临时潮位站实时潮位质量控制方法研究

为满足水上施工对临时潮位站实时潮位数据质量的要求,研究使用基于最小二乘的二次函数曲线拟合法将离散的潮位点拟合为潮位曲线,在此基础上实现潮位数据的补缺、加密和外推。在拟合节点的选取上除了传统的固定节点以外,还增加了滚动节点的拟合方式。以连云港徐圩潮位站的实测水位数据为依据,在不同的时刻计算拟合曲线,并给出了两种拟合节点的拟合外推潮位与实测潮位的比对分析结果,结果表明,滚动节点的拟合方式可以使拟合曲线的外推时间有所延长,在各种起始位置和节点质量条件下,在不超过20 cm偏差的前提下,潮位外推时间可达到50～300 min。     

关于海上定点验潮站潮位数据推算的可行性及可操作性检验

结合海上定点验潮站的实际情况,提出采用最小二乘潮位拟合法来推算海上定点验潮站未来时刻的潮位值,并根据某次海上定点验潮作业的实测数据对该方法进行了检验,推算误差等统计参数表明该方法具有可行性及可操作性,建议海上定点验潮作业可以根据本方法进行,从而节省人力与物力,为海道测量事业服务。     

基于决策树与二分分割算法的BP神经网络在赤潮等级预测中的应用研究

针对赤潮灾害等级预测难的现状,提出了一种基于C4.5决策树与二分分割算法优化的BP(反向传播)神经网络赤潮等级预测模型。该模型针对传统BP神经网络输入参数难以选择和隐含层节点数量难以确定的问题,通过决策树分类获取最优的属性组合,来解决输入参数难以选择的问题;通过"二分分割算法",来解决隐含层节点数难以确定的问题。实验结果表明,该模型在青岛近海海域赤潮灾害等级预测中,预测结果的均方根误差(RMSE)小于传统BP神经网络的预测误差,并且在网络训练时间上有所缩短,预测精度上有所提高,能够获得良好的预测结果,可为赤潮等级预测提供新的解决方法。     

基于余水位订正的海洋潮位推算关键技术研究

从分潮数目选择、调和常数稳定性优化两个关键环节入手,选择11个主要分潮用于潮位推算,并利用邻近长期站对中短期验潮站调和常数做差比订正,显著提高了中短期验潮站的潮位推算精度。     

潮汐性质相似性判断的两个指标及其应用

提出采用时差法的相关系数和最小二乘潮位拟合法的推算中误差,作为潮汐性质相似性强弱判断的两个量化指标。根据实测潮汐数据进行了有关计算,结果表明这两个指标可以用于潮汐性质相似性强弱的快速判断,另外推算中误差还可以用于验潮站潮位数据缺测时推算精度的检验,建议在沿岸海道测量水位改正作业中综合使用。     

基于GPS PPK技术确定测深点瞬时潮位及分析

潮位是影响水下地形测量精度的主要误差之一,获取准确的潮位信息直接关系着潮位改正的正确与否。文中基于GPS PPK技术得到的GPS天线大地高,首先经过垂直基准转换,其次利用推算的姿态改正公式以及利用压力式潮位计获取的动态吃水进行姿态与吃水改正,最后采用小波变换进行波浪滤除,得到测深点精密的瞬时潮位。以琼州海峡为试验海区,采用上述方法获得测深点瞬时潮位,并与传统潮汐模型推算潮位对比,对比发现两者并不一致,且前一种方法得到的潮位趋势与测船的航向有很强的相关性。对测区的潮汐潮流特征进行了分析,分析结果与实测结果相符,表明GPS PPK能够获得该区域的潮位,并可以反映该区域的潮汐特征。     

潮间浅滩特征潮位线的遥感成图

运用多时相卫片中潮间浅滩出露经验频率与实际潮位累积频率的联系,可以从短期多时相卫片直接编绘特征潮位线分布图。在理想抽样方案下,编绘可以在无任何实测潮位记录条件下进行。在不合理抽样条件下,通过若干控制潮位站的潮滩出露经验频率与实测潮位累积频率的关系曲线,也可以进行近似的编绘。文中给出杭州湾南岸潮间浅滩的应用实例和关于误差的讨论。     

平均高潮位记录分析淤泥质海岸的相对海面变化--以江苏淤泥质海岸为例

在研究相对海面变化时,常常用实测潮位记录来分析相对海面的变化速率。淤泥质海岸的验潮站多设在入海河流的闸F。由于拦门沙发育等因素的影响,闸下测到的潮位不能准确反映低潮时的潮位变化,因此常常采用平均高潮位记录来分析相对海面的变化。本文通过对平均高潮位、平均潮位和平均海平面之间关系的统计分析,得出平均高潮位与平均潮位以及平均海平面变化速率之间的关系。并对江苏沿海6个验潮站33a的潮位记录进行分析,得出江苏沿海此期间的相对海面变化速率为0．29～1.00cm／a。     

强潮河口水下地形测量潮位控制研究

钱塘江河口属于强潮河口,具有潮差大、流急、地形复杂和局地潮汐变化大等特点,对潮位控制设计与实施造成较大困难。为解决钱塘江河口水下地形测量潮位控制难题,针对强潮河口的水下地形和潮汐特征进行分析,提出了该区域潮位控制的潮位站布设方案与作业时间要求。实测数据表明,只要合理布设潮位站、选择合适的时间段作业,强潮河口水下地形测量的潮位控制可以达到规范精度要求。     

基于人工神经网络的海水漫射衰减系数的遥感反演方法

利用NOMAD数据集建立了基于人工神经网络的漫射衰减系数Kd490的反演算法。该人工神经网络是3层的反向传输神经网络。其结构为输入层有4个节点,它们分别对应4个波段443,490,555,665 nm的遥感反射比,隐含层有10个节点,输出层1个节点对应于漫衰减系数Kd490。利用另一独立的现场测量数据集(COASTLOOC)印证该反演算法的性能。结果表明,该研究建立的反演算法的性能明显好于业务化SeaWiFS算法,略好于Lee等人的半分析算法。     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.     

A Tidal Flow Model for the Gulf of Kachchh, India

A vertically integrated model has been used to study the tidal circulation and currents in the Gulf of Kachchh along the west coast of India. The model is fully nonlinear and uses a semiexplicit finite difference scheme to solve the basic hydrodynamic equations on a staggered grid. The model is forced by prescribing the tides along the open boundary of the model domain. The flow is simulated both with and without the presence of the proposed tidal barrage across the Hansthal Creek in the Gulf of Kachchh. The results show a considerable change in the behavior of the tidal flow in the presence of the barrage.     

利用中国GF-3卫星SAR和HY-2A卫星微波散射计的首次台风联合定量观测

<正>The typhoon,as a mature tropical cyclone that develops in the western part of the North Pacific Ocean with high wind speed and heavy rainfall,is one of the most lethal and costly of natural disasters for the densely populated countries of East Asia.It can be easily detected by space-borne sensors operated at microwave,visible or infrared bands(Liu et al.,2014).Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR)is     

离子交换—原子吸收光谱法测定海水中痕量铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰

本文介绍了用国产D401型螯合树脂分离富集海水中铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰等痕量元素,并用原子吸收光谱仪测定其含量的方法。讨论了各元素的分离条件选择及干扰元素的影响,并与溶剂萃取法的结果作了比较。各元素检测的定量下限为:铜0.5μg/L、铅0.1μg/L、锌1.0μg/L、镉0.01μg/L、铁2.0μg/L、锰2.0μg/L。方法精密度在4—8％之间,回收率为90—102％。     

Biogeochemistry of Mangrove Soil Organic Matter: a Comparison BetweenRhizophoraandAvicenniaSoils in South-eastern Brazil

Soil core samples fromRhizophora mangleL. andAvicennia schauerianaStapf & Leech forests from south-eastern Brazil were analysed for their total organic matter content and their sugars, amino acid and amino sugars composition. Organic carbon and nitrogen contents were higher inAvicenniathan inRhizophorasoils. The contribution of sugars and amino acids to the total organic carbon pool was constant with depth inRhizophorasoils whereas inAvicenniasoils it increased. Spectral distribution of sugars and amino acids showed a dominance of Ca-affine monomers, particularly acidic amino acids, and the sugar arabinose. Biogeochemical indicators derived from ratios of individual sugar and amino acid monomers confirm previous studies which showed that organic matter in both soils is mainly of mangrove origin. The results further suggest accumulation of organic matter inRhizophorasoils and a continuing degradation of organic matter inAvicenniasoils. The latter may thus release more nutrients to adjacent ecosystems thanRhizophorasoils.     

A review of orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus fisheries,estimation methods,biology and stock structure

Orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus are unusual fish. They form dense aggregations that have fuelled lucrative fisheries at great depths (600–1 400 m), especially off Namibia, New Zealand and Australia. They are thought to be very long-lived (>100 years, maturity at 22 – 40 years), and to have exceptionally low natural mortality (M = 0.045–0.064 year^?1) and slow growth rates (K = 0.055–0.070 year^?1). In addition, they spawn large eggs and have low fecundity. These factors combine to make orange roughy highly susceptible to overfishing; most stocks are below 30% of pristine levels. Assessments are obtained from indices of catch rate and trawl, acoustic and egg surveys. Acoustic estimates are the most direct, but are confounded by the species' low target strength (?50 to ?53 dB)–attributable to the wax-filled swim bladder. Extracellular wax esters are stored in abundance and comprise mostly mono-unsaturated fatty acids, with low concentrations of the ω-3 fatty acid family. This unusual composition (resultant from the species' diet) ensures neutral buoyancy. Stock separation has been inferred mainly from biological studies, but genetic studies have also found differences among stocks within New Zealand and Australia. Deep-water habitat may be damaged by trawling operations and may take many years to recover, so in some quarters there is a call for a portion of suitable habitat to be set aside for preservation. Although Namibian orange roughy are shallower, smaller and younger than those in other stocks, the Namibian fishery sustained high catches for only a few years before quotas were reduced, from 12 000 to 1 875 tons. Three management lessons are suggested for developing orange roughy fisheries based on the Namibian experience: (1) imposition of catch limits during exploratory fishing; (2) starting the acoustic surveys earlier in the fishery, if possible; (3) greater reliance on trends in catch rate until a survey series has been established.