临时潮位站实时潮位质量控制方法研究

为满足水上施工对临时潮位站实时潮位数据质量的要求,研究使用基于最小二乘的二次函数曲线拟合法将离散的潮位点拟合为潮位曲线,在此基础上实现潮位数据的补缺、加密和外推。在拟合节点的选取上除了传统的固定节点以外,还增加了滚动节点的拟合方式。以连云港徐圩潮位站的实测水位数据为依据,在不同的时刻计算拟合曲线,并给出了两种拟合节点的拟合外推潮位与实测潮位的比对分析结果,结果表明,滚动节点的拟合方式可以使拟合曲线的外推时间有所延长,在各种起始位置和节点质量条件下,在不超过20 cm偏差的前提下,潮位外推时间可达到50～300 min。     

关于海上定点验潮站潮位数据推算的可行性及可操作性检验

结合海上定点验潮站的实际情况,提出采用最小二乘潮位拟合法来推算海上定点验潮站未来时刻的潮位值,并根据某次海上定点验潮作业的实测数据对该方法进行了检验,推算误差等统计参数表明该方法具有可行性及可操作性,建议海上定点验潮作业可以根据本方法进行,从而节省人力与物力,为海道测量事业服务。     

基于决策树与二分分割算法的BP神经网络在赤潮等级预测中的应用研究

针对赤潮灾害等级预测难的现状,提出了一种基于C4.5决策树与二分分割算法优化的BP(反向传播)神经网络赤潮等级预测模型。该模型针对传统BP神经网络输入参数难以选择和隐含层节点数量难以确定的问题,通过决策树分类获取最优的属性组合,来解决输入参数难以选择的问题;通过"二分分割算法",来解决隐含层节点数难以确定的问题。实验结果表明,该模型在青岛近海海域赤潮灾害等级预测中,预测结果的均方根误差(RMSE)小于传统BP神经网络的预测误差,并且在网络训练时间上有所缩短,预测精度上有所提高,能够获得良好的预测结果,可为赤潮等级预测提供新的解决方法。     

基于余水位订正的海洋潮位推算关键技术研究

从分潮数目选择、调和常数稳定性优化两个关键环节入手,选择11个主要分潮用于潮位推算,并利用邻近长期站对中短期验潮站调和常数做差比订正,显著提高了中短期验潮站的潮位推算精度。     

潮汐性质相似性判断的两个指标及其应用

提出采用时差法的相关系数和最小二乘潮位拟合法的推算中误差,作为潮汐性质相似性强弱判断的两个量化指标。根据实测潮汐数据进行了有关计算,结果表明这两个指标可以用于潮汐性质相似性强弱的快速判断,另外推算中误差还可以用于验潮站潮位数据缺测时推算精度的检验,建议在沿岸海道测量水位改正作业中综合使用。     

基于GPS PPK技术确定测深点瞬时潮位及分析

潮位是影响水下地形测量精度的主要误差之一,获取准确的潮位信息直接关系着潮位改正的正确与否。文中基于GPS PPK技术得到的GPS天线大地高,首先经过垂直基准转换,其次利用推算的姿态改正公式以及利用压力式潮位计获取的动态吃水进行姿态与吃水改正,最后采用小波变换进行波浪滤除,得到测深点精密的瞬时潮位。以琼州海峡为试验海区,采用上述方法获得测深点瞬时潮位,并与传统潮汐模型推算潮位对比,对比发现两者并不一致,且前一种方法得到的潮位趋势与测船的航向有很强的相关性。对测区的潮汐潮流特征进行了分析,分析结果与实测结果相符,表明GPS PPK能够获得该区域的潮位,并可以反映该区域的潮汐特征。     

潮间浅滩特征潮位线的遥感成图

运用多时相卫片中潮间浅滩出露经验频率与实际潮位累积频率的联系,可以从短期多时相卫片直接编绘特征潮位线分布图。在理想抽样方案下,编绘可以在无任何实测潮位记录条件下进行。在不合理抽样条件下,通过若干控制潮位站的潮滩出露经验频率与实测潮位累积频率的关系曲线,也可以进行近似的编绘。文中给出杭州湾南岸潮间浅滩的应用实例和关于误差的讨论。     

平均高潮位记录分析淤泥质海岸的相对海面变化--以江苏淤泥质海岸为例

在研究相对海面变化时,常常用实测潮位记录来分析相对海面的变化速率。淤泥质海岸的验潮站多设在入海河流的闸F。由于拦门沙发育等因素的影响,闸下测到的潮位不能准确反映低潮时的潮位变化,因此常常采用平均高潮位记录来分析相对海面的变化。本文通过对平均高潮位、平均潮位和平均海平面之间关系的统计分析,得出平均高潮位与平均潮位以及平均海平面变化速率之间的关系。并对江苏沿海6个验潮站33a的潮位记录进行分析,得出江苏沿海此期间的相对海面变化速率为0．29～1.00cm／a。     

强潮河口水下地形测量潮位控制研究

钱塘江河口属于强潮河口,具有潮差大、流急、地形复杂和局地潮汐变化大等特点,对潮位控制设计与实施造成较大困难。为解决钱塘江河口水下地形测量潮位控制难题,针对强潮河口的水下地形和潮汐特征进行分析,提出了该区域潮位控制的潮位站布设方案与作业时间要求。实测数据表明,只要合理布设潮位站、选择合适的时间段作业,强潮河口水下地形测量的潮位控制可以达到规范精度要求。     

基于人工神经网络的海水漫射衰减系数的遥感反演方法

利用NOMAD数据集建立了基于人工神经网络的漫射衰减系数Kd490的反演算法。该人工神经网络是3层的反向传输神经网络。其结构为输入层有4个节点,它们分别对应4个波段443,490,555,665 nm的遥感反射比,隐含层有10个节点,输出层1个节点对应于漫衰减系数Kd490。利用另一独立的现场测量数据集(COASTLOOC)印证该反演算法的性能。结果表明,该研究建立的反演算法的性能明显好于业务化SeaWiFS算法,略好于Lee等人的半分析算法。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.