Finite-difference calculation of traveltimes based on rectangular grid

Introduction The calculation of seismic wave traveltimes is a basic and the most important step in tomo-graphy, seismic wave forward modeling and Kirchhoff prestack depth migration. Limitations withtraditional ray tracing fall into four categories. a) Analytical methods can only realize ray tracingfor simply varying velocity fields, so they have relative small applied-range; b) Shooting methodsof ray tracing can cause shadow zones. When the shadow zones exist the method will invalid; c)…     

ESTIMATION OF THE MINIMUM DENSITY CONTRAST OF A HOMOGENEOUS BODY AS AN AID TO THE INTERPRETATION OF GRAVITY ANOMALIES*

Goodacre A.K. 1980, Estimation of the Minimum Density Contrast of a Homogenous Body as an Aid to the Interpretation of Gravity Anomalies, Geophysical Prospecting 28, 408–414. The minimum density contrast value for which a homogeneous body will accurately reproduce an observed gravity low can often be used to determine whether the causative body is a low-density granite batholith or a sedimentary basin. If the minimum density contrast value is large, the anomaly source is probably a sedimentary basin; if it is small, the source may be either a sedimentary basin or a granite batholith. The minimum density contrast method is tested on the Cheshire Basin and the Weardale Granite.     

MESURES SISMIQUES PAR TRANSMISSION—APPLICATION AU GENIE CIVIL *

The new process of automatic determination of seismic velocities by well to well measurements (Bois et al., 1971, Geophysical Prospecting 19, 42-73) gives the possibility to increase the knowledge of oil reservoirs, by detecting large inhomogeneities between wells. It can also give useful informations on the mechanical properties of rocks in mining exploitation and civil engineering, by gallery to gallery measurements. An application of the method is given to the search for the proper location of an underground hydroelectric power plant, where the problem was to investigate the rock properties in a horizontal plane between two exploration galleries.     

TUTORIAL: RESEARCH,APPLICATIONS, AND PUBLICATIONS IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTROMAGNETIC METHODS*

How do papers on electrical and electromagnetic methods published in Geophysics and Geophysical Prospecting reflect the actual field application of the various techniques? Our study based on 10 volumes of the journals (1973–1982) suggests a rather good agreement. EM techniques are the most important both in the field and in print. However, an imbalance was detected in the subject matter. Too many published papers deal with theory, and too few with new instrumentation and techniques, case histories, and physical properties of rocks. Papers presented at annual meetings of the EAEG and SEG give a more even-handed and accurate view of geophysical activities. Unfortunately, many of our colleagues around the world are not able to attend the annual meetings regularly and depend on journals for their information. Practicing and research geophysicists should submit more papers on subjects that at present are not adequately covered.     

Lamé parameters inversion based on elastic impedance and its application

The Connolly (1999) elastic impedance (EI) equation is a function of P-wave velocity, S-wave velocity, density, and incidence angle. Conventional inversion methods based on this equation can only extract P-velocity, S-velocity, and density data directly and the elastic impedance at different incidence angles are not at the same scale, which makes comparison difficult. We propose a new elastic impedance equation based on the Gray et al. (1999) Zoeppritz approximation using Lamé parameters to address the conventional inversion method’s deficiencies. This equation has been normalized to unify the elastic impedance dimensions at different angles and used for inversion. Lamé parameters can be extracted directly from the elastic impedance data obtained from inversion using the linear relation between Lamé parameters and elastic impedance. The application example shows that the elastic parameters extracted using this new method are more stable and correct and can recover the reservoir information very well. The new method is an improvement on the conventional method based on Connolly’s equation. Wang Baoli graduated with a Bachelor’s degree in Prospecting Information and Engineering from the China University of Petroleum (East China) in 2004 and earned her Master’s degree from the department of Geophysical Prospecting and Information Technology in the China University of Petroleum ((East China) in 2006. She now studies for her PhD at the China University of Petroleum (East China). Her research interest is elastic impedance inversion.     

DIPOLE-DIPOLE DEEP GEOELECTRIC SOUNDINGS OVER GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURES*

Alfano L. 1980, Dipole-Dipole Deep Geodectric Soundings over Geological Structures, Geophysical Prospecting 28, 283–296. The dipole-dipole array is used for deep vertical geoelectric soundings for practical reasons. However, the data obtained are often too scattered and the quality is lower than that of a Schlumberger sounding. The mathematical transform from these fields data to the corresponding Schlumberger ones is needed. It is demonstrated that for more general underground structures different from plane parallel stratifications, only the continuous polar dipole-dipole array permits a general and reliable transform of this type. It follows that any other dipole-dipole array, (for instance the azimuthal, equatorial, parallel, perpendicular, etc.), are useless over complex structures, or in the presence of irregularities on the ground surface.     

CORRELATION OPTIQUE EN LUMIERE COHERENTE*

Fontanel , A., G. Grau , 1971, Corrélation optique en lumière cohérente, Geophysical Prospecting 19, 98–117. This paper describes a general bidimensional two-step method of correlation (or convolution) making use of the theory of holography. In the first step the light diffracted by one of the two plane transparent objects to be correlated interferes with the light diffracted by the other one. The hologram thus generated is photographed in the focal image plane of a convergent lens. Owing to the quadratic detection property of the photographic emulsion, the square of the modulus of the product of the spectra of the two objects considered is recorded on the photographic plate. In the second step the convolution product of the two objects appears when the hologram is illuminated with a beam of coherent light. In its geophysical application this optical method of convolution makes it easy for us to obtain the autocorrelogram of a seismic cross-section. This method also makes it possible to correlate each of the seismic traces by special precalculated optically-recorded filters.     

A NOTE ON CONVOLUTION AND PADDING FOR TWO-DIMENSIONAL DATA*

Gupta , V. K., and Ramani , N., 1978, A Note on Convolution and Padding for Two-Dimensional Data, Geophysical Prospecting 26, 214–217. Filtering of gridded data by means of two-dimensional generalized convolution results in a loss of data along the edges of the map. This loss can be counteracted by ‘padding’– filling the surrounding of the input map with some kind of data. Padding by algebraic extrapolation is assumed to be better than surrounding the maps with zeroes. A Føsrtran IV routine for padding by algebraic extrapolation is available from the authors.     

MAGNETOTELLURIC EFFECT OF DIPPING ANISOTROPIES*

Reddy , I. K., D. Rankin , 1971, Magnetotelluric Effect of Dipping Anisotropies, Geophysical Prospecting 19, 84–97. A solution is obtained for the magnetotelluric effect in the case of multi-layered earth, each layer containing dipping anisotropy, with the strike of anisotropy oriented at an arbitrary angle to the measuring directions. A technique to compute tensor impedances and tensor apparent resistivities is presented and the importance of anisotropies in magnetotelluric interpretation is discussed.     

ANALYSIS OF THE FOURIER SPECTRUM OF THE GRAVITY EFFECT DUE TO TWO-DIMENSIONAL TRIANGULAR PRISM *

Rao , K. G. C. and D. N. Avasthi , 1973, Analysis of the Fourier Spectrum of the Gravity Effect Due to Two-Dimensional Triangular Prism, Geophysical Prospecting 21, 526-542. Fourier Transform of the theoretical gravity effect due to a two-dimensional isosceles triangular prism has been derived. Evaluation of the model parameters from the analysis of the Fourier Spectrum has been outlined. Application of this method to synthetic gravity anomalies is shown.     

Magnetic storms

This talk provides a brief summary of the first conference devoted entirely to magnetic storms. The conference was held in Pasadena, California, at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 12-16 February 1996. Topics covered the relevant time-varying phenomena at the sun/corona, propagation of these structures through interplanetary space, the response of the magnetosphere from its interaction with these interplanetary structures, the formation of the storm- time ring-current (in particular the oxygen content of the ring-current), and storm ionospheric effects and ground based effects. A complementary summary is provided by Gonzalez et al. in EOS, 1996. The full set of review articles will be published in an AGU monograph and many of the contributed articles will appear in a special section of the Journal of Geophysical Research, Space Physics.     

Application of relaxation method to upward continuation of gravity and magnetic data

Summary The method of relaxation has been applied to the upward continuation of gravity and magnetic data. The method yields results that are more accurate than those given byPeters' scheme, and has certain added advantages. In an alternative approach, the finite Fourier sine transform has been used to reduce an area relaxation to a series of line relaxations. The results, again, are very satisfactory. Only the two-dimensional problem is considered, but, with the help of a digital computor, the method is directly extensible to three-dimensional problems.Presented at the symposium on Geophysical Prospecting held by the Central Board of Geophysics at Baroda (India) between Aug. 15–17, 1959. Published by kind permission of Secretary, Central Board of Geophysics.     

基于第二代Curvelet变换的面波压制(英文)

针对面波能量强、频率低、视速度低等特点,本文提出了基于第二代Curvelet变换的多尺度、多方向分解的面波压制方法,充分利用Curvelet变换的多尺度、多方向功能,分离出含有面波的尺度和方向然后利用面波与有效波在Curvelet域基本不重叠的特性,进行信噪分离处理。这种方法在实际叠前地震数据的处理中,能够有效压制面波,同时较好地保护有效反射波,特别是反射波的低频分量。文中提出的基于第二代Curvelet变换的去面波方法是一种较好的保幅去噪方法。     

ESTUARINE AND COASTAL SEDIMENTATION PROBLEMS

This keynote lecture addresses engineering sedimentation problems in estuarine and coastal environments and practical solutions of these problems based on the results of field measurements, laboratory scale models and numerical models. The three most basic design rules are: (1) try to understand the physical system based on available field data; perform new field measurements if the existing field data set is not sufficient (do not reduce on the budget for field measurements); (2)try to estimate the morphological effects of engineering works based on simple methods (rules of thumb, simplified models, analogy models, i.e. comparison with similar cases elsewhere); and (3)use detailed models for fine-tuning and determination of uncertainties (sensitivity study trying to find the most influencial parameters). Engineering works should be designed in such a way that side effects (sand trapping, sand starvation, downdrift erosion) are minimum. Furthermore, engineering works should be designed and constructed or built in harmony rather than in conflict with nature. This ‘building with nature‘ approach requires a profound understanding of the sediment transport processes in morphological systems.     

我国地球物理测井技术的发展与战略初探

油气测井是十大石油学科之一，是石油工业高新技术含量最多的学科之一。近70年来，从第一代的半自动测井仪到现在的第五代的成像测井仪，发展非常迅速。现在成像测井已成为油气测井发展的主流方向和未来趋势。我国的测井技术与国外相比，在常规测井资料分析、解释方面处于国际先进水来；在电磁、声波测井基础理论研究方面的差距并非很大；其主要差距是仪器、方法、应用基础研究、管理科学和软件上。在未来的发展中，应力求以解决勘探地质难题、和工程测井难题为重点发展适应我国需求的测井系统。     

The phase relations between the first arrivals of compressional and shear waves, and their signification to full wave logging

This paper describes the three phenomena observed in full wave experiments： 1. the amplitudes （absolute value） of the first compressional and shear arrivals have the same variation rules; 2. the phases of the first compressional and shear arrivals are always opposite to each other; and 3. the amplitude variation periods of the first compressional and shear arrivals are 2π. A full analysis and interpretation points out that these phenomena should appear under the full wave logging condition. Hence,the basis of using phase diffrences to extract useful information from the full wave is found.     

Rapid estimation of the hazard posed by strong aftershocks for Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands

This paper deals with the rapid estimation of the hazard posed by strong aftershocks for Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands based on the 12-hour aftershocks, namely, their rate, time of expectation, and maximum magnitude. The data set consists of main shocks and aftershocks as reported in the Catalog of the Kamchatka Branch of the Geophysical Survey, Russian Academy of Sciences (GS RAS) for 1968–2016. We used both the Gutenberg–Richter relation and the Omori–Utsu law to find that the aftershock rates in two time intervals are connected by a relationship of proportionality, with the constant of proportionality being independent of the lowest magnitude of these earthquakes. With this property in mind, we calculated the constants of proportionality for estimating the rate of aftershocks with a magnitude above threshold values based on the data for the first 12 hours after the main shock. We have derived easily remembered rules for estimating the aftershock rates that can be expected for 5 days and for 1 month with magnitudes above a fixed value based on the 12-hour aftershock observations. We also derived empirical regression relations to estimate the magnitude of the largest aftershock that can be expected to occur during 1 year after the main shock and the time of the last aftershock to occur whose magnitude is 5.2 or greater.     

STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES APPLIED TO BOREHOLE GEOPHYSICAL DATA IN GOLD EXPLORATION1

Gold, as a trace element, is not directly detectable by geophysical borehole logging techniques. Geophysical logging methods have therefore been used to infer the presence of structural features and alteration processes associated with gold. Since these features and processes differ with the style of gold mineralization, a unique relation between geophysical anomalies and gold cannot be established. However, in a particular environment, such an association can be established. We examined geophysical log data (self potential, induced polarization, resistivity, gamma, temperature, and temperature gradient) and drill core from the Barber-Larder property in NE Ontario. The geophysically detectable alteration processes associated with gold were identified as sericitization and pyritization, by means of factor analysis. A linear discriminant function was constructed which allowed the zones of economic mineralization (nominally 0.05 oz/ton or 1.5 ppm) to be identified with a 75% success rate based on geophysical log data alone. This rate was achieved without sophisticated non-linear data transformations.     

中国地球物理学会的成立与发展

本文较详细地叙述了中国地球物理学会成立的筹备情况、成立过程及其发展历史．中国地球物理学会自１９４７年８月３日在上海成立以来，不断发展壮大，由成立初期的几十名会员，发展到１９９３年底的１０４４９名；会员的分布由初期的石油、地矿、水文、气象、测量、海洋、科研、院校，扩展到有色、冶金、地震、核工业、空间科学、煤炭、铁道、工程勘察等近２０个部门．中国地球物理学会是名副其实的跨行业、跨部门的学会．中国地球物理学会在改革中前进     

地球物理和地球化学异常的多重分形分析与分解

地球物理和地球化学异常是找矿的重要依据,异常的空间结构性包括奇异性和自相似性.奇异性反映了地球化学元素在岩石等介质中的局部富集和贫化规律,根据不同的自相似性特征可以分离地球物理和地球化学异常的背景场和异常场,有利于进一步评价异常与矿化的关系.近年来出现了基于空间域、付立叶域、特征值空间、沃尔什域的C-A、C-D、S-A、MSDV、W-A等异常的分解和分析方法,并成功应用于对地球物理和地球化学异常的解释中.本文对这些方法进行了概括和总结,探讨了小波域进行多重分形分析的方法在地球化学异常的分析和分解中的应用.并以山东乳山市葛口-石城测区的Au为例,以小波变换下的多重分形方法分析了该地区金成矿的可能前景,与实际情况较为吻合.