Comparison of DC sensitivity patterns for anisotropic and isotropic media

Many rocks possess electrical properties with a clearly expressed anisotropy. The anisotropic character of the rocks is often overlooked in forming the Fréchet derivatives or sensitivity functions for parameter updating during the inversion of DC resistivity data. In this study we have compared the sensitivity patterns for an isotropic, homogeneous model with that for a transversely isotropic (i.e. anisotropic) model having a tilted axis of symmetry using a pole–pole array. The sensitivity functions are expressed in terms of the derivatives of the electric potential U with respect to the average conductivity σ_m (geometric mean of the longitudinal and transverse conductivities) and the coefficient of anisotropy λ. Results are plotted in both cross-section form and plan view for various dip and strike angles of the axis of symmetry. The derivative dU/dλ decreases more rapidly than the isotropic value dU/dσ, and shows pronounced asymmetry and weakening of magnitude with increasing dip of the plane of symmetry. The derivative dU/dσ_m also exhibits the asymmetric pattern (except for vertical and horizontal dip cases). The positive region between the electrodes only extends to a small depth compared to the isotropic derivative, even in the case of a vertical axis of symmetry (VTI medium). The ratio of this anisotropic derivative to the isotropic derivative, when plotted as a function of position and depth shows prominent differences in both the sign and the magnitude of the sensitivities, especially for steep dips and for strongly anisotropic rocks. The plot highlights the dangers of an isotropic assumption. Even for mildly anisotropic rocks (λ < 1.2) the possibility for error in interpretation is considerable. Combined borehole and surface measurements are needed to diagnose anisotropy. Further work is needed to design optimal electrode configurations in anisotropic situations.     

P-wave attenuation anisotropy in TI media and its application in fracture parameters inversion

The existence of aligned fractures in fluid-saturated rocks leads to obvious attenuation anisotropy and velocity anisotropy. Attenuation anisotropy analysis can be applied to estimate fracture density and scale, which provide important information for reservoir identification. This paper derives P-wave attenuation anisotropy in the ATI media where the symmetry axis is in the arbitrary direction theoretically and modifies the spectral ratio method to measure attenuation anisotropy in the ATI media, thus avoiding a large measurement error when applied to wide azimuth or full azimuth data. Fracture dip and azimuth can be estimated through attenuation anisotropy analysis. For small-scale fractures, fracture scale and fracture density can be determined with enhanced convergence if velocity and attenuation information are both used. We also apply the modified spectralratio method to microseismic field data from an oilfield in East China and extract the fracture dip through attenuation anisotropy analysis. The result agrees with the microseismic monitoring.     

各向异性半空间中浅埋孔洞对地表 反平面运动的影响

本文采用复变函数方法研究了稳态水平剪切波(SH波)在各向异性弹性半空间中任意形状孔洞上的散射及其对地面运动的影响.在变换空间中构造出自动满足各向异性半空间水平表面上应力为零的散射波函数,并根据孔洞表面应力为零的边界条件,采用最小二乘法求解散射波函数的系数.用介质的各向异性性质来模拟地质条件,给出了SH波作用下含圆孔、椭圆孔和方孔的各向异性半空间表面位移幅值的数值结果,并分析了介质特性、孔洞的形状、埋深、入射波波数及入射角度等因素对地面运动的影响规律.数值结果表明:介质的各向异性对含有孔洞的半空间表面的地表位移具有显著的影响;沿一定角度的入射波在某一频段内所引起的地表位移幅值比各向同性介质的可能要大,且随着孔洞埋深的增加,地表位移的幅值逐渐减小.      

航空像片在活断层研究中的应用

航片判读活断层的依据是断层地形学。航片判读活断层的关键是找出变位地形。变位地形是指由构造作用形成,非自然侵蚀作用所能形成的地形。航片判读变位地形的可信度分为三类。垂河向陡坎、背河向陡坎及反坡向陡坎被认为是可信度工的第四纪活动的变位地形。判读走滑断层的变位方向及变位量,需注意地貌面上的线性地物。利用不同变位基准的不同变位量可判读断层活动期次。本文通过中日航片判读活断层的14个实例,对变位地形的识别予以说明     

Effects of transverse electric anisotropy on self-potential anomalies

In the present paper is studied the influence of transverse ground anisotropy on the formation of self-potential (SP) anomalies produced by polarized bodies. It is concluded that SP anomalies produced by vertical dipoles of infinite length are displaced in the opposite direction of the dip angle of anisotropy. The equipotential lines are generally ellipses. SP anomalies produced by a vertical dipole of finite length are also displaced, have a negative and a positive centre and present the characteristics of an SP field produced by an inclined dipole in a homogeneous and isotropic ground. In both models, significant errors in the quantitative interpretation of SP anomalies may result from not taking ground anisotropy into account.     

球体内点位错产生的球型位移场：Ⅰ．理论

本文研究了ＳＮＲＥＩ模型内点位错产生的球型位移场．讨论了在用源函数表示的点力作用下的非奇次平衡方程的积分方法．通过定义位错Ｌｏｖｅ数，讨论了４种独立的位错解，并由此描述３种基本位错问题，即剪切位错、引张位错和爆破．导出了这３种位错产生的位移场的计算公式，可以用来计算任意位错源在任意点处的位移场．     

二维大地电磁各向异性参数对视电阻率的影响研究

大地电磁法是广泛应用于深部地质结构探测、油气和矿产资源勘查等领域的一种地球物理方法.电性各向异性对电磁观测数据有很大影响,但介质各向异性参数对不同模式视电阻率的影响还较少有较为系统的研究.本文基于Maxwell方程组,推导了二维大地电磁场在任意各向异性介质中电场和磁场相互耦合的变分方程,结合有限单元法及并行计算编写了二维大地电磁任意各向异性正演程序,采用三角形网格剖分.验证程序正确性后,以倾斜板状体作为模型来研究三个主轴电阻率及三个旋转欧拉角和四种模式的视电阻率之间的关系.结果表明,主轴各向异性时,xy模式视电阻率几乎只受x方向电阻率影响,yx模式视电阻率主要受y方向电阻率影响,但同时也受z方向电阻率一定影响;三个欧拉角中只有倾角不为零时,yx模式视电阻率受倾角大小的影响较大,xy模式视电阻率几乎不受倾角的影响;只有走向角不为零时,四种模式的视电阻率同时受x、y两个主轴电阻率和走向角的大小的影响.     

井下地电阻率观测影响系数分析——以江宁地震台为例

采用水平层状均匀介质中点电源位于任意深度时的电位解析表达式,以江宁台3层电性结构为例,分析了井下对称四极地电阻率观测时各层影响系数随深度、极距的变化,并结合探测深度探讨了实施井下观测时影响系数在选择供电极距和电极埋深时的作用。结果表明,对于"K"型电性结构,江宁台井下观测对地表、浅层干扰有较强的抑制作用,其短极距观测对地表、浅层干扰的抑制能力显著优于长极距观测;长极距观测在电极埋深H小于100m时对地表介质季节性的干扰具有放大作用;浅层影响系数一定时,电极埋深和供电极距需同时增加;江宁台井下观测供电极距AB/2取100～150m、电极埋深H为250m较为合理。     

Physical property anisotropy of foliated fault rocks: Study from the Nobeoka Thrust,Shimanto Belt,southwest Japan

To investigate the physical property anisotropies of foliated fault rocks in subduction zones, the hanging wall phyllites and footwall cataclasites exhumed along the Nobeoka Thrust, a fossilized out‐of‐sequence‐thrust in the Shimanto Belt, Japan, was focused. Discrete physical property (electric resistivity, P‐ and S‐wave velocities, and porosity) measurements were conducted employing geologic coordinates (depth‐parallel direction, strike direction, and maximum dip direction of foliation), using the core samples obtained from the Nobeoka Thrust Drilling Project and compared the data to borehole geophysical logs. A higher sample P‐wave velocity (Vp), lower S‐wave velocity (Vs), higher Vp/Vs, and lower sample porosity and resistivity compared to the logs, are inferred to have been caused by the larger sampling scale of the logs and lower fluid saturation of the borehole. The phyllites and cataclasites exhibited substantial vertical and horizontal anisotropy of Vp (0.4–17.3 % and 2.7–13.8 %, respectively), Vs (0.5–56 % and 7.7–43 %, respectively), and resistivity (0.9–119 % and 2.0–65.9 %, respectively). The physical property anisotropies are primarily affected by the dip angles of foliation. The fault rocks that have gentler dip angles exhibit a higher Vp in the strike and maximum dip direction and a lower Vp in the depth‐parallel direction. In contrast, the fault rocks that have steeply dipping structures show a higher Vp in the strike and depth‐parallel directions with a lower velocity in the maximum dip direction. Resistivity anisotropy show a trend opposite to that of the Vp in relation to the dip angles. Our results show lower Vp anisotropy than those obtained in previous studies, which measured wave speeds perpendicular or parallel to foliation under confining pressure. This study highlights the significance of dip angles on vertical properties in geophysical surveys across foliated fault rocks.     

HEAD WAVES IN TWO-DIMENSIONAL SEISMIC MODELS*

Studies made on head waves in a large number of two-dimensional horizontal and inclined layer seismic models are described. The assumption that the amplitude of head wave decreases exponentially with distance is found to be valid in horizontal layers. For the correct estimation of the head wave decay coefficient, the decrease of amplitude due to the divergence of wave energy should always be considered. The variations of head wave amplitude at large distances from the source appear to follow the theory of Heelan (1953). It is, however, concluded that the theory can only be verified from the measurements in models which have large velocity contrast and thick layer at the top. A prominent interference phenomenon between the direct and head wave has been observed near the critical distance. This is more marked for up-dip profile in the case of inclined layer models. The rate of head wave amplitude decrease with distance beyond the zone of interference is found to depend on dip angle, direction of the dip, and velocity contrast.     

Seismic Velocities and Anisotropy of the Lower Continental Crust: A Review

—Seismic anisotropy is often neglected in seismic studies of the earth’s crust. Since anisotropy is a common property of many typically deep crustal rocks, its potential contribution to solving questions of the deep crust is evaluated. The anisotropic seismic velocities obtained from laboratory measurements can be verified by computations based on the elastic constants and on numerical data pertaining to the texture of rock-forming minerals. For typical lower crustal rocks the influence of layering is significantly less important than the influence of rock texture. Surprisingly, most natural lower crustal rocks show a hexagonal type of anisotropy. Maximum anisotropy is observed for rocks with a high content of aligned mica. It seems possible to distinguish between layered intrusives and metasediments on the basis of in situ measurements of anisotropy, which can thus be used to validate different scenarios of crustal evolution.     

Results of the study of anisotropy of elastic properties of rocks from the Luchlompolo fault zone (Pechenga region,Kola Peninsula)

Elastic characteristics of rock samples from the Luchlompolo fault zone taken from outcrop surfaces are compared with elastic characteristics of core samples of the Kola ultradeep borehole taken in an analogous interval. An inversion consisting of a discrepancy between the schistosity levels of rocks in the borehole (below the Luchlompolo fault) and their analogues at the surface (above the fault) is explained by a considerable difference in the force actions that caused the schistosity and layering of rocks in the borehole and at the surface. A kinematic scheme of the fault is constructed, and a hypothesis about the existence of an inversion point (region) in the fault zone and its probable collecting properties is put forward.An inverse dependence of variations in density characteristics of rocks on acoustic dichroism and their elastic anisotropy coefficient for transverse waves is established for the first time.     

全空间条件下矿井瞬变电磁法粒子群优化反演研究

煤矿井下矿井瞬变电磁法(MTEM)探测中,电磁场呈全空间分布,全空间瞬变电磁反演是复杂的非线性问题,目前反演计算中全空间响应主要由半空间响应乘以全空间响应系数来得到,导致反演结果中顶板和底板异常(或前方和后方异常)叠加在一起难以分离,造成分辨率下降.论文提出采用粒子群优化算法(PSO)进行全空间MTEM反演,通过理论分析,在常规的粒子群算法基础上提出了一种新的进化公式改进策略,提高了粒子群算法的寻优能力.基于全空间瞬变电磁场理论,编写了粒子群算法反演程序,进行全空间条件下五层含巷道的复杂模型的反演计算.结合某矿井巷道顶板、底板岩层及断层含水性的探测实例,对实测数据进行反演计算和解释,探测结果得到钻探证实.研究表明,改进的粒子群优化算法对理论模型和实际资料的反演拟合程度较高,实现了矿井顶板、底板视电阻率异常的分离,提高了全空间瞬变电磁勘探资料的解释精度和分辨率.     

2014年新疆于田MS7.3地震同震位移及位错反演研究

利用于田震中300 km范围内的1个GPS连续站和12个GPS流动站数据,解算得到了2014年新疆于田M_S7.3地震地表同震位移,并反演了发震断层滑动分布,探讨此次地震对周边断裂的影响.地表同震位移结果显示,GPS观测到的同震位移范围在平行发震断裂带的北东-南西向约210 km,垂直发震断裂带的北西-南东方向约为120 km,同震位移量大于10 mm的测站位于震中距约120 km以内;同震位移特征整体表现为北东-南西方向的左旋走滑和北西-南东方向的拉张特征,其中在北东-南西方向,I069测站位移最大,约为32.1 mm,在北西-南东方向,XJYT测站位移最大,约为28.1 mm;位错反演结果表明,最大滑动位于北纬36.05°,东经82.60°,位于深部约16.6 km,最大错动量为2.75 m,反演震级为M_W7.0,同震错动呈椭圆形分布,以左旋走滑为主并具有正倾滑分量,两者最大比值约为2.5：1,同震错动延伸至地表,并向北东方向延伸,总破裂长度约50 km,地表最大错动约1.0 m;同震水平位移场模拟结果显示贡嘎错断裂、康西瓦断裂和普鲁断裂等不同位置主应变特征具有差异性,这种差异特征是否影响断裂带以及周围区域的应力构造特征,值得关注.     

ANISOTROPY AND TRANSVERSE ISOTROPY*

A number of authors in the exploration literature have written about anisotropy, but have restricted their discussions to wave propagation through rock having transverse isotropy with a vertical symmetry axis. This note shows that there are fundamental differences between transverse isotropy when the symmetry axis is vertical (normal to the free surface) and more general anisotropy with an azimuthal variation of properties. These differences are important now that effective azimuthal shear-wave anisotropy resulting from aligned cracks and pores is becoming recognized as a significant property of crustal rocks.     

New paleomagnetic and magnetic fabric results for Early Cretaceous rocks from the Turpan intramontane basin,east Tianshan,northwest China

~~New paleomagnetic and magnetic fabric results for Early Cretaceous rocks from the Turpan intramontane basin,east Tianshan,northwest China~~     

Estimation of geological dip and reflector curvature from zero-offset seismic reflections in heterogeneous anisotropic media

Depth conversion of selected seismic reflections is a valuable procedure to position key reflectors in depth in a process of constructing or refining a depth-velocity model. The most widespread example of such procedure is the so-called map migration, in which normal-incidence, zero-offset (stacked) seismic data are employed. Since the late seventies and early eighties, under the assumption of an isotropic velocity model, map migration algorithms have been devised to convert traveltime and its first and second derivatives into reflector position, dip and curvatures in depth. In this work we revisit map migration to improve the existing algorithms in the following accounts: (a) We allow for fully anisotropic media; (b) In contrast to simple planar measurement surface, arbitrary topography is allowed, thus enlarging the algorithms applicability and (c) Derivations and results are much simplified upon the use of the methodology of surface-to-surface paraxial matrices.     

层状垂直各向异性介质海洋CSEM发射源及接收站姿态和位置对电磁响应影响研究

众所周知,电阻率各向异性对海洋可控源电磁(CSEM)响应有显著影响.在模拟和解释海洋可控源电磁资料时,通常假设接收站布放于平稳的海底,发射源以理想的水平电偶极源形式按预设路径拖曳前进.然而,在实际海洋作业中,自由下沉的接收站可能沉降在局部倾斜的海底面上,在海底的方位可能是任意取向的.同时,由于洋流等因素的影响,发射源偶极子会发生旋转、倾斜,其位置也会偏离预设的拖曳路径,所以发射源和接收站姿态的变化都将对电磁资料产生影响.本文计算了电阻率各向异性介质中,发射源任意姿态任意位置激发、接收站任意姿态任意位置接收的海洋CSEM响应,分析观测系统引起数据误差的机制,分别在电阻率各向同性、围岩电阻率各向异性和高阻储层电阻率各向异性三种模型中,讨论发射源和接收站的姿态及位置变化对响应的影响.计算结果表明,电磁场振幅误差主要来源于发射源和接收站的倾斜角,而相位的变化为发射源位置和接收站倾斜角、位置共同影响的结果.     

On two-dimensional elastic dislocations in a multilayered half-space

The two-dimensional problem of a long displacement dislocation in a multilayered half-space is studied. Both plane strain and antiplane strain cases are considered. The Thomson-Haskell matrix method is used to obtain the static field caused by the dislocation. The source is represented in terms of the jumps at the source level in the depth-dependent factors in the Fourier integral representation of the displacements and stresses due to the source in an infinite medium. Explicit expressions for the surface displacements due to dip-slip and strike-slip faults of arbitrary dip are obtained. The formulation developed is quite convenient for numerical computation.     

利用弹性张量解析表达式识别任意空间取向TI介质

利用任意空间取向横向各向同性介质( ATI)的弹性张量解析表达式,分析ATI弹性常数之间的内在关系,得到一个判断ATI介质的必要条件.假若介质弹性矩阵满足这个ATI必要条件,可做ATI假设,确定可能的ATI对称轴空间取向.此时,如果通过坐标变换得到的是VTI弹性矩阵,就说明介质确实是ATI介质,这就完整地解决了从包含2...