金沙江阿海水电站混凝土重力坝地震抗滑稳定性的时程法分析

通过动力有限元时程法分析了金沙江阿海混凝土重力坝在设计地震动(0.344g)作用下的动态响应,计算模型考虑了动水压力作用、大坝-岩基相互作用,用黏弹性吸波边界模拟了地震动能量向无限远域逸散的地基“辐射阻尼”效应。通过将坝体惯性力时程极大值与振型分解反应谱法的惯性力极值对比,从而验证了复杂动力数值模拟结果的正确性,为后续分析打下了基础。采用沿滑面的应力积分法得到了大坝沿建基面的瞬态抗滑安全系数时程。计算结果表明：阿海重力坝在设计地震动(0.344g)作用下的安全系数时程的极小值为1.146,大坝整体稳定性良好,可不采取提高整体抗滑     

基于FLAC-3D黄土边坡地震作用下动力响应数值分析

基于FLAC-3D有限差分软件建立一个典型的黄土边坡模型,分析地震动荷载作用下边坡的动力响应特性和动力失稳机制。边坡的水平位移图表明,地震作用下边坡坡脚位移向下,发生剪出变形,坡脚为薄弱部位;剪应变增量由坡脚逐渐向坡内、坡顶扩展,中部位置剪应变较静力作用下发生较大变化,塑性区从坡脚稍向上部位向坡体内部发展,范围增大;坡脚、坡面、坡顶和坡内等监测点的速度时程曲线表明,地震波在坡体内传播过程中具有滞后效应,同时,坡体对地震波具有临空面放大效应。     

考虑强度退化效应的堤坝抗震稳定性评价方法

考虑土的动强度随振动孔隙压力上升的衰减效应,将拟静力极限平衡分析和滑动体位移分析相结合,提出了堤坝抗震稳定性评价方法.首先,基于土工动力有限元分析,确定坝坡潜在滑动土体的平均加速度时程,进而,基于拟静力概念,采用极限平衡分析,确定坝坡的安全系数随时间的变化历程,其中当安全系数瞬时小于1时,表明坝坡在地震中处于瞬时超载状态,采用Newmark刚体滑块模型估算瞬时超载所产生的滑动位移,将各个超载阶段的滑动位移叠加,求得设计地震动作用下堤坝边坡的累积滑移量,根据这种方法所进行的数值计算与分析表明,考虑强度循环退化效应后所得到的坝坡滑移量更为合理.     

土石坝拟静力抗震稳定性分析与坝坡地震滑移量估算

单独采用拟静力抗震稳定性安全系数,并不能准确地评价土石坝的动力稳定性, Newmark等采用刚塑体滑移量或永久变形评价土石坝地震稳定性的建议得到了逐步认同,但土石坝地震永久变形或滑移量的估算尚缺乏合理方法。为此,将土石坝地震动力响应分析和拟静力极限平衡分析相结合,提出了合理地估算坝坡上潜在滑坡体地震滑移量的数值计算方法。首先,根据土石坝地震动力响应分析,针对圆弧滑动面和非圆弧光滑渐变曲面形式滑动面,分别采用简化Bishop法及改进的简化Bishop法计算坝坡上潜在滑动体的各个时刻拟静力安全系数。随后,对其中安全系数小于1的瞬时超载阶段,通过时间积分确定潜在滑动体的滑移量。最后,结合算例并通过具体数值计算与分析探讨了竖向地震动分量、滑坡体竖向地震响应、振动孔隙水压力等各种因素对土石坝地震位移及抗震性能的影响。     

一种基于拟动力法和剩余推力法的地震边坡稳定性分析新方法

由于常用的拟静力法存在诸多局限性,将更合理的拟动力法与边坡极限平衡分析法相结合对地震边坡稳定性分析具有重要的理论和实际意义。基于拟动力法与边坡极限平衡分析中的剩余推力法,推导了考虑振动放大效应的边坡地震力求解公式及地震边坡剩余推力计算公式。在此基础上,借助MATLAB软件编写了计算地震边坡剩余推力和安全系数的程序,得到了一种拟动力地震边坡稳定性分析新方法。应用已开发的程序,通过算例分析,讨论了地震动特性、坡体材料特性、坡体几何形状、地形放大效应对地震边坡稳定性的影响。研究表明：地震边坡安全系数随输入地震动的初始相位呈周期性波动变化,且土体放大系数不会改变其波动周期;地震边坡安全系数随地震系数、土体放大系数、地震动波长与坡高比值的增大而减小;当不考虑振动放大效应时,λ/H等于2是拟动力安全系数由急剧减小到趋于稳定的转折点,λ/H值越小,拟动力安全系数与静力安全系数越接近,λ/H值越大,拟动力安全系数与拟静力安全系数越接近;当考虑振动放大效应时,拟动力安全系数可能小于拟静力安全系数,因此,无论从安全还是经济的角度出发,拟动力法都比现行的拟静力法更合理,应该是地震边坡稳定性分析的首选方法。     

水平向与竖向地震动的时间遇合模式对边坡动力安全系数的影响

通过沿滑面的应力积分法和动力时程分析法,研究了水平向、竖向地震动单独作用对边坡动安全系数的影响,发现竖向地震动与水平向地震动一样也对边坡抗震稳定性有显著的影响。在此基础之上,重点探讨了实际地震的双向地震动同时作用时,其时间遇合模式对动力安全系数的影响,结果表明,常用的加速度峰值遇合模式和随机遇合模式都不能充分体现出竖向地震动与水平向地震动的叠加效应,进而造成对安全系数的高估;文中提出的最大地震作用效应遇合模式才是最危险的遇合模式,其所得稳定性安全系数时程的极值更小。在考虑多向地震的边坡抗震分析中,由于多维地震动的强烈随机性,应考虑出现这种最大地震作用效应遇合的可能性,以得到工程设计中偏于安全的动力稳定性安全系数值。     

结构面对岩质边坡地震动影响的数值模拟研究

[摘 要] 本文采用数值模拟的方法,利用UDEC 软件,开展了结构面对岩质边坡地震动影响的数值 模拟研究,研究内容涉及结构面产状和位置变化对岩体边坡地震动放大系数空间展布的影响。根据岩 体边坡中结构面发育的一般规律,本文模型工况主要考虑与坡面相交的贯穿性结构面,模拟的主要物理 对象是层面、贯穿性长大软弱结构面等。数值模拟结果表明:结构面越靠近坡顶,边坡上部的地震动响 应越强烈;顺倾结构面会使坡肩部形成更强烈的地震动响应;边坡越陡,坡顶和坡肩部的地震动响应越 强烈。上述规律对于岩质边坡地震稳定性分析具有指导意义。     

悬臂式抗滑桩加固黏土边坡地震永久位移算法

为了有效地确定悬臂式抗滑桩加固的黏土边坡地震永久位移,基于极限分析上限定理,针对圆弧滑动式土坡破坏模式,通过对设置抗滑桩条件下土坡进行外力功率和内能耗散率的计算,按严格力学定义推导出坡体在地震作用下的安全系数,进而导出与安全系数相对应的边坡地震屈服加速度计算公式,并结合Newmark滑块位移法对边坡产生的转动加速度进行二次积分,推导出与边坡设计安全系数密切相关的坡体地震永久位移的详细计算公式。以5.12汶川地震卧龙测站东向地震波为例,通过对一算例边坡进行分析,给出了边坡永久位移时程曲线以及不同设计安全系数与永久位移的关系,分析了算法与Ambraseys算法的结果,验证了所提计算方法的有效性,并得到不同设计安全系数时边坡土体黏聚力和内摩擦角对坡体永久位移的影响规律。研究结果表明,坡体永久位移随着设计安全系数的增加逐渐呈指数函数式减小变化,在较低设计安全系数下,坡体永久位移受土体抗剪强度参数影响较为敏感,随着设计安全系数的提高,这种敏感性则逐渐降低。     

汶川地震远场黄土场地地震动场地放大效应机制研究

通过汶川地震震后科学考察发现,汶川地震局部场地的震害和地震动放大效应明显,地震对甘肃省境内远离震中的黄土地区造成了较为严重的破坏。在此基础上,结合钻孔波速测试,运用二维等价线性时程响应动分析法对甘肃省平凉市典型黄土塬进行了地震动力响应计算,分析了该地区局部场地条件对地震动放大效应的影响。研究发现,黄土塬具有地震动放大效应,随着塬高的增加,加速度、速度、位移均出现放大效应;随着地震动在黄土覆盖层中的传递,卓越频率向低频移动,高频成分被吸收,加速度反应谱中长周期分量逐渐增大。数值计算结果与实际震害基本吻合,其结果对黄土地区进行合理的抗震设防具有一定的科学意义。     

土质边坡动力稳定性试验研究

以云贵高原某典型土质边坡为原型,采用了4种加速度震动波输入模式,设计完成了比例为1:6的小型振动台模型试验,结合FLAC3D数值模拟对边坡动力响应特性和边坡变形破坏规律进行分析。结果表明:当输入加速度低于某个临界值时,整个坡体的加速度响应基本保持一致,各部位放大效应增加不明显,当输入加速度逐渐增加,高于临界值时,坡体的卓越频率得到充分激励,各部位加速度响应大幅增加,此时边坡最易发生变形破坏,且加速度响应沿着坡高方向有显著的放大效应;剪应变增量时程曲线反映出在边坡震动破坏过程中,滑体后缘以张拉为主,中部及下部以剪切为主,而且剪出口剪应变增量的变化尤为关键,其增幅速度直接导致该部位抗剪强度降低速度增快;边坡震动变形破坏模式为崩塌-剪切滑移破坏,变形破坏过程可分为4个阶段。      

基于Newmark模型的概率地震滑坡危险性模型参数优化与应用:以鲁甸地震区为例

应用概率地震危险性评价模型进行地震滑坡危险性区划,是解决潜在地震诱发滑坡危险性评价中震源不确定性与诱发滑坡时空不确定性的有效方法 .通过理论分析,结合鲁甸地震区的实际情况,对基于力学原理的Newmark滑块位移模型与概率地震滑坡危险性分析方法中的参数的不确定性问题进行了分析,将斜坡岩土体地震作用下的强度衰减效应、地震加速度地形放大效应、断层破碎带效应融合到了斜坡累积位移计算模型中,进行了模型计算参数的优化.改进后的分析模型,更好地反映了高陡斜坡地形与断层破碎带对地震滑坡灾害发育的控制作用,在鲁甸地震区域滑坡应用中,优化模型中的滑坡失稳极高风险区与实际地震滑坡分布表现出了较好的一致性,在超越概率2%的滑坡失稳概率分布中,鲁甸地区包谷垴-小河断裂、鲁甸-昭通断裂带及牛栏江河谷地带地震滑坡高-极高风险区分布面积增幅十分显著.因此,在Newmark滑块位移模型中考虑地震动参数与岩土参数动态响应规律与变量间的定量关系,对于提高区域斜坡稳定性分析的可靠性具有重要意义.     

一种改进步长自调的非连续变形分析法

非连续变形分析（DDA）是一种针对块体系统变形和位移求解的数值计算方法。引入Newmark方法于结构动力学微分方程中,考虑惯性力和阻尼力作用,改进时间步长自动调节,并实现DDA求解程序;比较研究Newmark方法中的线性加速法、常加速法和平均加速法在DDA程序中计算的收敛速度,讨论块体系统动力学计算过程中DDA方法对惯性力和阻尼力的添加和删除,并提出根据计算精度要求的误差控制实现方案。将改进的DDA方法模拟一个典型的煤与瓦斯突出过程,取得了满意的计算结果,该改进算法为DDA方法处理动力学问题提供新的途径     

Inclusion of earthquake strong ground motion in a geographic information system-based landslide susceptibility zonation in Garhwal Himalayas

Garhwal Himalayas are seismically very active and simultaneously suffering from landslide hazards. Landslides are one of the most frequent natural hazards in Himalayas causing damages worth more than one billion US$ and around 200 deaths every year. Thus, it is of paramount importance to identify the landslide causative factors to study them carefully and rank them as per their influence on the occurrence of landslides. The difference image of GIS-derived landslide susceptibility zonation maps prepared for pre- and post-Chamoli earthquake shows the effect of seismic shaking on the occurrence of landslides in the Garhwal Himalaya. An attempt has been made to incorporate seismic shaking parameters in terms of peak ground acceleration with other static landslide causative factors to produce landslide susceptibility zonation map in geographic information system environment. In this paper, probabilistic seismic hazard analysis has been carried out to calculate peak ground acceleration values at different time periods for estimating seismic shaking conditions in the study area. Further, these values are used as one of the causative factors of landslides in the study area and it is observed that it refines the preparation of landslide susceptibility zonation map in seismically active areas like Garhwal Himalayas.     

地震动加速度幅值对土坡失稳后滑坡体大小及致灾范围的影响

地震滑坡的致灾范围是判断滑坡能否会对已有建构筑物造成损失、确定预警疏散范围的重要依据,因此对地震土坡破坏后的滑坡体大小和致灾范围进行研究具有重要的意义.本研究基于SPH动力分析方法,结合弹塑性本构模型和固体力学控制方程建立了地震土坡破坏的动力分析模型;通过设置振动边界粒子和自由场边界粒子,实现了地震动加速度的施加以及自...     

Performance-based assessment of earthquake-induced catastrophic landslide hazard in liquefiable soils

This paper outlines a methodology for evaluating the likelihood of catastrophic landslide occurrence on gentle slopes in liquefiable soils during earthquake. The approach is based on a modified Newmark sliding block model of assessing the earthquake-induced undrained landslide displacements for conditions of no shear stress reversals on the sliding surface. By employing the shear resistance-displacement relationship from undrained monotonic ring shear tests, the simulation model incorporates the sensitivity of computed displacements to variations in yield acceleration. The proposed approach involves an examination of undrained seismic slope performance under various horizontal seismic waveforms scaled to different specific values of the peak earthquake acceleration. An example problem illustrates how the proposed methodology may be used to demarcate, based on the magnitude of permanent seismic displacement, the levels of low, moderate and high risk of catastrophic landslide on a gentle slope in a saturated cohesionless soil susceptible to liquefaction during earthquake.     

基于多层次物理力学参数的小区域地震滑坡危险性评估——以长江上游石棉县城及周边为例

通过实地调查、遥感解译、资料收集等手段,获取滑坡崩塌体编录、松散堆积层、地质单元的岩土体物理力学参数,使得滑坡编录、地质调查数据与区域Newmark位移模型有机结合。研究表明,在滑坡编录等3个层次中,由第一层次到第三层次,物理力学参数精度逐渐下降,这也反映了滑坡编录在危险性评价中所占据的重要性,更能与实际相吻合。通过对长江上游石棉县城地质灾害潜在危险性的评估,得出了不同尺度峰值加速度下危险性分布区域与规律,经与危险性线性拟合,在峰值加速度a=0.3时,区域危险区面积呈大规模急剧上升,为区域毁灭性灾难的临界值。同时,石棉县城随着峰值加速度数值增大,危险区从滑坡编录控制逐渐过渡到坡度控制,显示了多层次物理力学参数下危险性评估的合理性。      

Development of shallow seismic landslide potential map based on Newmark’s displacement: the case study of Chi-Chi earthquake, Taiwan

With the development of the geographic information system (GIS), the analysis of regional slope stability under seismic loading has evolved rapidly in recent years. In many studies, the Newmark’s method is used for the computation of displacements triggered by an earthquake on a single slope, while for regional analysis, the infinite slope theory is frequently used due to its simplicity when large amount of computations are required. In this research, the infinite slope theory was examined considering various seismic conditions, material properties, and slope geometry to verify the suitability of the method when applied to regional analysis and development of potential shallow landslide maps. The landslide cases induced by Chi-Chi earthquake in central Taiwan were used in this study for verification. It was found that the infinite slope theory is valid for regional analysis when used with discretion. Based on the calculated Newmark’s displacement and combining the GIS technique, procedures for the potential map development are established in this study.     

Dynamic response of a dip slope with multi-slip planes revealed by shaking table tests

This study investigated the effect of internal discontinuity on the dynamic response of a dip slope and evaluated the performance of Newmark’s theory on the sliding of a dip slope with multi-slip planes. A series of shaking table tests were performed under various geometric conditions to explore the dynamic behavior of a dip slope under different external excitations. The test results, including for deformation processes and critical accelerations, under various slope angles, slope sizes, and seismic intensities were examined and further compared with Newmark’s theory. The results of this study are summarized as follows: (1) two types of slope sliding (differential and complete) were determined. (2) Increasing the slope angle and the height of sliding mass tended to shorten the duration of slope deformation. (3) Critical acceleration of the slope increased gradually with increasing peak ground accelerations of input excitations; when the slope height and dip angle increased, the critical acceleration decreased. (4) The triggering time became earlier as the frequency of input excitation increased; the magnitude of sliding mass greatly depended on the amplitude of the input excitation. (5) By comparing critical acceleration between the experimental and theoretical results, Newmark’s theory was determined to overestimate critical acceleration during seismic-induced dip slope failure. This may cause unsafe evaluations, and sliding along existing discontinuities develops more easily in reality.     

Influence of strong motion characteristics on permanent displacement of slopes

Landslides triggered by moderate to major earthquakes are a recognized seismic hazard. Arias Intensity (I _a) is a key intensity measure of the ground motion, but significant duration is widely used to define strong motion duration. We calculate Newmark’s displacements using earthquake records bracketing a broad range of Arias Intensity and significant duration employing Newmark’s rigid block method and a number of yield accelerations. Total landslide displacement increases with the increase in the energy content of the ground motion (I _a) above a threshold. Such threshold may be expressed as a function of yield acceleration of the slope regardless of the ground motion characteristics. Newmark displacement decreases with increasing duration for earthquakes with similar energy content. The wide scatter in the results converges when using formal dimensional analysis. Self-similar symmetry may facilitate the assessment of the performance of slopes during earthquakes. The mathematical framework for probabilistic determination of landslides displacement may be a useful aid to estimate the likelihood of landslide hazards provided that the geotechnical properties of the slopes are known.     

基于不同位移预测模型的地震滑坡危险性评估研究-以天水地区为例

近年来,Newmark累积位移分析方法经过不断的改进和应用成为国际主流的地震滑坡危险性评估方法之一,众多学者基于位移预测模型开展区域地震滑坡危险性评估,然而鲜有针对不同位移模型对评估结果影响的定量研究。以天水地区为例,基于不同的位移预测模型开展地震滑坡危险性评估,对比位移模型对地震滑坡危险性评估的影响,探讨建立适用于我国的Newmark位移预测模型。结果表明:基于不同位移预测模型评估所得的地震滑坡危险性结果整体趋势一致,均能区分区域地震滑坡危险性等级的相对差异,但在同样的危险性分级标准下,所得中、高危险区的分布范围有较大差异。这与位移模型的函数形式及其区域相关性有关,在引入Newmark累积位移分析方法开展地震滑坡危险性评估的同时,应尽快建立考虑地震动衰减特征和工程地质背景的Newmark位移预测模型,为中国潜在地震滑坡危险性预测评估、震后滑坡快速评估等提供技术支撑。