滇池富营养化时空特征评价

1IntroductionEutrophication is the most widespread water quality problem in China and many other countries. Symptoms such as high levels of chlorophyll a, excessive seaweed blooms, occurrence of anoxia and hypoxia have occurred in many areas. Water-qualit…     

滇池水体富营养化特征分析及控制对策探讨

20世纪 70年代以来 ,云南滇池水体富营养化问题日益严重 ,已成为制约滇池流域可持续发展的重要因素。本文以叶绿素 a( Chla)、TP、TN、CODMn和透明度 ( SD)等表征富营养化的指标作为评价因子 ,综合评价和分析了滇池水体富营养化变化特征及其成因。在此基础上 ,总结了过去滇池水体富营养化的防止措施 ,指出偏重外源控制、防护林体系不完善、底泥清除技术不合理是阻碍解决滇池富营养化的主要问题。针对这些问题 ,建议将恢复湖泊生态系统、控制内外污染源以及强化流域环境管理作为新的控制对策.     

基于滇池水生态系统演替的富营养化控制策略

自20世纪80年代以来,滇池开始爆发大规模蓝藻水华。滇池治理一直以提高水质为主要目标,以污染控制为主要手段。近10年来,滇池水质虽呈现明显好转趋势,但长期实施的污染控制工程并未有效抑制蓝藻水华爆发。通过浅析滇池富营养化特征,分析当前治理思路和方法中存在的不足,并结合生态系统稳态转换理论和一些国内外富营养湖泊治理经验,认为滇池具备在较高营养盐浓度(V类水质)下恢复清水草型生态系统的可能性,提出滇池治理可以适当降低对水质的要求,在污染物控制的基础上辅以生态修复措施的治理思路,最终实现滇池生态系统由浊水-藻型向清水-草型演替。     

滇池内湖滨带底泥的有机质分布规律

2008年4月,用自制柱状采泥器及彼德森采泥器在滇池草海和外海采集内湖滨带底泥柱状样(每5 cm分一层)和表层样(0～10 cm).其中,草海内湖滨带底泥表层样12个,柱状样9个;外海内湖滨带底泥表层样22个,柱状样7个.研究结果表明,滇池内湖滨带底泥表层有机质含量为2.20～154.62 g/kg,滇池草海内湖滨带底泥中平均有机质含量为76.94 g/kg,明显高于外海(16.56 g/kg),这主要是因为草海是沼泽化湖湾且附近村落密集;草海内湖滨带底泥有机质含量的最大值出现在西岸,而外海内湖滨带底泥有机质含量也是西岸高于东岸,这主要是由于周围农业和渔业的影响所致.由于外源污染输入量及湖内自净能力等的综合作用逐年波动,使内湖滨带底泥有机质含量垂直分布未明显随深度增加而一直增加或降低.滇池内湖滨带底泥表层pH为7.03～7.96,略偏碱性,外海内湖滨带底泥pH水平略高于草海,底泥含水率除个别采样点外变化不大,多数低于50%.     

滇池北岸大清河湿地景观植物配置研究

通过对大清河湿地植物分层次的筛选,根据生态学、湿地学、植物学、美学相关理论,依据植物的生态习性及湿地的区域划分,将大清河湿地划分为深水区、浅水区、沼泽区、水边及岸带区和陆地区五大区域,并分层次进行相应的植物配置,提出挺水植物+浮水植物+沉水植物、挺水植物+浮水植物、挺水植物片植、单层乔木片植、草本+挺水植物、乔木+灌木+草本6种配置模式。     

Sediment accumulation of Dianchi Lake determined by 137Cs dating

The water quality of Dianchi Lake declines quickly and the eutrophication is getting serious. To identify the internal pollution load of Dianchi Lake it is necessary to evaluate its sediment accumulation. Sedimentation rates of Dianchi Lake are determined by 137Cs dating. However, 137Cs vertical distribution in sediment cores of Dianchi Lake has special characteristics because Dianchi Lake is located on the southeast of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the Kunming quasi-stationary front is over the borders of Yunnan and Guizhou where the specific precipitation is distributed. Besides 1954, 1963 and 1986 137Cs marks can be determined in sediment cores, a 137Cs mark of 1976 representing the major period of 137Cs released from China unclear test can be determined and used for an auxiliary dating mark. Meanwhile Dianchi Lake is divided into seven sections based on the water depth, basin topography, hydrological features and supplies of silt and the lakebed area of each section is calculated. The mean annual sedimentation rates for seven sections are 0.0810, 0.1352, 0.1457, 0.1333, 0.0904, 0.1267 and 0.1023 g/cm2a in 1963–2003, respectively. The gross sediment accumulation of the lake is 26.18×104 t/a in recent 17 years and 39.86×104 t/a in recent 50 years.     

借助137Cs估算滇池沉积量

The water quality of Dianchi Lake declines quickly and the eutrophication is getting serious. To identify the internal pollution load of Dianchi Lake it is necessary to evaluate its sediment accumulation. Sedimentation rates of Dianchi Lake are determined by 137Cs dating. However, 137Cs vertical distribution in sediment cores of Dianchi Lake has special character-istics because Dianchi Lake is located on the southeast of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the Kunming quasi-stationary front is over the borders of Yunnan and Guizhou where the specific precipitation is distributed. Besides 1954, 1963 and 1986 137Cs marks can be determined in sediment cores, a 137Cs mark of 1976 representing the major period of 137Cs released from China unclear test can be determined and used for an auxiliary dating mark. Meanwhile Di-anchi Lake is divided into seven sections based on the water depth, basin topography, hy-drological features and supplies of silt and the lakebed area of each section is calculated. The mean annual sedimentation rates for seven sections are 0.0810, 0.1352, 0.1457, 0.1333, 0.0904, 0.1267 and 0.1023 g/cm2 a in 1963-2003, respectively. The gross sediment accu-mulation of the lake is 26.18×104 t/a in recent 17 years and 39.86×104 t/a in recent 50 years.     

基于137Cs计年法估算滇池沉积物重金属负荷

根据滇池流域地貌、湖盆形态、物源供给等,用GIS方法将滇池外海分作7个区域,以¹³⁷Cs计年法确定各区域上部沉积物3个沉积时段为1954~1963、1963~1986、1986~2003年,测算不同时段各区域的泥沙年均沉积通量和年均蓄积量,与当地实情及他人用其它方法研究对照,结果可以吻合。在此基础上,结合实验室测量,估算各区域的Cu、Cr、Cd、Pb、Hg、Zn在各时段的年均沉积通量,得到1963~2003年期间滇池沉积物几种重金属负荷分别达到1040.8、1054.0、11.2、824.7、2.5、2465.6 t。故应十分重视滇池沉积物中重金属,采用减少重金属和泥沙入湖量并举的措施控制沉积物重金属负荷的进一步增长。     

借助137Cs估算滇池沉积量

根据137Cs测量值和具体区位判断,滇池流域土壤与湖泊沉积物中的137Cs是世界与中国核试验生成物叠加的结果,由此在滇池沉积物中识别出1954年、1963年、1976年、1986年几个特定年份的沉积层(时标)。计算不同时标间的沉积物质量,可求出不同时段单位面积上的年均沉积质量,不同湖区该值有差别,但符合湖心沉积低于湖岸的湖泊沉积规律。又参照滇池流域地貌、物源供给、湖盆形态及采样点等,借助GIS方法将滇池湖区划分为远岸湖心区(I)、近岸湖心区(II)、湖西区(III)、湖东区(IV)和湖南区(V),并计算各区底面积;然后将面积与年均沉积质量相乘,得到不同时段各区域的年均沉积总量1954~2003年与I~V区对应的年均沉积总量(104t/a)分别是6.85、8.90、8.43、9.82和5.91,滇池外海的总沉积量为39.91×104t/a。这些结果与当地实情吻合,与他人的研究结果也非常一致。     

流域非点源污染模拟研究--以滇池流域为例

流域的水质管理是一个多步骤的过程,数学模型以其定量计算和动态操作在流域管理中起着重要作用。本文利用美国EPA开发的HSPF(HydrologicalSimulationProgramFortran)模型,选取云南滇池流域作为案例,给出非点源污染模型流域水文水质的模拟过程。首先在子流域划分的基础上,完成数据库的建立。参数估值主要依据流域性质、先前经验值、其他模拟研究和文献中的取值。参数优化、模型校正和模拟验证是采用流域河流出口流量和污染物浓度值完成。最后用校正后的模型计算了滇池流域河流入湖流量及各子流域污染总负荷量与非点源污染负荷量。     

滇池流域湖滨生态带建设管理机制及政策研究

通过对滇池流域湖滨生态带建设的资料收集及实地调查研究,分析了滇池流域社会经济和生态环境现状,探索出滇池湖滨生态带建设管理的3种模式:政府管理、企业管理以及政府-企业共同管理,并比较了3种模式的优劣势。建议根据不同类型生态带建设的实际情况采取相应的管理模式,对滇池流域生态补偿政策及各类型区生态补偿现状进行了分析,总结出适合滇池湿地生态补偿的机制与政策。     

基于Dyna-CLUE模型的滇池流域土地利用情景设计与模拟

以滇池流域为研究对象,基于1999年、2002年两期TM遥感解译数据和区域自然与社会经济数据,应用Dyna-CLUE模型模拟2008年滇池土地利用空间分布。结合滇池流域土地利用变化趋势与退耕还林政策,设定了三种土地需求情景,模拟2022年区域土地利用空间分布情况。研究结果表明：① 两期模拟结果Kappa系数分别为0.6814与0.7124,具有高度的一致性,表明Dyna-CLUE模型在滇池流域有较强的适用性。② 三种情景的模拟结果显示,至2022年流域内未利用地、耕地显著减少,建设用地、林地显著增加,水域与草地相对变化较小,因加大退耕还林政策实施力度,三种情景中,位于官渡区、呈贡区、嵩明县及晋宁县的耕地与林地呈现不同的变化情况。③ 滇池流域建设用地扩张,增加了滇池非点源污染负荷。不合理的土地利用布局,将会恶化滇池水质,加剧水环境压力。研究结果可为未来滇池流域土地利用合理规划与非点源污染控制提供参考依据和决策支持。     

Sediment accumulation of Dianchi Lake determined by 137Cs dating

The water quality of Dianchi Lake declines quickly and the eutrophication is getting serious. To identify the internal pollution load of Dianchi Lake it is necessary to evaluate its sediment accumulation. Sedimentation rates of Dianchi Lake are determined by ¹³⁷Cs dating. However, ¹³⁷Cs vertical distribution in sediment cores of Dianchi Lake has special characteristics because Dianchi Lake is located on the southeast of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the Kunming quasi-stationary front is over the borders of Yunnan and Guizhou where the specific precipitation is distributed. Besides 1954, 1963 and 1986 ¹³⁷Cs marks can be determined in sediment cores, a ¹³⁷Cs mark of 1976 representing the major period of ¹³⁷Cs released from China unclear test can be determined and used for an auxiliary dating mark. Meanwhile Dianchi Lake is divided into seven sections based on the water depth, basin topography, hydrological features and supplies of silt and the lakebed area of each section is calculated. The mean annual sedimentation rates for seven sections are 0.0810, 0.1352, 0.1457, 0.1333, 0.0904, 0.1267 and 0.1023 g/cm²a in 1963–2003, respectively. The gross sediment accumulation of the lake is 26.18×10⁴ t/a in recent 17 years and 39.86×10⁴ t/a in recent 50 years. Foundation: National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.40771186; The Key Project of the State Key Laboratory of Soil Sustainable Agriculture, Nanjing Institute of Soil Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.5022505 Author: Zhang Yan (1962–), Ph.D and Associate Professor, specialized in environmental change.     

滇池不同流域类型降雨径流对河流氮磷入湖总量的影响

通过对滇池三种不同流域类型的雨季初始期三场降雨径流的汇水河道的入湖口水质和流量监测 ,重点分析了典型城市纳污河流、城乡结合型河道和农业重污染区河道的营养盐携带状况与特征。研究结果表明 :不同流域类型河流的氮磷营养盐入湖总量受降雨过程及特征、流域类型特征、降雨径流流量、径流水营养盐浓度综合控制。城乡结合型河道 (大清河 )有最高的TP、KN (凯氏N)、NH3 N、NO3 N和NO2 N入湖总量 ,三场降雨累积量分别为11374 3、 12 7971 7、 85 36 5 4、 92 3 4和 84 1 2kg ;城市纳污河流 (乌龙河 )有最高的单位面积入湖总量负荷 ,TP、KN、NH3 N和NO2 N分别为 5 35 7、 5 86 0 5、 382 1 9和 2 4 6kg/km2 。     

云南滇池近现代沉积速率及气候干湿变化的粒度记录

通过对云南滇池沉积物柱芯DC1样品的放射性核素137Cs和Pb210测试分析,发现该柱芯Cs137自1954年首次沉降以来存在1963年、1975年和1986年三个较为明显的蓄积峰,获得滇池自Cs137相应的时标年份到2007年的平均沉积速率分别为0.062g/cm2·a-1、0.051cm2·a-1, 0.049cm...     

滇池700年来气候变化与人类活动的湖泊环境响应研究

通过对滇池剖面沉积物质量磁化率、δ18O、δ13C同位素、粒度、矿物成分、CaCO3、有机质、铁、粘土矿物元素的测定,利用210Pb测年,恢复了滇池地区近700年来的气候变化。通过对湖泊沉积记录的分析,发现滇池经历了两个高湖水期和一个低湖水期,具有明显的200年气候周期性;本区气候变化具有冷湿-暖干的气候变化特征。滇池沉积记录包含了人类活动的信息,揭示了人类疏挖海口河,改变了湖泊沉积速率;最近十几年,工农业活动污染物进入湖泊,改变了湖泊的营养度,是滇池迅速富营养化的阶段。     

扎龙湿地克钦湖富营养化状态的高光谱遥感评价

通过分析扎龙湿地克钦湖水体高光谱反射率与水质参数的相关关系,采用单波段、波段比值等算法分别选取特征波长建立水质参数的高光谱定量模型,并且结合修正营养状态指数(TSIM)和综合营养状态指数法,对水体的富营养化程度进行了监测和评价。结果表明,单波段归一化反射率对叶绿素a估测模型效果较为理想;利用高光谱一阶微分反射率,诊断各水质参数的敏感波段,建立线性模型,确定了TN、TP、SD、CODMn的敏感波段分别为733 nm、765 nm、782 nm、680 nm。单因素水质参数评价水体富营养化水平具有一定的局限性。综合考虑多个水质指标,对水质的富营养化程度进行了评价,结果显示,克钦湖水体呈现出中营养化状态,需要采取一定的措施,防范于未然。     

The spatial-temporal changes of the land use/cover in the Dongting Lake area during the last decade

The research on the land use/cover change is one of the frontiers and the hot spots in the global change research. Based on the Chinese resource and environment spatial-temporal database, and using the Landsat TM and ETM data of 1990 and 2000 respectively, we analyzed the spatial-temporal characteristics of land use/cover changes in the Dongting Lake area during the last decade. The result shows that during the last ten years there were three land-use types that had changed remarkably. The cultivated land decreased by 0.57% of the total cultivated land. The built-up land and water area expanded, with an increase of 8.97% and 0.43% respectively. The conversion between land use types mostly happened among these three land-use types, especially frequently between cultivated land and water area. The land-use change speed of land-use type is different. Three cities experienced the greatest degree of land-use change among all the administrative districts, which means that the land use in these cities changed much quickly. The following changed area was the west and south of the Dongting Lake area. The slowest changed area is the north and east area.     

从国际治湖经验探讨太湖富营养化的治理

湖泊富营养化已经成为影响湖泊流域社会经济可持续发展的因素之一,应该充分认识目前我国湖泊富营养化问题的普遍性以及解决问题的迫切性。从国际湖泊富营养化治理的经验看,有效地控制面源和点源污染仍然是湖泊富营养化治理的重要前提;颁布严格的保护水资源的法律,确保饮用水安全是重中之重;应建立全流域统一的水资源保护合作机制,特别是注重把流域综合管理的思想引入湖泊富营养化治理;制定长期的湖泊富营养化治理计划, 细化具体的阶段治理目标。坚持湖泊治理的方向,不能放弃太湖的治理。     

太湖富营养化遥感评价研究

讨论利用Landsat/TM数据进行太湖富营养化评价的可行性,提出一种与常规湖泊富营养化评价方法(综合营养状态指数法)接轨的遥感评价新方法,建立了太湖富营养化遥感评价模型(中国湖泊营养状态指数模型TSIc),利用Landsat/TM数据定量反演出的太湖Chl - a浓度作为TSIc模型的输入变量,计算出太湖营养状态TSIc值,最后按照湖泊富营养化评价分级标准将太湖营养状态分为贫营养(TSIc＜30)、中营养(30≤TSIc≤50)、轻度富营养(50＜TSIc≤60)、中度富营养(60＜TSIc≤70)和重度富营养(＞70)5级.