波长色散X射线荧光光谱法测定古陶瓷胎釉中37 个主次痕量元素

采用压片制样波长色散X射线荧光光谱法对古陶瓷胎釉样品的Na2O、MgO、Al2O3、SiO2、P2O5、K2O、CaO、Sc、TiO2、V2O5、Cr2O3、MnO、Fe2O3、CoO、NiO、CuO、ZnO、Ga、As、Br、Rb、Sr、Y、Zr、Nb、Sn、Sb、Cs、BaO、La、Ce、Nd、Sm、Hf、PbO、Bi和Th等37个主、次、痕量组分进行测定。使用经验系数法和康普顿散射、背景作内标校正基体效应。方法经土壤和水系沉积物国家标准物质验证,测定值与标准值吻合;除个别组分,大多数元素11次测定的相对标准偏差(RSD)小于10%。方法的检出限、精密度和准确度能满足古陶瓷样品的分析要求,应用于7个古陶瓷样品的分析检测,分析结果与其他分析方法对比具有很好的一致性。     

宋代西村窑与耀州窑青瓷胎釉化学组成特征

利用微聚焦X射线荧光光谱仪对西村窑与耀州窑18件青瓷标本进行原位无损分析检测,结果表明,两个窑口大部分瓷胎中均具有高Al2O3低SiO2的特征;西村窑在瓷胎的主量元素中,具有高K2O低TFe2O3的特征;而在微量元素中,西村窑具有低Cr、Zr、Sr,高Rb的特征;两个窑口的瓷釉中均选用草木灰作为助熔剂,耀州窑的瓷釉均属钙釉,而西村窑瓷釉中既有钙釉也有钙碱釉,同时西村窑瓷釉具有低Sr、高Rb的特征。这些特征将会为西村窑瓷器产地判别提供非常重要的科学依据。     

非平面陶瓷基微晶釉的晶化研究

在具有非平面的陶瓷上获得光泽度和各项性能良好的微晶釉具有重要的实际意义。选择CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2系统进行了研究,结果表明：降温结晶法难以形成大量微晶体,而易使极少数晶核生长为大尺度晶体,急剧冷却则因温度梯度引起坯釉出现裂纹等缺陷;升温结晶法是切实可行的,先制备坯釉结合良好的透明釉,再对透明釉作微晶化处理,在较低温度晶化处理并延长晶化恒温时间,可获得均匀致密的微晶釉。     

Spherical particles as tracers of atmospheric ceramic industry

Castellón province houses the nucleus of ceramics production in Spain (93%). This nucleus, located around in the villages of Castellón, Villarreal, Alcora and Onda, has gone through a special process of industrial expansion. The emissions, most of them of particulate material, can constitute a real environmental problem. A study designed to identify the crystalline and glassy phases in the depositable particulate material has been carried out by SEM/EDX and X-ray diffraction methods. Quartz, calcite, illite, kaolinite, chlorite, and feldspars have been the main crystalline phases identified. The number of spherical morphology particles found in the depositable material is remarkable. The vitreous material found was spherical nodules. Due to the shape, size (1–10 μm), and chemical composition of these particles, they can be excellent tracers of the ceramics industry emissions.The presence of Zn, Ba, or Fe are due to the massive use of these substances as opacifying and pigmentation agents in many ceramics frits and glaze compositions. This fact gives a valuable information that will facilitate the studies guided to obtain important aims such as: toxicology, average size of a particle, formation mechanisms, etc.     

天池天文峰全新世火山喷发物长石表面硅膜特征及意义

利用扫描电镜和能谱分析研究天池火山天文峰剖面全新世喷发物中长石表面硅膜的结构状态和化学组成,结果显示:天文峰剖面从顶部黑色浮岩向下到暗灰色浮岩中,长石表面发育有不同结构状态的硅膜.硅膜的结构特征有随火山喷发时代越早,长石颗粒表面硅膜越厚,结构越复杂;喷发时代越晚,长石颗粒表面硅膜越薄,其结构越简单的变化趋势,即长石表面...     

Fibrous minerals in 16th-century iznik ceramics

The presence of uniform orientation patterns of pseudowollastonite indicates a uniform and slow increase of temperature in the furnaces used in the production of the 16th-century Iznik ceramics. Determination of pseudowollastonite in rounded pores (d = 20–40 μm) in the glaze probably indicates formation of vapor phases in pores. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

辽河高升油田北部沙4段重力流沉积特征及其分散体系

根据辽河西部凹陷高升油田北部地区重力流特征的岩心资料、递变悬浮的粒度特征,结合测井和地震等资料所反映出的重力流特点,认为该区主要发育重力流沉积。根据地震属性揭示的沙四段时期砂体与同生断层的展布情况,结合研究区东倾的斜坡古地形,揭示了研究区沉积物的分散体系,认为其物源主要来自于西北部。重新厘定的沉积相类型和沉积物分散体系,将促进该区的岩性油气藏勘探。     

Uranium-rich opal from the Nopal I uranium deposit, Peña Blanca, Mexico: Evidence for the uptake and retardation of radionuclides

The Nopal I uranium deposit of the Sierra Peña Blanca, Mexico, has been the focus of numerous studies because of its economic importance and its use as a natural analog for nuclear-waste disposal in volcanic tuff. Secondary uranyl minerals such as uranophane, Ca[(UO₂)(SiO₃OH)]₂(H₂O)₅, and weeksite, (K,Na)₂[(UO₂)₂(Si₅O₁₃)](H₂O)₃, occur in the vadose zone of the deposit and are overgrown by silica glaze. These glazes consist mainly of opal A, which contains small particles of uraninite, UO₂, and weeksite. Close to a fault between brecciated volcanic rocks and welded tuff, a greenish silica glaze coats the altered breccia. Yellow silica glazes from the center of the breccia pipe and from the high-grade pile coat uranyl-silicates, predominantly uranophane and weeksite. All silica glazes are strongly zoned with respect to U and Ca, and the distribution of these elements indicates curved features and spherical particles inside the coatings. The concentrations of U and Ca correlate in the different zones and both elements inversely correlate with the concentration of Si. Zones within the silica glazes contain U and Ca in a 1:1 ratio with maximum concentrations of 0.08 and 0.15 at.% for the greenish and yellow glazes, respectively, suggesting trapping of either Ca₁U₁-aqueous species or -particles in the colloidal silica. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier-transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR), and oxygen-isotope ratios measured by secondary-ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) indicate higher U⁶⁺/U⁴⁺ ratios, higher proportions of Si-OH groups and lower δ¹⁸O values for the greenish silica glaze than for the yellow silica glaze. These differences in composition reflect increasing brecciation, porosity, and permeability from the center of the breccia pipe (yellow silica glaze) toward the fault (green silica glaze), where the seepage of meteoric water and Eh are higher.     

基于GIS的湖南雨凇分布与地形因子关系分析

利用湖南省97个气象站雨凇观测资料,分析了湖南雨凇地理分布特征. 结果表明：湘南属于湖南雨凇多发区,平均雨凇日数多于湘北;湘南雨凇分布特征与山地走向一致,沿雪峰山脉呈西南-东北走向的迎风坡与沿南岭北侧的迎风坡各有一高值区;湘北平均雨凇日数2 d左右,其中,湖区平原明显多于湘北山区.结合1∶50 000湖南省DEM数据,探讨了地形高程、坡度坡向、纬度等地形因子对湖南雨凇形成的作用.在海拔200 m以下,高程的变化对雨凇影响不明显;在海拔200~1 000 m,雨凇日数随高程上升而增多;海拔高于1 000 m,雨淞日数明显多于低海拔台站. 坡向对湖南平均雨凇日数的变异有一定影响,但是坡度的影响并不显著;随着纬度的变化,湖南平均雨凇日数南北差异明显.     

结晶釉的绿辉石研究

本文报道利用天然长石、石英、石灰岩、白云岩为主要原料配制结晶釉釉料，通过均匀成核方式，研制辉石结晶釉的工艺和釉析晶的晶体化学及形态学特征。析晶形态多样，长达１０－１３ｍｍ，经光迩显微镜、电子探针、Ｘ射线粉晶衍射分析，确定釉析晶属于透辉石－硬硬玉系列的绿辉石，称为绿辉石结晶釉。以此说明用天然矿物岩石配制结晶釉釉料是可行的，具有降低成本，扩大结晶釉应用领域的前景。     

黑龙江省电线积冰的气候特征及电网冰区划分

以1981-2012年黑龙江省32个电线积冰观测站资料和80个气象站资料为基础,分析了黑龙江省积冰的时空分布特征;通过建立出雨凇、雾凇标准冰厚与气象因子的回归方程,对黑龙江电网冰区进行了初步划分. 结果表明：雨凇的密度要远大于雾凇,多数站最严重积冰现象是由雨凇导致的,雨凇对积冰灾害的形成有着至关重要的影响. 雾凇日数远远大于雨凇日数,1981-2012年二者均呈显著下降的趋势;雨凇在秋季（11月份）最多,春季次之,而雾凇日数在冬季（1月份）最多,秋季次之. 雨凇日数在漠河北部、黑河大部、孙吴大部、五常大部和虎林南部较多,雾凇日数在齐齐哈尔中部、绥化中部以及三江平原东部地区最多. 冰区分布图结果显示,富裕属于中冰区,齐齐哈尔属于重冰区,其他地区均属于轻冰区.     

克拉玛依油田六、七、九区石炭系火山岩储集层特征及其控制因素

通过岩心观察、薄片鉴定、扫描电镜、测井解释等多种分析手段,从火山岩岩性特征、岩相特征、孔隙类型等方面研究了克拉玛依油田六、七、九区石炭系火山岩储层的特征,分析了火山岩储层的储集空间类型、储集空间与渗流通道的配置关系以及储层物性的影响因素。研究结果表明:区内火山岩岩石类型主要为火山熔岩、火山碎屑岩和沉积火山碎屑岩。熔岩以玄武岩、安山岩为主,火山碎屑岩与沉积火山碎屑岩主要为火山角砾岩、凝灰岩和沉凝灰岩。按孔隙结构火山岩储集空间可分为气孔、孔隙、裂缝3大类,按成因可分为原生和次生2大类;火山岩的储集性能主要受火山岩的岩性、岩相、构造作用以及风化淋滤作用的影响。     

Petrographic and geochemical characterization of Archaic‐Hellenistic tableware production at Solunto,Sicily

A selected assortment of Archaic‐Hellenistic tableware samples from Solunto, a Phoenician‐Punic site located 20 km east of Palermo (Sicily), has been subjected to thin‐section petrography and chemical analysis (XRF). In this settlement several ceramic kilns remained operative over a long time period (7th to 3rd century B.C.). The main goal of this analytical study is to distinguish the ceramics manufactured locally from regional and off‐island imports. Analytical results were matched to similar data concerning local natural clay sources and to coeval tableware productions from other sites in the same area. The ceramic pastes used by the ancient craftsmen of Solunto in the case of this class of pottery could be differentiated clearly by their petrochemical characteristics. We conclude that ceramics were locally produced far beyond satisfying just internal consumption needs, indicating interaction of Solunto with neighboring Greek colonies, indigenous people, and Phoenician‐Punic colonies of Sicily. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Mechanisms of high-temperature, solid-state flow in minerals and ceramics and their bearing on the creep behavior of the mantle

The problem of applying laboratory silicate-flow data to the mantle, where conditions can be vastly different, is approached through a critical review of high-temperature flow mechanisms in ceramics and their relation to empirical flow laws. The intimate association of solid-state diffusion and high-temperature creep in pure metals is found to apply to ceramics as well. It is shown that in ceramics of moderate grain size, compared on the basis of self-diffusivity and elastic modulus, normalized creep rates compare remarkably well. This comparison is paralleled by the near universal occurrence of similar creep-induced structures, and it is thought that the derived empirical flow laws can be associated with dislocation creep. Creep data in fine-grained ceramics, on the other hand, are found to compare poorly with theories involving the stress-directed diffusion of point defects and have not been successfully correlated by self-diffusion rates.We conclude that these fine-grained materials creep primarily by a quasi-viscous grain-boundary sliding mechanism which is unlikely to predominate in the earth's deep interior. Creep predictions for the mantle reveal that under most conditions the empirical dislocation creep behavior predominates over the mechanisms involving the stress-directed diffusion of point defects. The probable role of polymorphic transformations in the transition zone is also discussed.     

Luminescence dating of protohistoric pottery from the Great Basin

Luminescence analyses of several protohistoric brownware ceramics from the Great Basin have produced dates ranging from the 15th to 19th centuries. These begin to add detail to the chronology of these ceramics, which up until now has been poorly known despite their potential importance for understanding Numic population movement in the area. Use of the “slide method” for determining equivalent dose has circumvented problems due to nonlinearity in the relationship between dose and luminescence and has provided much higher precision than traditional methods of dating. Disequilibrium detected in the U-series radioisotope decay chain and some contribution to the dose from nuclear fallout products have created some uncertainty in the dose rate, but less than the overall analytical error. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Ceramic production during the Middle Horizon: Wari and Tiwanaku clay procurement in the Moquegua Valley,Peru

As the only place simultaneously occupied by the Middle Horizon (A.D. 600–1000) Andean states, the Tiwanaku and the Wari, the Moquegua Valley in southern Peru is of critical importance to understanding relations between the two states. Visual studies of Tiwanaku and Wari ceramics in the valley have elucidated differences in form and decoration. The procurement of raw clays was central to the production of these ceramics, and understanding where people procured their clay may provide insight into the social and economic interactions between these two states. Survey of the Moquegua Valley indicates the extensive availability of raw clays. Results of laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA‐ICP‐MS) analyses of clays indicate that there is heterogeneity in the chemical signature of the valley's clays and that at least five different clay groups can be distinguished. Comparison of these clays with LA‐ICP‐MS analysis of ceramics from a Tiwanaku site and a Wari site demonstrates that although Tiwanaku and Wari colonists in Moquegua used locally available clays during the Middle Horizon, the clay sources exploited by potters from each state were different and derived from areas located within their respective middle and upper valley territories. This information provides a basis for future chemical analysis of ceramics from the Moquegua Valley and improved understanding of past social and economic interactions. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

辽西排山楼金矿床微量元素地球化学特征及深部找矿预测研究

为解决危机矿山储量不足的问题,突破深部找矿瓶颈,对辽西排山楼金矿床深部的北东向矿体沿4条井下勘探线（0、6、12和16）,从标高330米到175米7个开采中段采集271件样品,运用相关分析、R型聚类分析和因子分析的方法对每件样品20个微量元素进行了多元统计分析。结果表明,排山楼金矿床最佳前缘晕指示元素组合为As—Sb,近矿晕指示元素组合为Ag—Pb—As—sb—Bi,矿上晕指示元素组合为Au±（Cu—ag）,尾晕指示元素组合为V-Mn—Co—Ti。通过对F1（尾晕）、F2（矿上晕）和F3（头晕）因子得分三维空间分布趋势图的研究,发现金矿体向南西深部侧伏,且延伸进入东西向矿带,表明东西向矿带深部也存在巨大找矿前景。在对已存两矿带正确划分的基础上,评价预测出第三矿带的存在,经勘探验证,预测矿带金矿石储量可观。     

鄂尔多斯盆地长9烃源岩发育与排烃效率

鄂尔多斯盆地长9优质烃源岩主要集中在志丹—英旺地区,但目前仅在志丹地区发现了典型长9源岩所生原油。对源岩排烃效率的定性和定量研究表明,英旺地区长9烃源岩排烃效率明显低于志丹等其他地区,仅为44%,其余地区平均为82%。排烃效率低应是英旺地区长9原油勘探未能取得突破的重要原因。沉积埋藏史和测井资料研究证实,与其他地区相比,英旺地区地质时期所经历的最大埋深明显较小,由此造成源岩孔隙度较高,残留烃量较大,导致英旺地区排烃效率低。另外,与志丹地区相比,英旺地区单位源岩生烃量较小,由此会造成其残烃量相对较高,这也是造成英旺地区排烃效率较低的一个原因。     

云南腾冲硅灰石在节能工业中的实验研究

以云南腾冲硅灰石矿粉为主要原料,在电瓷、墙地砖、釉料、模具等方面进行实验研究,通过分析对比,指出硅灰石在节能工业中的开发利用前景。     

Composition,radioactivity, and possible applications of kaolin deposits of Sinai,Egypt

This work discusses the composition, radioactivity, and possible utilization of the kaolin resources in Sinai which are hosted in thick sandstone sequences belonging to the Carboniferous (Wadi Khaboba) and Early Cretaceous (Wadi Iseila and Abansakar) ages. The characterization of kaolin was done by microscopic and SEM examination, supported by XRD and ICP-MS analyses. The studied kaolin resources consist of kaolinite, as the main constituent, associated with subsidiary dickite and halloysite, and minor contribution of smectite and illite. The most dominant non-clay mineral is quartz, besides minor gypsum, dolomite, and hematite. Ferrugination dominates, in most cases, at the upper boundaries of the kaolin lenses, suggesting possible supergene activity. The high Al₂O₃/SiO₂ ratio for the Cretaceous kaolin (0.54, in average) specifies its better grade relative to the Carboniferous kaolin (0.43, in average). The kaolin of the middle part of lens C in Wadi Iseila contains Si/Al molecular ratio of about unity, suggesting high-grade kaolin. The Carboniferous kaolin has enriched the radionuclides: U, Th, and Ra (at disequilibrium state due to leaching of eU relative to Ra) and the REE, relative to that of the Cretaceous age. The Carboniferous kaolin is characterized by a higher contribution of HREE (zircon signature), whereas LREE seems to be more influential for the Early Cretaceous kaolin (monazite signature). In spite of the very high CIA index (93 to 99), none of the analyzed kaolin deposits displays Ce abnormality. The high radioactivity of some Carboniferous kaolin can be a serious impediment for its utilization or its exportation. The kaolin of Sinai does not satisfy the international standards for paperwork industries and refractory manufacturing, but beneficiation may overcome this challenge. However, some lenses have high-grade kaolin with a low percentage of oxides of iron, magnesium, calcium, sodium, and potassium and a low radioactivity, hence nominated for the local refractory industry. The high-grade kaolin of Sinai fulfills the standards required for ceramics manufacturing in the global market. Grade 3 kaolin (< 30%, Al₂O₃) can be used in the manufacturing of white Portland cement and red glaze manufacturing on both local and global markets.