Ｎ４至Ｎ８带表现为递增趋势，中一晚中新世为高生产力晚期，早上新世为又一个高生产力时期。中－晚世时期本区最可能处于非上升流的高生产力地区，而早上新世为受上升流影响的     

西太平洋麦哲伦海山铁锰结壳生物地层、生长年代及沉积环境

通过对西太平洋麦哲伦海山M11,M2-1铁锰结壳样品超微化石的分析,在Ⅱ＋Ⅲ层结壳层中发现了中新世以来的超微化石种类H．carteri,C．leptoporus和G．oceanica。据此,把Ⅱ＋Ⅲ层结壳归属于第3个形成期中新世一更新世发育的结壳,相当于Halbach等人提出的年青世代层。Ⅰ层内钙质超微化石的缺失可能与白垩纪末期碳酸盐补偿深度的骤然变化有关。冷的、富氧的南极底层水不仅为结壳的形成提供了良好的氧化环境,而且造成了广阔的区域性的沉积间断,从而为结壳提供了生长场所。     

南海珠江口盆地珠Ⅲ次盆地石油系统

珠Ⅲ次盆地是南海北部陆架珠江口盆地三个次盆地中的一个,为形成于早第三纪的裂谷盆地,是珠江口盆地早第三纪断陷湖群的一部分。珠Ⅲ次盆地的演化可以分为三期：早期湖相（古新世－中渐新世）、中期海湾相（晚渐新世）和晚期开放浅海相（晚第三纪）。依次形成生油层、储集层和盖层。湖相沉积包括文昌组（油源岩）和恩平组（气源岩）,是研究区两个石油系统的源岩区。珠Ⅲ次盆地经历了三次显著的构造运动,其中晚渐新世的张性—剪切运动和中中新世末期的拉张运动导致研究区主要含油构造的形成。油气勘探、两种源岩地球化学和热模式综合分析…     

Oligocene to Lower Pliocene deposits of the Norwegian continental shelf,Norwegian Sea,Svalbard, Denmark and their relation to the uplift of Fennoscandia: A synthesis

This study provides the results of the first integrated study of Oligocene–Pliocene basins around Norway.Within the study area, three main depocentres have been identified where sandy sediments accumulated throughout the Oligocene to Early Pliocene period. The depocentre in the Norwegian–Danish Basin received sediments from the southern Scandes Mountains, with a general progradation from north to south during the studied period. The depocentre in the basinal areas of the UK and Norwegian sectors of the North Sea north of 58°N received sediments from the Scotland–Shetland area. Because of the sedimentary infilling there was a gradual shallowing of the northern North Sea basin in the Oligocene and Miocene. A smaller depocentre is identified offshore northern Nordland between Ranafjorden (approximately 66°N) and Vesterålen (approximately 68°N) where the northern Scandes Mountains were the source of the Oligocene to Early Pliocene sediments. In other local depocentres along the west coast of Norway, sandy sedimentation occurred in only parts of the period. Shifts in local depocentres are indicative of changes in the paleogeography in the source areas.In the Barents Sea and south to approximately 68°N, the Oligocene to Early Pliocene section is eroded except for distal fine-grained and biogenic deposits along the western margin and on the oceanic crust. This margin was undergoing deformation in a strike-slip regime until the Eocene–Oligocene transition. The Early Oligocene sediments dated in the Vestbakken Volcanic Province and the Forlandssundet Basin represent the termination of this strike-slip regime.The change in the plate tectonic regime at the Eocene–Oligocene transition affected mainly the northern part of the study area, and was followed by a quiet tectonic period until the Middle Miocene, when large compressional dome and basin structures were formed in the Norwegian Sea. The Middle Miocene event is correlated with a relative fall in sea level in the main depocentres in the North Sea, formation of a large delta in the Viking Graben (Frigg area) and uplift of the North and South Scandes domes. In the Norwegian–Danish Basin, the Sorgenfrei-Tornquist Zone was reactivated in the Early Miocene, possibly causing a shift in the deltaic progradation towards the east. A Late Pliocene relative rise in sea level resulted in low sedimentation rates in the main depositional areas until the onset of glaciations at about 2.7 Ma when the Scandes Mountains were strongly eroded and became a major source of sediments for the Norwegian shelf, whilst the Frigg delta prograded farther to the northeast.     

Basin modeling of the Late Miocene Zeit source rock in the Sudanese portion of Red Sea Basin: Implication for hydrocarbon generation and expulsion history

The Late Miocene Zeit Formation is exposed in the Red Sea Basin of Sudan and represents an important oil-source rock. In this study, five (5) exploratory wells along Red Sea Basin of Sudan are used to model the petroleum generation and expulsion history of the Zeit Formation. Burial/thermal models illustrate that the Red Sea is an extensional rift basin and initially developed during the Late Eocene to Oligocene. Heat flow models show that the present-day heat flow values in the area are between 60 and 109 mW/m². The variation in values of the heat flow can be linked to the raise in the geothermal gradient from margins of the basin towards offshore basin. The offshore basin is an axial area with thick burial depth, which is the principal heat flow source.The paleo-heat flow values of the basin are approximately from 95 to 260 mW/m², increased from Oligocene to Early Pliocene and then decreased exponentially prior to Late Pliocene. This high paleo-heat flow had a considerable effect on the source rock maturation and cooking of the organic matter. The maturity history models indicate that the Zeit Formation source rock passed the late oil-window and converted the oil generated to gas during the Late Miocene.The basin models also indicate that the petroleum was expelled from the Zeit source rock during the Late Miocene (>7 Ma) and it continues to present-day, with transformation ratio of more than 50%. Therefore, the Zeit Formation acts as an effective source rock where significant amounts of petroleum are expected to be generated in the Red Sea Basin.     

中太平洋海山铁锰结壳生物地层学研究

用生物地层学方法对位于中太平洋同一座海山上的2块铁锰结壳样品进行了生物地层学详细研究,发现2块样品的生长层位对应,生物组合也相同.经鉴定,2块结壳的主要生长期都是晚古新世、中始新世至晚始新世、中中新世至上新世、上新世至更新世,2个主要的结壳生长间断分别在渐新世和早始新世.     

台西盆地乌丘屿凹陷新生代构造演化特征

以区域地质、地震等资料为基础,系统研究了台西盆地乌丘屿凹陷构造特征及其形成演化。台西盆地的发育受欧亚板块、印度板块、太平洋板块和菲律宾海板块4大板块共同作用的影响。中生代晚期,台西盆地区域应力场从挤压转为松弛,地壳拉张减薄。新生代初期拉张形成裂谷,乌丘屿凹陷是在此背景下发育而成东断西超的半地堑式陆缘断陷。乌丘屿凹陷的构造发育与演化过程,可分为4个阶段,分别为中生代晚期的裂前阶段、古新世至渐新世的断陷阶段、中新世的坳陷阶段和上新世至第四纪的区域沉降阶段。     

尖峰北盆地地质构造及油气勘探潜力

尖峰北盆地位于南海北部大陆边缘南部,是一个新生代沉积盆地。盆地发育了A、B、C、D、E5套地震层序;盆地内地质构造复杂,断裂发育,平面上断裂展布方向主要有NE向、近EW向和NW向三组,断裂可分为正断层及平移断层,以正断层为主。古新世—始新世为盆地形成时期即断陷阶段,盆地内部充填了大量河湖相沉积。渐新世—中中新世为盆地发展期即坳陷阶段,盆地沉积类型由陆相逐步过渡到海陆过渡相和海相。中中新世末期,盆地相对隆升,部分地区遭受剥蚀。晚中新世—全新世为区域沉降阶段,盆地及其围区以稳定的浅海-半深海相沉积为主。盆地早期河湖相、三角洲相沉积分布范围较广,最大沉积厚度超过4500m,具有一定的生烃能力;盆地储盖条件良好,油气运移条件良好;尖峰北盆地具备较好的油气潜力。     

华南三水盆地白垩纪—早第三纪古纬度漂移与南海演化

本文主要依据三水盆地古地磁数据所反映的华南地块的古纬度漂移讨论南海的演化模式。结果认为,华南在南海的形成演化中居主导地位,南海基本上是晚白垩世至中新世期间通过华南的南漂及其后的北向回漂过程中,华南大陆南部的拉张、断裂、解体并自东向西扩展的方式形成的,而南海中散布的微大陆碎块则是在华南回漂时被滞留下来的。演化过程中,其周缘菲律宾岛弧自南向北漂,直到上新世后才构成南海的东界;印支地块则仅起转换边界作用;加里曼丹则基本土没有明显的漂移。     

东太平洋海盆430柱沉积物特征与地层

对东太平洋海盆 ４３０ 柱沉积物的组分、古生物、结构构造以及古地磁、铀系等进行研究后, 将沉积物进行分类、命名与分层, 并确定其年代。研究表明, 本柱由下至上的沉积物分别为含沸石粘土、深海粘土、硅质粘土和钙质粘土。该柱中存在 ４ 个沉积间断, 其中在 ３２５ ｃｍ附近层位有一厚约 １０ ｃｍ 的多金属结核层,此界面为中中新世至晚上新世的沉积间断,它在 Ｃ Ｃ区内普遍存在, 持续时间长, 分布范围广。反映此时南极底层流十分强盛, 对东太平洋 Ｃ Ｃ 区的沉积作用和多金属结核形成与发育产生重要的影响。     

Sedimentary and structural evolution of the Eastern South Korea Plateau (ESKP), East Sea (Japan Sea)

The East Sea (Japan Sea) is a semi-enclosed back-arc basin that is thought to preserve a significant record of tectonic evolution and paleo-climatic changes of Eastern Asia during the Neogene. We use here 2-D regional multi-channel seismic reflection profiles and borehole data from Expedition 346 of the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) to provide new constraints on the geological history of the Eastern South Korea Plateau (ESKP). The ESKP represents a structurally-complex basement high in the southwestern East Sea which formed during rifting of the back-arc basin. Our new observations show that the ESKP is composed of numerous horsts and grabens controlled by NE-trending normal faults. The acoustic basement is blanketed by Oligocene to recent sediments that have preferentially accumulated in topographic lows (up to 1.5 km thick) and have been cored during Expedition 346 at Site U1430 close to the southern margin of the ESKP. Seismic profiles in the ESKP reveal three units separated by regional unconformities. These seismic units closely correspond to IODP lithostratigraphic units defined at Site U1430, where biostratigraphic data can be used to constrain the timing of three main evolutionary stages of the ESKP. Stage 1 was related to rifting in the late Oligocene and middle Miocene, terminated by a regional uplift leading to an erosional phase in the middle Miocene. Stage 2 was associated with subsidence in the middle and late Miocene and uplift and accompanying erosion or non-deposition in the latest late Miocene. Stage 3 (Pliocene to present) recorded overall uniform hemipelagic-pelagic subsidence of the ESKP with short-lived tectonically-induced uplifts in the late middle Miocene and latest Miocene-early Pliocene. The three stages of evolution of the ESKP closely correlate to sedimentary changes since the Oligocene and suggest a direct control of regional/local tectonics on sedimentation patterns in the southwestern East Sea, with secondary influence of regional climatic and paleo-oceanographic processes.     

A 33 Ma lithostratigraphic record of tectonic and paleoceanographic evolution of the South China Sea

The 853 m thick sediment sequence recovered at ODP Site 1148 provides an unprecedented record of tectonic and paleoceanographic evolution in the South China Sea over the past 33 Ma. Litho-, bio-, and chemo-stratigraphic studies helped identify six periods of changes marking the major steps of the South China Sea geohistory. Rapid deposition with sedimentation rates of 60 m/Ma or more characterized the early Oligocene rifting. Several unconformities from the slumped unit between 457 and 495 mcd together erased about 3 Ma late Oligocene record, providing solid evidence of tectonic transition from rifting/slow spreading to rapid spreading in the South China Sea. Slow sedimentation of 20–30 m/Ma signifies stable seafloor spreading in the early Miocene. Dissolution may have affected the completeness of Miocene–Pleistocene succession with short-term hiatuses beyond current biostratigraphical resolution. Five major dissolution events, D-1 to D-5, characterize the stepwise development of deep water masses in close association to post-Oligocene South China Sea basin transformation. The concurrence of local and global dissolution events in the Miocene and Pliocene suggests climatic forcing as the main mechanism causing deep water circulation changes concomitantly in world oceans and in marginal seas. A return of high sedimentation rate of 60 m/Ma to the late Pliocene and Pleistocene South China Sea was caused by intensified down-slope transport due to frequent sea level fluctuations and exposure of a large shelf area during sea level low-stands. The six paleoceanographic stages, respectively corresponding to rifting (33–28.5 Ma), changing spreading southward (28.5–23 Ma), stable spreading to end of spreading (23–15 Ma), post-spreading balance (15–9 Ma), further modification and monsoon influence (9–5 Ma), and glacial prevalence (5–0 Ma), had transformed the South China Sea from a series of deep grabens to a rapidly expanding open gulf and finally to a semi-enclosed marginal sea in the past 33 Ma.