Role of microstructure in clay emanation

The influence of clay microstructure on radon emanation has been studied based on the analysis of literary data and direct measurements of the emanation coefficient of different types of clay rocks. Experiments have shown that modern and Holocene clay and silt with a cellular microstructure have the highest emanation coefficient (more than 60%). The majority of clay rocks transformed by diagenesis (showing either matrix or turbulent microstructure), have the emanation coefficient of about 50%. The emanation coefficients of lithified clay and argillite (laminar microstructure) do not exceed 10%. Thus, the emanation capacity of clay depends on clay microstructure and regularly decreases in the following row: cellular > matrix or turbulent > laminar microstructure.     

饱和黄土液化的孔隙微结构特征

通过对黄土中各类孔隙含量的定量测试及数理分析，介绍了黄土孔隙微结构的计算机图像处理分析方法，并从孔隙微结构的角度研究了饱和黄土液化机理。在此基础上，建立了孔隙微结构特征与黄土液化势的定量关系，从孔隙微结构角度对中国不同地区黄土液化势进行了评价。     

Quartz microstructures and deformation conditions in the Hatagawa shear zone, north-eastern Japan

Abstract Meso- and microscale structural analyses were carried out in the Hatagawa shear zone, north-eastern Japan. The shear zone is a sinistral strike–slip ductile shear zone, and has a 1-km wide north-south trending region where quartz mean grain size of approximately 35 μm does not vary significantly. Two types of quartz microstructures, A and B, occur in the western and eastern part of the shear zone, respectively. The lattice preferred orientation (LPO) patterns are characterized by a type I crossed girdle in the samples with the quartz microstructure A, and a Y maximum in the samples with the quartz microstructure B. The microstructures under optical and transmission electron microscopes indicates that the quartz recrystallization occurred predominantly by progressive subgrain rotation in microstructure A, and by both progressive subgrain rotation and grain boundary migration in microstructure B. This suggests different deformation conditions in the western and eastern parts of the shear zone. Quartz LPO patterns, presence of myrmekite, feldspar compositions, and dislocation density also suggest difference in the deformation conditions. The syn-deformation temperature in the western part of the shear zone was lower than that of the eastern part of the shear zone. The stress in the western part of the shear zone was higher than that of the eastern part of the shear zone. The difference in the deformation conditions would affect not only the quartz microstructure, but also the quartz LPO patterns and the presence of myrmekite around K-feldspar porphyroclasts.     

软粘土固结变形微观分维指标分析

软粘土宏观性质与其微结构有着密切联系。对天津滨海新区软粘土先后进行了固结实验和扫描电镜实验,并对扫描图像进行处理,提取微观结构指标进行分析。结果显示,随着固结压力的增加,软粘土原有微观结构遭到强烈破坏,粘土粒度分维、颗粒表面起伏分维降低,颗粒分布分维增大。表现为颗粒粒径和表面起伏程度降低,颗粒排列出现明显的定向方向,密实度增大。     

电镜图像在黄土结构性研究中应用的几个问题

电镜结构性图像是认识黄土结构特征,分析黄土土力学特性的重要方法。本文对不同研究目的情况下如何利用黄土电镜微结构图像的问题进行了探讨,并指出随着观察放大倍数的不同,黄土的结构性图像显示出明显的尺度效应。定义了黄土结构性的分类以避免因笼统使用“微结构”这一词所带来的指代不准确性。根据土力学研究的需要对黄土孔隙划分标准提出了新的认识,建立一套新的分类标准以便利于研究运用。最后综述了在研究中选用黄土电镜结构性图像的原则。     

黄土的震陷性与其微结构特征的关系研究

借助电镜扫描分析手段，对Q3震陷性黄土的微结构特征、颗粒形态等进行了分析。结果表明黄土的显微结构对震陷系数有较大影响，并与震陷的临界动应力关系密切。通过孔隙含量的定量测试分析，探讨了中大孔隙对黄土震陷影响，并对土样的微结构某些指标进行了比较和分析。     

The influence of local fluid flow and the microstructure on elastic and anelastic rock properties

The frequency dependent mechanism of local fluid flow was found to be the decisive absorption and dispersion mechanism in fluid containing sandstones. In the ultrasonic frequency range local fluid flow and grain surface effects control the behaviour of highly porous and highly permeable rock if a pore fluid is present. Both mechanisms depend less on macroscopic rock parameters like porosity and permeability than essentially on microscopic parameters like crack size, crack density and grain contact properties. To demonstrate directly the important influence of the microstructure on the rock elastic and anelastic properties the microstructure of a sandstone was artificially changed by thermal cracking. The cracked rock exhibits a clearly changed behaviour at low uniaxial as well as at high hydrostatic pressure despite small changes of porosity and permeability. Fluid effects increase due to cracking. The experimental results are explained by means of a rock, model and local fluid flow. These results emphasize that it is the microstructure which controls the elastic and anelastic rock behaviour, even at high hydrostatic pressure.     

振动测量用叉指式硅微加速度计性能研究

硅MEMS加速度仪可以用于地震以及各种工程振动的测量,目前其精度较低,温度灵敏度较高,为了掌握MEMS加速度计的特性,提高其实用性能,本文介绍了一种叉指式硅微机械加速度计(FMSA)表头微结构和系统的工作原理,推导了微结构梁的刚度,利用ANSYS有限元软件分析了FM-SA加速度计的静态特性、动态特性和温度特性,验证了推导的正确性,说明微结构参数是决定FMSA加速度计性能的主要因素,为改进加速度计性能提供了依据,并对其在振动观测领域实际应用提供了理论指导。     

永登震后黄土微结构特征研究

对1995年甘肃永登5.8级地震后的土样进行了电子显微镜扫描及孔隙量化处理,从黄土的微结构角度对黄土震陷现象进行了研究,分析了微结构特征对黄土震陷性的影响,以此阐明震害形成的机理。     

基于二阶应变梯度理论的弹性波数值模拟

介质微结构相互作用会使介质存在不均匀性,而这种不均匀性,则会引发新的响应.当位移场/旋转场存在强烈空间/时间变化时,这种由介质微结构相互作用所导致的不均匀性会愈加明显.应变梯度通过在应变能密度函数中引入应变的一阶或者高阶导数,以描述这种由介质微结构相互作用导致的不均匀性,由于引入高阶导数,应变梯度理论可以描述更小尺度的微结构相互作用,但是其存在计算量大以及物理解释困难等问题.单参数二阶应变梯度理论作为应变梯度理论的一种特例或者简化版本,将二阶应变梯度视为对应变能密度函数的附加影响.本文从非局部理论出发,推导单参数二阶应变梯度理论的本构方程,进而结合几何方程和运动微分方程,给出非对称弹性波动方程的数学表达式.并应用该非对称弹性波动方程在各向同性均匀介质模型和Marmousi模型上进行数值模拟,合成地震记录.将该地震记录与传统弹性波动方程所生成的合成地震记录进行对比,研究分析应用二阶应变梯度描述介质微结构相互作用对地震记录的影响规律,给出以下结论：(1)基于单参数二阶应变梯度理论的非对称弹性波动方程所描述的位移扰动对纵波和横波的传播都产生了影响,且对横波的影响较大;(2)介质更小尺度的微结构相互作用可以在地震记录中被反映出来,我们需要考虑其对地震波传播的影响.

     

Ductile deformation and development of andalusite microstructures in the Hongusan area: Constraints on the metamorphism and tectonics of the Ryoke Belt

Abstract   The main mesoscopic features of the ductile deformation in the Hongusan region of the Ryoke Belt can be explained in terms of a single deformation phase, Dm . The associated stretching lineation is roughly east–west and has an associated top-to-the-west sense of shear. This information fills an important gap in our knowledge about the deformational history of the Ryoke metamorphic belt. Andalusite porphyroblasts are well-developed in the Hongusan area and their microstructure can be used to link the deformational history with the metamorphism. However, the andalusite porphyroblasts show both intertectonic and post-tectonic microstructures. Some porphyroblasts have an intertectonic core and post-tectonic rim. Analysis of associated metamorphic minerals and bulk-rock chemistry suggests that the distinct types of microstructure can be explained in terms of distinct formation reactions related to regional and contact metamorphism. The intertectonic microstructure shows the presence of a deformation pre-dating Dm , referred to as Dc . These two deformation stages are sufficient to account for all the main deformation features. The distribution of post-tectonic andalusite growth shows a very broad thermal effect around an intrusion in the area. This can help place constraints on the thermal history of the Ryoke metamorphic belt.     

Computation of elastic properties of 3D digital cores from the Longmaxi shale

The dependence of elastic moduli of shales on the mineralogy and microstructure of shales is important for the prediction of sweet spots and shale gas production. Based on 3D digital images of the microstructure of Longmaxi black shale samples using X-ray CT, we built detailed 3D digital images of cores with porosity properties and mineral contents. Next, we used finite-element (FE) methods to derive the elastic properties of the samples. The FE method can accurately model the shale mineralogy. Particular attention is paid to the derived elastic properties and their dependence on porosity and kerogen. The elastic moduli generally decrease with increasing porosity and kerogen, and there is a critical porosity (0.75) and kerogen content (ca. ≤3%) over which the elastic moduli decrease rapidly and slowly, respectively. The derived elastic moduli of gas- and oil-saturated digital cores differ little probably because of the low porosity (4.5%) of the Longmaxi black shale. Clearly, the numerical experiments demonstrated the feasibility of combining microstructure images of shale samples with elastic moduli calculations to predict shale properties.     

Preliminary study on enamel microstructure of Yuanmou Miocene hominoids of China

Late Miocene hominoid fossils found in Yunnan Province, China are of great importance in exploring hominid origins and hominoid phylogeny, and in recent years palaeoanthropologists have been paying great attention to them. The Yuanmou hominoid site is on…     

Study on the Microstructure of Loess in Meizoseismal Zone

INTRODUCTIONAn earthquake with magnitude of5.8struck Qishan Townin Yongdeng County,Lanzhou,at06:44,July22,1995.The region affected by the earthquake is located in the loess hills with sparsevegetation cover.The region also lags behind economically.The meizoseismal intensity reachedⅧ.For its shallowsource,the earthquake caused relatively heavy damage,though it was a moderateevent.Ground cracks with a widthlargerthan10cmare a commonsight onthe hills aroundthe town,some looks as if they …     

我国黄土的微结构类型与震陷区域划分

对比我国中西部成土年代相近的浅层风成黄土（不考虑地形地貌）,针对不同成土环境下微观结构及其震陷性大小,初步将中西部黄土的微结构类型划分为五类：Ⅰ,近砂源快速降砂微结构;Ⅱ,强降尘弱成壤微结构;Ⅲ,冷干慢速降尘弱成壤微结构;Ⅳ,中湿成壤微结构;Ⅵ,温湿成壤微结构.微结构类型对于震陷性等工程性质分析有借鉴作用,具体体现在颗粒大小、粒径分布、排列方式,颗粒之间的胶结程度、接触方式等.通过分析黄土地区气候变化引起的地域性微观结构类型差异,区域性微观结构的气候形成机制来研究黄土的致灾特征,进一步获得黄土地区土层微结构的地域性差别导致的震陷变形强弱信息.这对于黄土建筑工程场地的设计以及提出针对性的防护措施有重要意义.     

页岩微米孔隙结构重构的非光滑正则化及快速梯度优化算法

页岩微观结构认识是页岩气勘探开发的基础.传统的探测手段是基于表面的有损观测方法.本文应用上海光源同步辐射技术对页岩结构进行无损探测获取投影数据,该技术可以避免X射线硬化.我们利用X射线计算机断层成像技术进行图像恢复,提出了L1模+TV(全变差)非光滑正则化方法抑制噪声影响,提高图像对比度.实验证明,该方法是准确重建页岩微观结构的有效方法.     

Microstructure measures and the minimum size of a representative volume element: 2D numerical study

In the paper, a numerical study of the size of a representative volume element (RVE) for both the heat flow as well as the linear elasticity problems is presented. A particular two-phase random microstructure is studied and the method is applied to the digital image of reconstructed 2D realization of random media. The minimum size of RVE is determined by the investigation of the convergence of apparent properties as the size of RVE is increasing. Then, two estimates of the minimum RVE size are proposed and it is shown that the estimates are in a good agreement with the results determined by the investigation of the convergence of apparent properties. The minimum size of RVE can be successfully predicted based only on the microstructure morphology. The statistical measures used in this work are: the two-point probability and the linealpath functions.     

Experimental evidence of the double-porosity effects in geomaterials

Double-porosity is an important characteristic of microstructure in a large range of geomaterials. It designs porous media with connected fissures/fractures or aggregated soils. The origin of double-porosity can be natural or/and it can result from mechanical, chemical or biological damage. The presence of double-porosity can significantly affect the behaviour of geomaterials. In this paper we provide an experimental evidence of the double-porosity effects by performing laboratory experiments. Series of tracer dispersion experiments (in saturated and unsaturated steady-state water flow conditions) in a physical model of double-porosity geomaterial were carried out. For the comparative purposes, experiments of the same type were also performed in a singleporosity model medium. The results clearly showed that the double-porosity microstructure leads to the non-Fickian behaviour of the tracer (early breakthrough and long tail) in both saturated and unsaturated cases.     

考虑非饱和特性的黄土湿陷性与微观结构分析

利用扫描电子显微镜测试技术对3个场地16个土样的微观结构进行观测,并使用图像处理软件对微观图像进行处理、对土样孔隙的几何特征参数和分维数进行了提取,土样孔隙分布分维数为1.816~1.936。利用分形几何学原理建立非饱和土的孔隙分布函数,对天然湿度下黄土中水分分布进行分析,运用回归分析的方法对孔隙的分维数、非饱和孔隙孔隙率和湿陷性的关系进行了分析。结果表明：孔隙分维数越大,孔隙结构越复杂;天然湿度下处于非饱和状态的黄土孔隙孔径均大于40μm,黄土的湿陷系数随着孔隙分维数、非饱和孔隙孔隙率的增大而增大,非饱和孔隙是造成黄土湿陷的主要原因。     

粘性土地基在动荷载作用下变形分析

通过室内模型试验从宏观与微观结构讨论了粘性土地基分别在静载、动载作用下横向位移、竖向位移随深度的变化规律、地基应变与最大剪应变分布。分析研究了粘性土微结构动态环境能场、外部环境条件变化与其内在介质环境变化之间的密切关联。结果表明,动载比静载作用下的位移、应变、剪应变大得多,特别是对地基的浅表处影响不仅范围大而且深度加大。试验结果还表明偏湿土和受振动的土击数越多,对土的初始结构损伤越厉害,但土的后期结构强度有所提高。