万州区狮子头危岩发育规律及防治技术研究

万州区狮子头危岩位于万州区大周镇铺垭村,三级陡崖带共发育约150处危岩单体,威胁下方公路及居民的生命财产安全。该危岩已有治理措施为针对每个危岩单体对应采取危岩清除、危岩锚固、主动防护网、支撑嵌补的主动防治措施,治理效果较明显。通过分析总结狮子头危岩发育规律及其危岩形成因素,结合目前万州区大周镇正打造旅游小镇的现状,从生态环保、地质景观与地质灾害防治相结合的理念出发,对大周镇狮子头危岩的防治技术进行研究。在其B区提出采取修筑池塘的被动拦挡治理措施,该项技术的实施不仅能有效、简单的防治危岩灾害,还能保留当地的地质景观,美化乡村环境,促进大周镇旅游小镇的开发与发展。通过对该危岩发育规律及防治技术研究,希望为今后类似地质灾害防治提供借鉴。     

房山贾峪口土洞崩塌危岩带特征及稳定性分析

贾峪口土洞崩塌灾害隐患点位于房山区佛子庄乡贾峪口村北侧,坡顶处存在两条近东西走向的危岩带,坡顶及坡面处植被发育较好,坡顶处未发现明显后缘裂缝,整体稳定性较好,但危岩带内大面积基岩裸露,受雨水冲刷及差异风化等作用影响,表面较为破碎,呈块状、碎裂状,岩腔、裂隙发育。通过勘查掌握了该危岩带及危岩体的基本特征,分析了其主要破坏方式及危岩的运动特征,并对其稳定性进行了定性分析与定量计算。结果表明,危岩带及危岩体在暴雨、地震等工况条件下处于不稳定状态,具有发生崩塌灾害的隐患。针对危岩带的特点,提出危岩清削+主动防护网+被动防护网的治理措施,较为有效地解除了该区域的安全隐患。     

三峡水库区危岩研究及防治新理念

危岩是三峡库区主要的地质灾害类型之一.具有分布面广、稳定性差、危害严重等特点.论文以地质灾害防治系统工程方法论为指导思想,构建了三峡库区危岩研究及防治理念.研究认为,基于对危岩失稳类型、荷载及其组合的研究,进行危岩稳定性研究;以危岩体目标稳定系数和在设定荷载组合下的稳定系数之差为依据进行危岩锚固及支撑研究,建立了相应的计算公式.遵循危岩发育规律,主动防治和被动防治相结合,构建了针对整个防治工程的宏观防治技术和针对危岩体的微观防治技术并强调了充分利用支撑技术、谨慎使用清除技术的新理念.探讨了三峡库区危岩进一步研究的系列关键问题.     

重庆市洪崖洞危岩发育机理

危岩是山丘地区常见的地质灾害,严重威胁着人民的生命及财产安全。但是,其在发育过程中具有明显的链式规律,包括宏观链及微观链。根据这一原理,以重庆市整治、开发的重点工程——洪崖洞危岩为例,对危岩发育的链式机理进行了探讨,将危岩体划分为群体及单体两类,分析了影响危岩形成的主要因素与过程。运用材料力学和断裂力学方法,初步得到洪崖洞危岩体的天然稳定时间约为661年。基于平面应变假定,采用有限元数值模拟软件对洪崖洞危岩的发育过程进行计算。在链式发育过程中,危岩体的形成主要是由于岩腔形成过程中危岩体顶部受拉,形成卸荷带裂缝,进而促进了危岩体发生以受拉破坏为主的崩塌,实际与理论计算的结果基本吻合,为危岩治理提供了可靠的理论依据。     

荣县危岩崩塌发育的控制诱发因素及易发分区

荣县处于四川盆地南部低山丘陵区,境内广泛出露砂泥岩互层地层,其北部处于威远穹窿背斜轴部。该县适宜的地质环境及丰富的降水,导致危岩崩塌比较发育,并严重威胁着当地群众的生命和财产安全。根据危岩崩塌发育控制诱发因素,将县域划分为1个危岩崩塌高易发区、3个中易发区和3个低易发区。县域北部双古至墨林一带具有适宜的地质环境条件及降水条件,加之人类工程活动强烈,成为危岩崩塌高易发区。     

云冈石窟危岩发育的成因分析

云冈石窟发育危岩,在国内砂岩石窟中具有代表性;对云冈石窟危岩发育的成因分析,可指导砂岩类石窟危岩的防治。采用工程地质的研究方法,从内在环境条件和外在环境条件两个层面,对云冈石窟区域危岩的发育条件进行系统分析。箱形向斜和断裂是云冈石窟区域危岩发育的宏观构造成因,近东西向的张裂隙和北东向剪切裂隙直接控制石窟区域内危岩的发育。石窟陡崖的高差直接控制岩坡卸荷带的发育规模,也决定着危岩体的致灾能量。软硬相间的岩层差异风化形成陡崖和岩腔,构成危岩体形态。裂隙水及降雨直接影响岩体稳定性。冻融、温差、干湿交替长期作用于岩体,导致危岩体稳定性不断劣化。人工开凿洞窟破坏崖壁应力状态,是危岩失稳的影响因素。云冈石窟危岩体成因分析结果为指导危岩体防治提供了重要依据,对危岩体稳定性分析具有重要意义。     

巫山望霞危岩应急勘查钻探施工方法

巫山望霞危岩加剧变形崩塌,严重威胁当地居民及长江航运的安全,引起重庆市人民政府及国土资源部的高度重视。危岩应急抢险勘查的钻探施工是查清危岩裂隙发育程度和延伸方向、获得岩土力学参数的重要手段。通过现场踏勘后进行难点预测并制订对策措施。采用金刚石单动双管钻进取心,成功采取了危岩基座软弱带样品;采用井中成像技术,直观地反映了危岩裂隙发育状态。在施工组织管理、设备选型、钻探工艺、井中成像技术以及安全措施等方面,为地质灾害的应急抢险勘查积累了经验。     

重庆市云阳县磨子岭危岩研究与治理

危岩治理应充分认识其发育的环境条件,在正确分类的基础上．结合排水和监测工程．采取综合治理措施有效治理．确保危岩整体和局部稳定性。本文以云阳县磨子岭危岩治理工程为例．阐述了危岩治理的原则与措施。     

泸定县观音阁危岩稳定性分析与治理方案设计

观音阁危岩位于四川省泸定县红军桥景区内的观音阁上、下陡崖位置,裂隙发育,局部呈碎裂状,危险性较高,直接影响景区内游客及工作人员的安全,同时威胁观音阁等景区建筑及附近居民房屋。通过对危岩的形成机理及基本特征分析,掌握危岩体的特点,对危岩的稳定性进行了定量分析及计算,结果表明,观音阁危岩在暴雨或地震等不利因素作用下极有可能崩落。根据危岩体的特点,观音阁下部危岩采取“格构 锚杆”,上部危岩采取“支撑 锚杆”的综合治理方案,有效地解除了该危岩的安全隐患,为危岩的排危治理积累了经验。     

危岩崩塌地质灾害调查评价与防治

危岩崩塌是碳酸盐岩地区主要地质灾害之一.其发生频率较高,而且经常导致人员、财产、设施受损,造成较大的经济损失,已引起人们的关注.在近年来从事危岩调查的基础上,结合危岩形态、结构特征,考虑危岩变形的影响因素,分析崩塌的形成机制,将危岩的调查、判别,监测及治理等方法作一小结,旨在提高危岩勘查、评价的水平,为危岩治理工程提供可靠依据.     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.