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1.
Single-phase 2M1 muscovite-paragonite crystalline solutionsin the range 0?000?10 and 0?701?00 Xms have beensynthesized by hydrothermal treatment of gels of appropriatecompositions at 600700?C, and 7 to 18 kb PH2O. The molarvolumes of these micas may be expressed as V(J/b?mol) = 13?1845+1?463Xms+0?0160 Xms20?1679 Xms3 (?0?005), which translateto a substantial positive excess molar volume of mixing. Na-K ion exchange experiments between presynthesized 2M1 micacrystalline solutions and 2 molal aqueous (Na,K)Cl fluids failedto proceed to completion despite 98 day runs at 500600?C,6 kb Ptotal. Results of analogous exchange experiments provedencouraging however, when a much finer-grained 1M mica was usedas starting material. Applying the tie line rotation technique,reversal of ion exchange experiments could be achieved in the2-phase fields, not, however, in the 3-phase field of the ms-pg-NaCl-KClreciprocal ternary. Using gels as starting material, reversalexperiments were eventually successful both in the 2-phase andthe 3-phase fields; the results of reversal experiments withinthe two-phase fields being identical to those obtained earlierusing 1M micas. Four isobaric-isothermal sections through the ms-pg-NaCl-KClternary were reversibly determined at 450?C/5 kb, 550?C/6 kb,550?C/15 kb, and 620?C/7 kb. At 450?C, the coexisting mica compositionsin the 3-phase field (2 micas plus 1 fluid) are 0?10 and 0?77Xms, at 550?C they are 0?10 and 0?60 Xms, and finally, at 620?Cthese are 0?12 and 0?51 Xms. To the extent that internal equilibriumwas accomplished between the coexisting micas, these data wouldindicate a wide solvus at 450?C, narrowing gradually with increasingtemperature to 620?C. The critical temperature will be wellin excess of 620?C, although the mica at the critical conditionwill prove to be metastable with respect to the assemblage alkalifeldspars+corundum+H2O. The companion paper by Chatterjee & Flux (1986) presentsa thermodynamic analysis of the above experimental data. 相似文献
2.
Calculated Phase Relations in the System NCKFMASH (Na2O-CaO-K2O-FeO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O) for High-Pressure Metapelites 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Petrogenetic grids in the system NCKFMASH (Na2OCaOK2OFeOMgOAl2O3SiO2H2O)and the subsystems NCKMASH and NCKFASH calculated with the softwareTHERMOCALC 3.1 are presented for the PT range 730kbar and 450680°C, for assemblages involving garnet,chloritoid, biotite, carpholite, talc, chlorite, kyanite, staurolite,paragonite, glaucophane, jadeite, omphacite, diopsidic pyroxene,plagioclase, zoisite and lawsonite, with phengite, quartz/coesiteand H2O in excess. These grids, together with calculated compatibilitydiagrams and PT and TXCa and PXCa pseudosectionsfor different bulk-rock compositions, show that incorporationof Ca into the NKFMASH system leads to many of the NKFMASH invariantequilibria moving to lower pressure and/or lower temperature,which results, in most cases, in the stability of jadeite andgarnet being enlarged, but in the reduction of stability ofglaucophane, plagioclase and AFM phases. The effect of Ca onthe stability of paragonite is dependent on mineral assemblageat different PT conditions. The calculated NCKFMASH diagramsare powerful in delineating the phase equilibria and PTconditions of natural pelitic assemblages. Moreover, contoursof the calculated phengite Si isopleths in PT and PXCapseudosections confirm that phengite barometry in NCKFMASH isstrongly dependent on mineral assemblage. KEY WORDS: phase relations; metapelites; NCKFMASH; THERMOCALC; phengite geobarometry 相似文献
3.
The unmetamorphosed equivalents of the regionally metamorphosedclays and marls that make up the Alpine Liassic black shaleformation consist of illite, irregular mixed-layer illite/montmorillonite,chlorite, kaolinite, quartz, calcite, and dolomite, with accessoryfeldspars and organic material. At higher grade, in the anchizonalslates, pyrophyllite is present and is thought to have formedat the expense of kaolinite; paragonite and a mixed-layer paragonite/muscovitepresumably formed from the mixed-layer illite/montmorillonite.Anchimetamorphic illite is poorer in Fe and Mg than at the diageneticstage, having lost these elements during the formation of chlorite.Detrital feldspar has disappeared. In epimetamorphic phyllites, chloritoid and margarite appearby the reactions pyrophyllite + chlorite = chloritoid + quartz+ H2O and pyrophyllite + calcite ± paragonite = margarite+ quartz + H2O + CO2, respectively. At the epi-mesozone transition,paragonite and chloritoid seem to become incompatible in thepresence of carbonates and yield the following breakdown products:plagioclase, margarite, clinozoisite (and minor zoisite), andbiotite. The maximum distribution of margarite is at the epizone-mesozoneboundary; at higher metamorphic grade margarite is consumedby a continuous reaction producing plagioclase. Most of the observed assemblages in the anchi-and epizone canbe treated in the two subsystems MgO (or FeO)-Na2OCaOAl2O3(KAl3O5SiO2H2OCO2).Chemographic analyses show that the variance of assemblagesdecreases with increasing metamorphic grade. Physical conditions are estimated from calibrated mineral reactionsand other petrographic data. The composition of the fluid phasewas low in XCO2 throughout the metamorphic profile, whereasXCH4 was very high, particularly in the anchizone where aH2Owas probably as low as 0.2. P-T conditions along the metamorphicprofile are 12 kb/200300 °C in the anchizone(Glarus Alps), and 5 kb/500550 °C at the epi-mesozonetransition (Lukmanier area). Calculated geothermal gradientsdecrease from 50 °C/km in the anchimetamorphic Glarus Alpsto 30 °C/km at the epi-mesozone transition of the Lukmanierarea. 相似文献
4.
The Sulfide Capacity and the Sulfur Content at Sulfide Saturation of Silicate Melts at 1400{degrees}C and 1 bar 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The solubility of sulfur as S2 has been experimentallydetermined for 19 silicate melt compositions in the system CaOMgOAl2O3SiO2(CMAS)± TiO2 ± FeO, at 1400°C and 1 bar, using COCO2SO2gas mixtures to vary oxygen fugacity (fO2) and sulfur fugacity(fS2). For all compositions, the S solubility is confirmed tobe proportional to (fS2/fO2)1/2, allowing the definition ofthe sulfide capacity (CS) of a silicate melt as CS = [S](fO2/fS2)1/2.Additional experiments covering over 150 melt compositions,including some with Na and K, were then used to determine CSas a function of melt composition at 1400°C. The resultswere fitted to the equation 相似文献
5.
An Experimental Study of Water and Carbon Dioxide Solubilities in Mid-Ocean Ridge Basaltic Liquids. Part I: Calibration and Solubility Models 总被引:14,自引:7,他引:7
DIXON JACQUELINE EABY; STOLPER EDWARD M.; HOLLOWAY JOHN R. 《Journal of Petrology》1995,36(6):1607-1631
Experiments were conducted to determine the solubilities ofH2O and CO2 and the nature of their mixing behavior in basalticliquid at pressures and temperature relevant to seqfloor eruption.Mid-ocean ridge basaltic (MORB) liquid was equilibrated at 1200°Cwith pure H2O at pressures of 176717 bar and H2OCO2vapor at pressures up to 980 bar. Concentrations and speciationof H2O and CO2 dissolved in the quenched glasses were measuredusing IR spectroscopy. Molar absorptivities for the 4500 cm1band of hydroxyl groups and the 5200 and 1630 cm1 bandsof molecular water are 067±003, 062±007,and 25±3 l/mol-cm, respectively. These and previouslydetermined molar absorptivities for a range of silicate meltcompositions correlate positively and linearly with the concentrationof tetrahedral cations (Si+Al). The speciation of water in glass quenched from vapor-saturatedbasaltic melt is similar to that determined by Silver &Stolper (Journal of Petrology 30, 667709, 1989) in albiticglass and can be fitted by their regular ternary solution modelusing the coefficients for albitic glasses. Concentrations ofmolecular water measured in the quenched basaltic glasses areproportional to f H2O in all samples regardless of the compositionof the vapor, demonstrating that the activity of molecular waterin basaltic melts follows Henry's law at these pressures. Abest fit to our data and existing higher-pressure water solubilitydata (Khitarov et al., Geochemistry 5, 479492, 1959;Hamilton et al., Journal of Petrology 5, 2139, 1964),assuming Henrian behavior for molecular water and that the dependenceof molecular water content on total water content can be describedby the regular solution model, gives estimates for the Vo, mH2Oof 12±1 cm3/mol and for the 1-bar water solubility of011 wt%. Concentrations of CO2 dissolved as carbonate in the melt forpure CO2-saturated and mixed H2O-CO2-saturated experiments area simple function of fCO2 These results suggest Henrian behaviorfor the activity of carbonate in basaltic melt and do not supportthe widely held view that water significantly enhances the solutionof carbon dioxide in basaltic melts. Using a Vo, mr of 23 cm3/mol(Pan et al., Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 55, 15871595,1991), the solubility of carbonate in the melt at 1 bar and1200°C is 05 p.p.m. Our revised determination of CO2solubility is 20% higher than that reported by Stolper &Holloway (Earth and Planetary Science Letters 87, 397408,1988). KEY WORDS: mid-ocean ridge basalts; water and carbon dioxide solubility; experimental petrology 相似文献
6.
Reversed Na-K exchange data between mica and a 2 molal aqueous(Na,K)Cl fluid (Flux & Chatterjee, 1986) have been employedto model the thermodynamic mixing behaviour of muscovite-paragonitecrystalline solutions on the basis of the Redlich-Kister equation.For these binary micas, Gexm may be expressed as
where A=11222+1.389 T+0.2359 P, B=1134+6.806 T0.0840 P, and C=7305+9.043 T, with T in K, P in b, Gexm, A, B, and C in joules/mol. Gmex is well constrained between 450 and 620?C, and may be extrapolatedbeyond that range with caution. The calculated solvi are skewedtoward the paragonite end member. In the range up to 15 kb,the critical temperature, Tc and the critical composition, Xcmay be expressed as a function of P by the relations:
and
with P indicated in bars. Calculated phase relations of muscovite-paragonite crystallinesolutions have been depicted in terms of the system KAlSi3O8-NaAlSi3O8-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O.These data may be applied to appropriate assemblages involvingmica, alkali feldspar, an Al2 polymorph, and quartz to estimateP, T and aH2O conditions of their equilibration. In principle,the muscovite limb of the solvus may be used to obtain geothermometricdata for coexisting muscovite-paragonite pairs, provided theequilibrium pressure is independently known. However, such applicationmust be restricted for the present to micas on the ideal muscovite-paragonitejoin. Mica-alkali feldspar-Al2SiO5-quartz or mica-plagioclase-Al2SiO5-quartzassemblages may be used to deduce aH2O in the coexisting fluid,if P, and T of equilibrium are independently known. Examplesof such geological applications are given. 相似文献
7.
Contact-mctamorphic assemblages in ophicarbonate from the Bergellaureole correspond either to model isobaric invariant T-XCO2points [Atg-Cal-Di-Tr-Fo (6 samples) and Atg-Cal-Tr-Fo-Dol (2)]or to isobaric univariant T-XCO2, curves [Tr-Cal-Di-Atg (18),Tr-Dol-Atg-Cal (1), Atg-Cal-Fo-Di (1), and Atg-Cal-Tr-Fo (1)].Calcite-dolomite thermometry and mineral-fluid equilibria inthe invariant assemblages record T=440540C at P=35kbar. Equilibrium metamorphic fluids were very H2O rich withX CO2,=00010027. In the invariant assemblagesTr + Fo were produced by prograde decarbonation-dehydrationreactions. In contrast, measured modes and reaction texturesin samples with univariant assemblages indicate thai Tr wasproduced by carbonation reactions. The apparent paradox of simultaneousdecarbonation reactions in the model isobaric invariant assemblagesand carbonation reactions in univariant assemblages is resolvedby local mineral-fluid equilibrium and fluid flow through ophicarbohatesin the direction of decreasing temperature as the aureole heated.Time-integrated flux (q) was computed from measured reactionprogress in 28 samples for models of both horizontal and verticaldown-temperature flow. Results are similar, with q decreasingrapidly from (0251) 105 cm3 fluid/cm2 rock1317 km from the intrusion to 006105cm3/cm2 at 1840 km. The decrease in q ismore consistent with vertical than horizontal flow. Variationsin time-integrated flux of more than an order of magnitude arerecorded by samples from the same outcrop. The absence of carbonatein adjacent metaperidotite indicates that flow was confinedto the ophicarbonate. Channelized, spatially heterogeneous,vertical flow can be explained by the brecciation and strongvertical foliation of the ophicarbonate relative to surroundingmassive metaperidotite. Generation of metamorphicfluids by decarbonation-dehydrationreactions within the ophicarbonates explains larger averageflux 12 km from the intrusion compared with more distalpoints. KEY WORDS: Bergell; contact metamorphism; fluid flow; ophicarbonate
*Telephone: (410) 516-8121. Fax: (410) 516-7933 相似文献
8.
Solubility of Anhydrite, CaSO4, in NaCl-H2O Solutions at High Pressures and Temperatures: Applications to Fluid-Rock Interaction 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Anhydrite solubility in H2ONaCl solutions was measuredat 614 kbar, 600800°C and NaCl mole fractions(XNaCl) of 00·3 in pistoncylinder apparatus.Solubilities were determined by weight changes of natural anhydritein perforated Pt envelopes confined with fluid in larger Ptcapsules. In initially pure H2O at 10 kbar and 800°C, CaSO4concentration is low (0·03 molal), though much largerthan at the same temperature and 1 kbar. Hematite-buffered experimentsshowed slightly lower solubilities than unbuffered runs. CaSO4solubility increases enormously with NaCl activity: at 800°Cand 10 kbar and XNaCl of 0·3, CaSO4 molality is 200 timeshigher than with pure H2O. Whereas CaSO4 solubility in pureH2O decreases with rising T at low T and P, the high-P resultsshow that anhydrite solubility increases with T at constantP at all XNaCl investigated. The effects of salinity and temperatureare so great at 10 kbar that critical mixing between sulfate-richhydrosaline melts and aqueous salt solutions is probable at900°C at XNaCl 0·3. Recent experimental evidencethat volatile-laden magmas crystallizing in the deep crust mayevolve concentrated salt solutions could, in light of the presentwork, have important implications regarding such diverse processesas Mount Pinatubo-type S-rich volcanism, high-f O2 regionalmetamorphism, and emplacement of porphyry CuMo ore bodies,where anhydritehematite alteration and fluid inclusionsreveal the action of very oxidized saline solutions rich insulfur. KEY WORDS: anhydrite; sulfur; solubility; metamorphic brines; granulites 相似文献
9.
Klaus-Dieter Grevel Mirko Schoenitz Volker Skrok Alexandra Navrotsky Werner Schreyer 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2001,142(3):298-308
The enthalpy of drop-solution in molten 2PbO·B2O3 of synthetic and natural lawsonite, CaAl2(Si2O7)(OH)2·H2O, was measured by high-temperature oxide melt calorimetry. The enthalpy of formation determined for the synthetic material is (fHOxides=-168.7Dž.4 kJ mol-1, or (fH0298=-4,872.5dž.0 kJ mol-1. These values are in reasonable agreement with previously published data, although previous calorimetric work yielded slightly more exothermic data and optimisation methods resulted in slightly less exothermic values. The equilibrium conditions for the dehydration of lawsonite to zoisite, kyanite and quartz/coesite at pressures and temperatures up to 5 GPa and 850 °C were determined by piston cylinder experiments. These results, other recent phase equilibrium data, and new calorimetric and thermophysical data for lawsonite and zoisite, Ca2Al3(SiO4)(Si2O7)O(OH), were used to constrain a mathematical programming analysis of the thermodynamic data for these two minerals in the chemical system CaO-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O (CASH). The following data for lawsonite and zoisite were obtained: (fH0298 (lawsonite)=-4,865.68 kJ mol-1 , S0298 (lawsonite)=229.27 J K-1 mol-1 , (fH0298 (zoisite)=-6,888.99 kJ mol-1 , S0298 (zoisite)=297.71 J K-1 mol-1 . Additionally, a recalculation of the bulk modulus of lawsonite yielded K=120.7 GPa, which is in good agreement with recent experimental work. 相似文献
10.
Al2SiO5 reaction textures in aluminous schist and quartziteof the northern Picuris range, north-central New Mexico, recorda paragenetic sequence of kyanite to sillimanite to andalusite,consistent with a clockwise PT loop, with minor decompressionnear the Al2SiO5 triple-point. Peak metamorphic temperaturesare estimated at 510525°C, at 4·04·2kbar. Kyanite and fibrolite are strongly deformed; some prismaticsillimanite, and all andalusite are relatively undeformed. Monaziteoccurs as inclusions within kyanite, mats of sillimanite andcentimetre-scale porphyroblasts of andalusite, and is typicallyaligned subparallel to the dominant regional foliation (S0/S1or S2) and extension lineation (L1). Back-scatter electron imagesand X-ray maps of monazite reveal distinct core, intermediateand rim compositional domains. Monazitexenotime thermometryfrom the intermediate and rim domains yields temperatures of405470°C (±50°C) and 500520°C(±50°C), respectively, consistent with the progradeto peak metamorphic growth of monazite. In situ, ion microprobeanalyses from five monazites yield an upper intercept age of1417 ± 9 Ma. Near-concordant to concordant analyses yield207Pb206Pb ages from 1434 ± 12 Ma (core) to 1390± 20 Ma (rim). We find no evidence of older regionalmetamorphism related to the 1650 Ma Mazatzal Orogeny. KEY WORDS: Al2SiO5; metamorphism; monazite; thermochronometry; triple-point 相似文献
11.
A series of high structural state plagioclases (Ab-An) was crystallized from glasses. By exchanging Na for K in KCl melts, metastable K-plagioclases (Or-An) were prepared which possess the same structural state as the starting plagioclases. Both series were investigated at 980 K by lead borate solution calorimetry. Continuing the ideas of Carpenter and McConnell (1984) and Carpenter (1992a), the results can be interpreted as follows. In the high plagioclase series, the enthalpies of solution, jHsol, reflect the schemes of Al,Si ordering: (1) analbite-like (C2/m) ordering in the An-poor region 0hXAnА.2, (2) high albite-like (C1¥) ordering in intermediate plagioclases, and (3) anorthite-like (I1¥) ordering in the An-rich region 0.7AnБ. In regions 1 and 2, jHsol decreases as a function of XAn, but increases in region 3 as a consequence of the C1¥MI1¥ ordering reaction. Therefore, it is not a mixing effect but a compositionally restricted ordering effect which causes the excess enthalpies, jHex, to be positive in the plagioclase binary as a whole. Neglecting the existence of phase transitions at XAn=0.2 and XAn=0.7, jHex can be approximated by a two-parameter Margules model yielding WHAnAb=14Dž kJ/mol and WHAbAn=40Dž kJ/mol. jHsol values of I1¥ plagioclases (XAn>0.7) can be "corrected" for the C1¥MI1¥ ordering effect (Carpenter 1992a). When combining the corrected values with the jHsol data which were actually measured on the C1¥ plagioclases (XAn<0.7), negative excess enthalpies are generated in the plagioclase binary. This may be expected when C1¥ ordering occurs relative to topochemically monoclinic reference states of analbite and hypothetical anorthite devoid of I1¥ order. The solution experiments on the K-plagioclases resulted in similar characteristics as those found for the plagioclases. However, in addition to the ordering effects observed in the plagioclase binary, volume mismatch effects contribute to jHex in the K-plagioclase series. jHex can be represented by a Margules model with WHAnOr=60ᆞ kJ/mol and WHOrAn=91ᆢ kJ/mol when the phase transitions at XAn=0.2 and XAn=0.7 are again neglected. The contribution of the volume mismatch effect to jHex is considerable, as appears from the large difference between the K-plagioclase and the plagioclase Margules parameters. Their difference corresponds to a practically symmetrical dependence of jHexvolmism on composition, with WHvolmism=48ᆡ kJ/mol. 相似文献
12.
Experimental phase equilibrium data on compositions of coexistingpyroxenes in the quadrilateral enstatite-diopside-ferrosilite-hedenbergitehave been used to model pyroxene solid solutions and to formulatepyroxene geothermometers. Each pyroxene is treated as a solidsolution of four quad-components using the Kohler formulation
where Gij* is the excess free energy of mixing in a binary solutioncalculated with binary mole fractions (e.g. Xio = Xi/(Xi+Xj))and Xi is the mole fraction in a multicomponent solution. Thefit to the experimental data is achieved by minimizing the totalGibbs free energy of the assemblage. The following set of thermochemicaldata and simple mixture parameters (Wij) are found to be bestsuited. Standard (T = 298?15 K) enthalpy and entropy of formationfrom elements for fictive orthohedenbergite are 1416?8kJ and 84?88 J K1 mol 1 respectively. The heatcapacity is given by 114?67+17?09E-3T31?40E5T2.The Wij data are: Opx: W12 = W21 = 25 W13 = (13?10-015T),W31 = (3?370?005T), W23 = 20, W32 = 16, W24 = 5, W42= 7, W34 = 15, W43 = 15; Cpx: W12 = (25?484+0?0812P), W21 =(31?2160?0061P),W31 = W13 = 0W14 = (93?30?045T), W41 = (20?0+0?028T),W23 = 24, W32 = 15, W24 = 12, W42 = 12, W34 = (16?941+0?00592P),W43 = (20?6970?00235P). Coexisting pyroxene compositionshave been computed in the temperature range of 700 to 1400?C. Two geothermometers have been constructed, one based on atomicfraction of iron (Fe/(Fe + Mg)) in orthopyroxene and the Fe-Mgdistribution coefficient and the other, based on wollastonitecontent of clinopyroxene. The two scales yield different temperatureswhen applied to the same rock. In igneous pyroxenes, the Catransfer ceased at 150 to 200?C above the closure temperatureof the Fe-Mg ion-exchange. In metamorphic rocks an oppositeeffect seems to have prevailed. 相似文献
13.
Formation of Wollastonite by Chemically Reactive Fluid Flow During Contact Metamorphism, Mt. Morrison Pendant, Sierra Nevada, California, USA 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:2
Quartzcalcite sandstones experienced the reaction calcite+ quartz = wollastonite + CO2 during prograde contact metamorphismat P = 1500 bars and T = 560°C. Rocks were in equilibriumduring reaction with a CO2H2O fluid with XCO2 = 0·14.The transition from calcite-bearing, wollastonite-free to wollastonite-bearing,calcite-free rocks across the wollastonite isograd is only severalmillimeters wide. The wollastonite-forming reaction was drivenby infiltration of quartzcalcite sandstone by chemicallyreactive H2O-rich fluids, and the distribution of wollastonitedirectly images the flow paths of reactive fluids during metamorphism.The mapped distribution of wollastonite and modeling of an O-isotopeprofile across a lithologic contact indicate that the principaldirection of flow was layer-parallel, directed upward, withany cross-layer component of flow <0·1% of the layer-parallelcomponent. Fluid flow was channeled at a scale of 1100m by pre-metamorphic dikes, thrust and strike-slip faults, foldhinges, bedding, and stratigraphic contacts. Limits on the amountof fluid, based on minimum and maximum estimates for the displacementof the wollastonite reaction front from the fluid source, are(0·71·9) x 105 cm3 fluid/cm2 rock. Thesharpness of the wollastonite isograd, the consistency of mineralthermobarometry, the uniform measured 18O16O fractionationsbetween quartz and calcite, and model calculations all arguefor a close approach to local mineralfluid equilibriumduring the wollastonite-forming reaction. KEY WORDS: contact metamorphism, fluid flow, wollastonite, oxygen isotopes, reaction front 相似文献
14.
Calculated Phase Relations in High-Pressure Metapelites in the System NKFMASH (Na2O-K2O-FeO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O) 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Using an internally consistent thermodynamic dataset and updatedmodels of activitycomposition relation for solid solutions,petrogenetic grids in the system NKFMASH (Na2OK2OFeOMgOAl2O3SiO2H2O)and the subsystems NKMASH and NKFASH have been calculated withthe software THERMOCALC 3.1 in the PT range 536kbar and 400810°C, involving garnet, chloritoid,biotite, carpholite, talc, chlorite, kyanite/sillimanite, staurolite,phengite, paragonite, albite, glaucophane, jadeite, with quartz/coesiteand H2O in excess. These grids, together with calculated AFMcompatibility diagrams and PT pseudosections, are shownto be powerful tools for delineating the phase equilibria andPT conditions of Na-bearing pelitic assemblages for avariety of bulk compositions from high-P terranes around theworld. These calculated equilibria are in good agreement withpetrological studies. Moreover, contours of the calculated phengiteSi isopleths in PT pseudosections for different bulkcompositions confirm that phengite barometry is highly dependenton mineral assemblage. KEY WORDS: phase relations; HP metapelite; NKFMASH; THERMOCALC; phengite geobarometry 相似文献
15.
Magmatic Evolution of the La Pacana Caldera System, Central Andes, Chile: Compositional Variation of Two Cogenetic, Large-Volume Felsic Ignimbrites 总被引:10,自引:3,他引:10
LINDSAY J. M.; SCHMITT A. K.; TRUMBULL R. B.; DE SILVA S. L.; SIEBEL W.; EMMERMANN R. 《Journal of Petrology》2001,42(3):459-486
La Pacana is one of the largest known calderas on Earth, andis the source of at least two major ignimbrite eruptions witha combined volume of some 2700 km3. These ignimbrites have stronglycontrasting compositions, raising the question of whether theyare genetically related. The Toconao ignimbrite is crystal poor,and contains rhyolitic (7677 wt % SiO2) tube pumices.The overlying Atana ignimbrite is a homogeneous tuff whose pumiceis dacitic (6670 wt % SiO2), dense (4060% vesicularity)and crystal rich (3040 % crystals). Phase equilibriaindicate that the Atana magma equilibrated at temperatures of770790°C with melt water contents of 3·14·4wt %. The pre-eruptive Toconao magma was cooler (730750°C)and its melt more water rich (6·36·8 wt% H2O). A pressure of 200 MPa is inferred from mineral barometryfor the Atana magma chamber. Isotope compositions are variablebut overlapping for both units (87Sr/86Sri 0·70940·7131;143Nd/144Nd 0·512220·51230) and are consistentwith a dominantly crustal origin. Glass analyses from Atanapumices are similar in composition to those in Toconao tubepumices, demonstrating that the Toconao magma could representa differentiated melt of the Atana magma. Fractional crystallizationmodelling suggests that the Toconao magma can be produced by30% crystallization of the observed Atana mineral phases. Toconaomelt characteristics and intensive parameters are consistentwith a volatile oversaturation-driven eruption. However, thelow H2O content, high viscosity and high crystal content ofthe Atana magma imply an external eruption trigger. KEY WORDS: Central Andes; crystal-rich dacite; eruption trigger; high-silica rhyolite; zoned magma chamber 相似文献
16.
Experiments defining the distribution of H2O [Dw = wt % H2O(melt)/wt% H2O(crd)]) between granitic melt and coexisting cordieriteover a range of melt H2O contents from saturated (i.e. coexistingcordierite + melt + vapour) to highly undersaturated (cordierite+ melt) have been conducted at 37 kbar and 8001000°C.H2O contents in cordierites and granitic melts were determinedusing secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). For H2O vapour-saturatedconditions Dw ranges from 4·3 to 7 and increases withrising temperature. When the system is volatile undersaturatedDw decreases to minimum values of 2·65·0at moderate to low cordierite H2O contents (0·61·1wt %). At very low aH2O, cordierite contains less than 0·20·3wt % H2O and Dw increases sharply. The Dw results are consistentwith melt H2O solubility models in which aH2O is proportionalto Xw2 (where Xw is the mole fraction of H2O in eight-oxygenunit melt) at Xw 相似文献
17.
Lawsonite-Omphacite-Bearing Metabasites of the Pam Peninsula, NE New Caledonia: Evidence for Disrupted Blueschist- to Eclogite-Facies Conditions 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The Diahot terrane of NE New Caledonia contains an interbeddedsequence of Cretaceous to Eocene metasediments, felsic and maficmetavolcanics that experienced c. 40 Ma high-P/T metamorphism.Metabasaltic assemblages define two prograde events (M1 andM2) and a tectonically disrupted crustal profile that extendsfrom lawsoniteblueschist conditions in the SW to paragoniteeclogiteconditions in the NE. Weakly deformed metabasalts from lowest-gradeparts of the Diahot terrane contain M1 omphacite, chlorite,lawsonite and glaucophane-bearing assemblages that partiallypseudomorph igneous plagioclase and augite, and reflect P =0·71·0 GPa and T = 350400°C.M1 assemblages are enveloped by a steeply SW-dipping S2 foliationthat becomes progressively more intense towards the NE overa distance of c. 15 km. S2 assemblages are divided into fourzones: (1) lawsoniteomphacite; (2) lawsoniteclinozoisitespessartine;(3) clinozoisitehornblendealmandine; (4) almandineomphacite.S2 assemblages reflect a PT gradient that spans the exposed15 km of the Diahot terrane from P = 0·81·0GPa and T = 350400°C (Zone 1) to P = 1·61·7GPa and T = 550600°C (Zone 4). The systematic mineralogicalchanges reflect parts of a PT array between 1·0and 1·7 GPa that was extensively disrupted by tectonicthinning during exhumation. KEY WORDS: blueschist; eclogite; New Caledonia; CNFMASH; pseudosection 相似文献
18.
The mineral assemblages of greenschist to amphibolite faciesmetabasites may usually be represented in a system of principalcomponents: CaOAl2O3(Fe2O3)FeOMgONa2OSiO2CO2H2O Assemblages co-existing with quartz, albite, epidoteand a fluid of restricted composition, may be shown by projectionin a CAFM subsystem from epidote onto an extendedAFM plane. This projection is analogous to the Thompson projectionfor pelites and is particularly useful in displaying the effectsof Fe/Mg and Al substitution in the silicates as well as incorporatingCaO; it is illustrated by plotting assemblages from the SouthernAlps of New Zealand and the Scottish Highlands and demonstrateschanges occurring with grade in the assemblages. Some commonisograds and facies boundaries are seen to be strongly dependenton bulk rock composition. In some cases MnO must be consideredas an additional component. A model of Psolids=Pfluid, where the fluid is composed of CO2+H2Ois consistent with many greenschist to amphibolite facies metabasicassemblages. Natural assemblages indicate this fluid phase tohave restricted mobility. Theoretical consideration of mineralreactions resulting from increasing Xco2, in conjunction withdata from natural mineral assemblages, leads to the distinctionof five principal types of assemblage which may be expectedas a function of varying XCo2. Recognition of these assemblagetypes provides a useful guide to relative XCo2 during metamorphism.
* Present Address: Department of Geology, University of California, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90024. 相似文献
19.
Coexisting white micas and plagioclase were studied by electronmicroprobe (EMP), and transmission and analytical electron microscopy(TEMAEM) in greenschist- to amphibolite-grade metabauxitesfrom Naxos. The TEMAEM studies indicate that sub-micronscale (0.011.0 µm thick) semicoherent intergrowthsof margarite, paragonite and muscovite are common up to loweramphibolite conditions. If unrecognized, such small-scale micainterlayering can easily lead to incorrect interpretation ofEMP data. Muscovite and paragonite in M2 greenschist-grade Naxosrocks are mainly relics of an earlier high-pressure metamorphism(M1). Owing to the medium-pressure M2 event, margante occursin middle greenschist-grade metabauxites and gradually is replacedby plagioclase + corundum in amphibolite-grade metabauxites.The margarite displays minor IVAl3 VI(Fe3+, Al) Si-3 VI--1 andconsiderable (Na, K) SiCa-1Al-1 substitution, resulting in upto 44 mol% paragonite and 6 mol % muscovite in solution. Thecompositional variation of muscovite is mainly described byVI(Fe2+, Mg) Si VI Al-1VI Al-1 and VI(Fe3+Al-1) exchanges, thelatter becoming dominant at amphibolite grade, Muscovite issignificantly richer in Fe than margarite or paragonite. CaNaKpartitioning data indicate that margarite commonly has a significantlyhigher Na/(Na+ K+Ca) value than coexisting muscovite or plagioclase.Exceptions are found in several greenschist-grade rocks, inwhich M1-formed mussovite may have failed to equilibrate withM2 margarite. The sluggishness of K-rich micas to recrystallizeand adjust composidonally to changing P-T conditions is alsoreflected in the results of mus-covite-paragonite solvus thermometry.Chemical data for CaNa micas from this study and literaturedata indicate that naturally coexisting margariteparagonitepairs display considerably less mutual solubility than suggestedby experimental work. The variable and irregular Na partitioningbetween margarite and muscovite as observed in many metamorphicrocks could largely be related to opposing effects of pressureon Na solubility in margarite and paragonite and/or non-equilibriumbetween micas. KEY WORDS: CaNaK mica; margarite; metabauxite; Naxos; sub-micron-scale mica interlayering 相似文献
20.
Experimental studies were carried out to evaluate phase relationsinvolving titaniteFAl-titanite solid solutionin the system CaSiO3Al2SiO5TiO2CaF2. Theexperiments were conducted at 9001000°C and 1·14·0GPa. The average F/Al ratio in titanite solid solution in theexperimental run products is 1·01 ± 0·06,and XAl ranges from 0·33 ± 0·02 to 0·91± 0·05, consistent with the substitution [TiO2+]1[AlF2+]1.Analysis of the phase relations indicates that titanite solidsolutions coexisting with rutile are always low in XAl, whereasthe maximum XAl of titanite solid solution occurs with fluoriteand either anorthite or Al2SiO5. Reaction displacement experimentswere performed by adding fluorite to the assemblage anorthite+ rutile = titanite + kyanite. The reaction shifts from 1·60GPa to 1·15 ± 0·05 GPa at 900°C, from1·79 GPa to 1·375 ± 0·025 GPa at1000°C, and from 1·98 GPa to 1·575 ±0·025 GPa at 1100°C. The data show that the activityof CaTiSiO4O is very close to the ideal molecular activity model(XTi) at 1100°C, but shows a negative deviation at 1000°Cand 900°C. The results constrain 相似文献