实施农业名牌战略,创建梅州特色农业品牌的构想

实施农业名牌战略，既是适应社会经济发展和提高农业综合效益的需要，也是实现区域农业可持续发展的必然选择，必须遵循“市场导向、特色优势、绿色发展”3大原则。梅州市具有发展特色农业，构建名牌的有利条件，应在制定创名牌规划、开发无公害优质农产品、创造培育农业名牌的制度环境和经营机制3方面寻求对策。     

阴山山地农业生态环境的建设途径

阴山山地地貌类型复杂，自然条件与土地利用区域差异显著，自然带的垂直带谱比较明显。多年来开发利用没有遵循自然规律，造成生态系统失调，水土流失和沙漠化。农业生态环境建设的途径是：调整农牧林的布局，加强滩地与旱地农田的基本建设，提高森林的覆盖率，种草养畜发展牧业。     

Combating desertification in the Negev: dryland agriculture vs. dryland urbanization

The Negev region occupies nearly two-third of Israel's land area (21,671 km²) but hosts less than 9% of its 6.5 million strong population. Until recently, the process of desertification did not affect the Negev profoundly. This was mainly due to large-scale afforestation programs, restrictions imposed on grazing, and large water subsidies from the less arid part of the country to its more arid part. However, there are some indications that the process of desertification in the Negev has already started and may accelerate in the future. In light of this trend, the efficient long-term strategy for the Negev's development is essential. The present study compares two alternative strategies of the Negev's future development: agricultural expansion vs. urbanization path. Two basic criteria—the minimization of adverse environmental impacts and economic feasibility—are used for the evaluation. The urbanization path is found to be preferable. Since agriculture and livestock grazing are the major contributors to desertification, replacing them with urban development may lessen the risk of desertification in the future. In contrast, urban development, if properly planned and regulated, may reduce the spatial extent of the area affected by agricultural development, and thus minimize the anthropogenic impact on the desert environment. Economic reason is also important: While even in the future, agricultural production in the Negev may remain limited due to economic considerations, urban development may justify the often-large investment required for the provision of fresh water.     

甘肃省农业生态系统能值演变与趋势

应用能值分析的方法,研究了甘肃省1991-2010年农业生态系统的能值投入及产出结构,并通过计算、对比能值评价指标,分析了甘肃省农业生态系统的发展状况及变化趋势。结果显示：（1）近20年来,甘肃省农业生态系统的能值投入和产出都呈现增长趋势,系统能值产出的增长速度（85%）高于能值投入的增长速度（21%）;（2）环境资源对甘肃省农业生态系统的贡献很大,但农业生态系统仍主要依赖于经济能值的投入（化肥、农药、农用机械、电力等）,农业生态系统的产出能值以种植业和畜牧业为主,农业结构得到改善,系统稳定性得到加强;（3）甘肃省农业的机械化水平和农业技术逐步提高,系统的生产效率逐步增强,但仍然处于低水平发展阶段,属于消费型农业生态系统,具有较为明显的粗放式发展特征;（4）甘肃省应注重发展生态农业,减少化肥、农药、农膜等对系统生态环境所造成的干扰。     

东北三省粮食主产区农业比较优势与增长 优势时空演变研究

采用区位商和增长商指数,对1990—2018年黑龙江、吉林和辽宁三省的农业,及种植业、林业、畜牧业和渔业的比较优势和增长优势进行研究。结果表明：①从比较优势看,黑龙江省的农业、种植业、畜牧业和林业,吉林省的畜牧业,以及辽宁省的渔业和畜牧业,在全国具有突出的比较优势;东北三省的玉米、黑龙江省的大豆,及黑龙江和吉林省的牛肉生产具有显著的比较优势。②从增长优势看,1990—2018年,东北三省的种植业经济增速迟缓,而畜牧业经济具有明显的部门增长优势和区域增长优势,且增长优势突出,发展潜力较大。③从空间格局看,东北三省有75%的地级市农业具有比较优势;72%的地级市畜牧业产值增速高于全国平均水平,具有部门增长优势,优势突出。尽管东北三省种植业在全国的比较优势较强,但其产值增长速度相对迟缓。为推进粮食主产区农业发展,应提高现代农业发展水平,促进农业综合发展。     

农业地域类型的识别及其演进特征——以106国道沿线典型样带区为例

构建农业地域类型的辨识指标体系,采用农用地动态度、农用地优势度、重心模型和空间自相关模型,分析1996、2000和2009年106国道沿线样带区农业地域类型的时空格局、演进特征及其驱动机制。结果表明:① 研究区农业发展的社会经济条件地域差异显著,呈现北高南低的梯度分布规律,并在样带中南部形成“低谷区”。② 农用地结构、利用程度与方式变化显著。耕地减少326.17×10³ hm²,北部快于南部地区,山地丘陵区快于平原农区;园地和林地逐渐向优势区集中,牧草地总体变化不明显;垦殖指数有所下降,耕地承载人口压力日益增加,水浇地面积比重大。③ 农业仍然是主要部门,其次为畜牧业、林业和渔业;果品、蔬菜生产在全国占据重要地位。样带区东部平原县农业优势高于西部山地丘陵县,而牧业比较优势则是西部高于东部,林业比较优势呈由南向北逐渐增强的态势,南部渔业优势突出。④ 农业投入产出效益逐年递增,且有加速趋势。⑤ 农业地域类型的形成与演变受自然资源禀赋、人口变化、经济增长、技术革新和政策体制等因素的综合影响,但各时期的主导驱动机制有所差别。     

岩溶脆弱生态区农业可持续发展模式创新构想——岩溶流水养鱼生态沟驱动模式

以贵州省为例,借鉴传统农业开发模式,充分挖掘岩溶区资源优势,通过改造传统养鱼业,提升产品质量,将生态农业开发、特色冷水鱼养殖、生态环境保护与旅游业“串并”结合,实现融合互动,提出岩溶区农业可持续发展新模式——岩溶流水养鱼生态沟驱动模式.进而阐述其概念和内涵,在此基础上,从资源依托性、经济价值、生态效应、交通和市场角度,分析该模式在岩溶区实施的可行性.研究表明:岩溶流水养鱼生态沟驱动模式是有别于岩溶区传统农业发展模式的创新模式,在岩溶区具有推广的可行性以及生态和经济价值,是充分利用当地资源,使农业增产,农民     

Women in agriculture: advocates for a gendered sustainable agriculture

A gendered consideration of rural geography has been barely discernible within Australian and New Zealand literature. The notable exceptions in this case have illustrated the complexity and merit of studying the gender patterns and relations of rural life. Outside geography, there is an expanding literature on rural women in Australia. These works parallel significant developments in the lives and politics of rural and agricultural women themselves. This paper reports selected findings from a study of the women in agriculture movement in Australia. As such, it illustrates the increased awareness of the gendered conditions of farming. The women in agriculture movement works to increase the recognition of women's contribution to agriculture. In doing so it affirms the legitimacy of women farmers’ voices and perspectives. There will be no sustainable rural systems while half the rural population is unseen or unheard. Women in agriculture demonstrate a social dimension of sustainability. They highlight the need to integrate gender equity and a ‘wider‐than‐economic’ conceptualisation of sustainable agriculture. Their actions can stimulate rural geographers to further consider the social and political aspects of rural sustainability beyond the conventional farm/industry and community service sites we usually consider.     

Collembola diversity in changing agricultural landscapes of the Thar Desert: A case study in Sriganganagar district of Rajasthan, India

Seven species of Collembola were recorded from the Thar Desert in India for the first time. Their existence and establishment has been attributed to the change in land use pattern of Sriganganagar district due to the development of canal irrigation. Sampling was done at two distant localities, in which one has been under irrigated agricultural activities since 60–70 years, while at the second locality, such activities began 20 years back. Two species, Xenylla obscura and Isotomodes dagamae, dominated the collembolan communities at all sites. The samples from first locality were rich both in number of individuals as well as species. The sites were hierarchically clustered into a dendrogram to present an analytical picture of community development of collembolan species against the time-scale of succession. Attention was sought to study the insect fauna and their activities in relation to the ongoing greening the desert program.     

Downstream variation in bankfull width of wadeable streams across the conterminous United States

Bankfull channel width is a fundamental measure of stream size and a key parameter of interest for many applications in hydrology, fluvial geomorphology, and stream ecology. We developed downstream hydraulic geometry relationships for bankfull channel width w as a function of drainage area A, w = α A^β, (DHG_wA) for nine aggregate ecoregions comprising the conterminous United States using 1588 sites from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's National Wadeable Streams Assessment (WSA), including 1152 sites from a randomized probability survey sample. Sampled stream reaches ranged from 1 to 75 m in bankfull width and 1 to 10,000 km² in drainage area. The DHG_wA exponent β, which expresses the rate at which bankfull stream width scales with drainage area, fell into three distinct clusters ranging from 0.22 to 0.38. Width increases more rapidly with basin area in the humid Eastern Highlands (encompassing the Northern and Southern Appalachians and the Ozark Mountains) and the Upper Midwest (Great Lakes region) than for the West (both mountainous and xeric areas), the southeastern Coastal Plain, and the Northern Plains (the Dakotas and Montana). Stream width increases least rapidly with basin area in the Temperate Plains (cornbelt) and Southern Plains (Great Prairies) in the heartland. The coefficient of determination (r²) was least in the noncoastal plains (0.36–0.41) and greatest in the Appalachians and Upper Midwest (0.68–0.77). DHG_wA equations differed between streams with dominantly fine bed material (silt/sand) and those with dominantly coarse bed material (gravel/cobble/boulder) in six of the nine analysis regions. Where DHG_wA equations varied by sediment size, fine-bedded streams were consistently narrower than coarse-bedded streams. Within the Western Mountains ecoregion, where there were sufficient sites to develop DHG_wA relationships at a finer spatial scale, α and β ranged from 1.23 to 3.79 and 0.23 to 0.40, respectively, with r² > 0.50 for 10 of 13 subregions (range: 0.36 to 0.92). Enhanced DHG equations incorporating additional data for three landscape variables that can be derived from GIS—mean annual precipitation, elevation, and mean reach slope—significantly improved equation fit and predictive value in several regions, most notably the Western Mountains and the Temperate Plains. Channel width was also related to human disturbance. We examined the influence of human disturbance on channel width using several indices of local and basinwide disturbance. Contrary to our expectations, the data suggest that the dominant response of channel width to human disturbance in the United States is a reduction in bankfull width in streams with greater disturbance, particularly in the Western Mountains (where population density, road density, agricultural land use, and local riparian disturbance were all negatively related to channel width) and in the Appalachians and New England (where urban and agricultural land cover and riparian disturbance were all negatively associated with channel width).     

模糊层次分析法在山区大农业发展决策中的应用

采用模糊层次分析方法,综合考虑自然资源条件和市场需求,分析并提出陇南山区白龙江流域各垂直气候层中农业各部门的优先发展顺序,为山区大农业发展提供决策依据。     

基于农业多功能性的中国全球重要农业文化遗产地旅游可持续发展研究（英文）

人口急剧增长,生物多样性减少和气候变化促使人们重新思考农业和生物多样性的未来,而传统农业的智慧与经验值得借鉴。2002年,联合国粮农组织(FAO)发起的全球重要农业文化遗产(GIAHS)项目,旨在通过保护这些具有价值的传统农业系统来促进农村地区可持续发展。旅游被认为是动态保护途径之一,不但能促进遗产地的经济发展,还能为游客提供认知与学习农业文化遗产的机会。然而,不当的旅游发展将会影响当地的文化与生活方式,不但会威胁旅游的可持续发展,而且会对这些独特的农业系统带来潜在的破坏。因此,农业文化遗产地旅游发展的适宜模式应当是以农业为基础的。本文基于农业多功能性构建了农业文化遗产地旅游发展框架,通过对农业多功能性的定量评估和农业和旅游业间关系的定性分析,提出了我国的4个遗产地旅游发展建议。同时,该框架还能为不同利益相关者决策其农业文化遗产的多种功能提供了一种方法。     

Sustainable Agriculture in the “Belt and Road” Region in Conjunction with the Sustainable Development Goals

The countries along the “Belt and Road” (B&R) should devote their efforts to top-level planning in the field of agriculture, so as to ensure the sustainable development of agriculture in the region. This will require a precise assessment of the sustainability of agriculture along the B&R. With a view to understanding the concept of sustainable agriculture along the B&R, combined with the interpretation of the agricultural objectives contained in the United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), this study uses statistical regression analysis and trend prediction to predict the social and economic development trends in terms of economic growth and urbanization in the countries along the B&R up until 2030, and the corresponding impacts on agricultural resources and the environment. The results show that the future prospects for agricultural resources and the environment along the B&R are not promising, and meeting the future food security needs of the region will be difficult. Only by adopting innovative policies and implementing strategic planning can the goals of sustainable agricultural development and food security by 2030 be achieved in this region. Therefore, countries along the B&R should formulate agricultural development strategies from three aspects: building an agricultural cooperation platform, setting up special funds, and innovating the agricultural cooperation mode, so as to achieve the sustainable development of agriculture in the region.     

1990-2006年中国农业可持续发展定量分析

以可持续发展理论为指导,尝试构建中国农业可持续发展综合评价指标体系,围绕人口、经济、资源生态、社会公平4个维度选取了28个指标,经AHP方法给指标赋权,运用综合指数模型对1990-2006年中国农业可持续发展水平和各维度间的协调度进行定量分析．研究结果表明：中国农业可持续发展水平综合得分逐年增高,人口、经济、资源生态、社会公平4个维度间协调度得分稳步上升．资源生态、经济、人口子系统可持续发展态势良好,社会公平性较差．据此,本研究认为,实现中国农业可持续发展一定要牢固树立农业可持续发展的科学发展观;高度重视人口、经济、资源生态和社会公平的协调发展;迅速提升农业劳动力素质;大力发展环境保护型农业．     

长株潭地区农业功能的时空变化特征及发展策略研究

以长株潭地区23个县市区为研究区域,分别从农产品供给功能、就业和社会保障功能、生态保育功能、文化传承和休闲功能构建评价指标体系,综合运用熵值法、多指标综合评价法和农业功能变化的时空差异诊断模型等方法对长株潭地区1998~2014年农业功能的时空动态变化特征进行研究,根据各地区功能特征提出农业功能发展调控策略。研究结果表明：① 长株潭地区农产品供给功能有大幅提升,其重心有向外进一步扩散趋势;长株潭地区核心区域劳动力就业与社会保障功能下降幅度较大;大围山、罗霄山脉等山地丘陵区生态保育功能优势进一步凸显;文化传承和休闲功能部分区域获得进一步发展,但空间变化差异较小。② 研究发现不同区域农业主导功能不同,根据各地区农业功能不同优势特征,结合自身特色因地制宜发展优势农业并提出相应的优化调控对策,从而为长株潭地区农业多功能发展与功能特征的识别及确定提供理论依据。     

东部旅游特色山区乡村发展分化及其驱动力——以浙江省平阳县为例

乡村旅游被认为是山区乡村振兴的有效模式,但即使在旅游山区,仍存在大量传统农村。论文以浙江省平阳县为例,运用参与式农村评估、GIS与遥感技术相结合,选取典型旅游村水口村和农业村法洪村,从农户生计变迁、乡村土地利用转型、宅基地功能演变3个方面分析旅游特色山区乡村发展及其分化。结果表明:① 生存型生计阶段(1949—1977年),法洪村和水口村高度依赖农业;组合型生计阶段(1978—2013年),两村由单一农业生计向农业和外出务工组合转变;发展型生计阶段(2014—2018年),法洪村以外出务工为主,水口村以旅游经营和外出经商并重。② 1978年前,两村地类变更主要是林地转为耕地;1978—2014年,主要是林地转为建设用地;2014年后,法洪村耕地转为林地、住宅用地,水口村林地、耕地转为旅游相关用地。③ 1978年前,两村宅基地均以农业生产功能为主;1978—2014年,两村宅基地的农业生产功能开始衰退;2014年后,法洪村以生活居住功能为主,水口村以旅游接待功能为主。④ 两村发展分化是自然环境、人文景观、能人带动、市场变化等综合影响的结果。研究认为,即使是在旅游特色山区,也只有自然和人文景观独特、有能人带动、顺应市场变化的乡村,才能较好地发展乡村旅游,大部分资源禀赋一般的乡村仍将以传统农业为主,因此,山区乡村振兴要顺势而为、择优助推。     

Environmental impact of economic development in peninsular malaysia: a review

Malaysia's rapid economic development in the two decades since independence has brought benefits to the nation as a whole. However, it has also produced problems in relation to the natural resources and the environment, particularly in Peninsular Malaysia. The urgency with which economic, social and political objectives have to be achieved through development has greatly taxed the nation's natural resources, such as land, forests and water, whilst the discharge of wastes of various kinds has resulted in the degradation of rivers, the seas and air. Serious pollution problems have surfaced in various forms and these have prompted the government to formulate policy guidelines on the environment vis-á-vis development. This paper reviews the different kinds of problems relating to resource exploitation and environmental deterioration and their implications with particular reference to Peninsular Malaysia.     

Relationships of Agricultural Land Use to an Expanded Road Network within Tropical Forest Landscapes of Cameroon and Republic of the Congo

Road building in Congo Basin forests has increased due to expansion of commercial logging, with potential to expose intact forests to greater establishment of agriculture. We developed new knowledge of agriculture clearing sizes, spatial patterns, and relationships with roads in seven case study sites comprising 7,529 km². Using very high spatial resolution satellite imagery, we mapped roads and rivers, plus clearings for agriculture, settlements, and logging. Mapped clearings (N = 1,781) ranged in size from 0.008 ha to more than 300 ha; most were smallholder agriculture, with 64 percent ≤ 1 ha. Statistical tests of spatial pattern confirmed that agriculture occurred in an inhomogeneous-aggregated pattern, suggesting interactions with other landscape elements. Proximity analyses showed that 76 percent of clearings were within 1 km of a road or river. Thirty-five percent of agriculture clearings were within 1 km of main public roads built before 1990, compared to 17 percent for logging roads built after 2000. Less than 6 percent of agriculture clearings were within 1 km of logging roads with overgrown canopies, suggesting transient relationships. Results based on fine-scale data provide new empirical support for understanding the interactions between agriculture and roads in one of the remaining relatively intact forest areas of the Congo Basin.     

‘Locationally disadvantaged’: planning governmentalities and peri-urban agricultural futures

ABSTRACT

Peri-urban areas are the interface between urban and rural regions, with these regions traditionally acting as foodbowls for adjacent urban areas. This peri-urban agriculture provides a diverse suite of benefits to urban areas. Increasingly, however, peri-urban areas are being converted to residential uses, driven in part by higher land values secured for land converted for residential development. In Sydney, planning and development has tended to treat peri-urban areas as ‘suburbs in waiting’. Using a Foucauldian governmentality approach, this paper investigates the prevailing rationalities in metropolitan-level strategic planning documents—in particular A Plan for Growing Sydney and the Draft South West District Plan—and how these rationalities relate to peri-urban agriculture. Our analysis shows that the three overarching rationalities—the global city, the compact city and the sustainability agenda—frame the urbanisation of peri-urban agricultural lands as necessary and inevitable, and only integrate agriculture as part of the future of the city of Sydney when it can be rationalised within the ‘global city’ narrative. As a result, peri-urban areas are not considered to have unique planning needs, but are imagined as latent spaces that will enable Sydney to meet its housing and job targets through their future development.