侧扫声纳回波信号的增益控制

根据侧扫声纳回波信号的特点，提出了在工程上易实现的增益控制的方法，已在设备研制项目中得到应用。     

模糊切换增益调节下非线性系统的滑模控制

本文运用模糊控制和滑模控制相结合的方法对一类不确定非线性系统进行了深入研究。针对动态方程中控制系数与状态变量和时间变量有关的非线性时变系统,设计了带有状态变量和时间变量的新的模糊切换增益调节滑模控制器,给出了新的模糊滑模控制律,并证明了系统的稳定性。考虑到外部干扰是影响所研究系统稳定性的重要因素,本文运用调节模糊切换增益的技术,实现了对不确定外界扰动项的补偿。采用全局滑模面技术设计了滑模控制器,成功地避免了传统变结构控制器在到达阶段对不确定性的敏感性,增强了系统的鲁棒性。通过实例仿真,验证了本文所提出的控制方法不仅能够保证所研究的非线性系统是稳定的,还能够有效消除系统的抖振。     

多波束测深声纳系统的工作原理

多波束测深声纳系统(the Multibeam Bathmatric Sonar System)是一种用来进行水底地形地貌测绘的大型组和设备,属当代高新技术产品,目前国际上多波束技术发展迅速,本文从其设计思想和几个重要组成部分(换能器、发射机、接收机)来介绍多波束技术原理。     

一种用于下放式ADCP的TVC增益补偿控制策略

讨论了下放式ADCP信号接收过程中的TVC增益补偿控制策略.结合下放式ADCP的工作特点,从能量节约的角度采取了同时测底测流的工作模式.针对此种工作模式,提出了按区间分段的TVC增益补偿控制策略.通过声呐方程和TVC距离一增益模型分析,进行了MATLAB仿真验证,并针对可能出现的问题,提出了以相关函数等效电压作为判据的解决方法.     

SII型海洋重力仪摆增益调节方法与应用

不同序号的海洋重力仪内部结构有所不同,常规使用的摆增益调节方法对有些仪器无效。详细介绍了摆增益调节的要求以及三种不同的摆增益调节方法,分析了这三种摆增益调节方法的优缺点,并就如何选择使用这三种不同的摆增益调节方法提出了建议,实践证明效果良好。     

珠江河口对外海潮波响应的固有频率研究——采用系统控制论方法

采用受控的自回归滑动平均模型(CARMA)分别研究了珠江河口洪、枯季对外海潮波响应的固有频率.枯季采用单输入单输出模型,洪季采用双输入单输出模型,通过验证、检验表明,模型(CARMA)可用于寻求复杂网河对外海潮波响应的固有频率,方法可靠,易操作.通过频率增益响应分析,发现枯季珠江河口的固有频率以浅水分潮频段为主,对应周...     

基于数据挖掘算法的WCPO金枪鱼围网渔情预测研究

利用数据挖掘方法对1990年1月—2001年7月10余年的WCPO金枪鱼围网作业生产数据以及该时段的18个与WCPO金枪鱼围网产量相关的海洋环境因子进行分析,将信息增益分析技术和基于粗糙集的属性化简方法相结合用以确定影响WCPO金枪鱼围网产量的关键因子集。利用多元回归分析方法建立基于关键因子集的预测模型,经过大量试验对比选择较佳的预测模型,达到了理想的效果。同时,验证了所确定关键因子集的可靠性,有效性。首次利用多种数据挖掘方法相结合的方式对多种影响因子进行分析,开展渔情预报研究,达到了较好的效果,为渔情预报研究提供了一种新思路,同时为渔业生产提供了可靠的依据。     

可编程增益放大器在海洋环境监测中的应用及其接口

文中提出一种性能优良的单片集成数字增益设定器LFl3006/7,它与集成运算放大器组成可编程增益放大器PGA电路,也可组成具有二进制或者十进制等不同增益档次的程序可测控的仪表放大器。微机系统通过接口电路对它实施智能式的增益切换,优化了仪器测量的动态范围和精度,这对人们无法手动干预的环境监测或海洋遥测过程有特殊的意义。     

基于雷达高度计增益自动控制数据的风速反演算法研究

基于Jason-1卫星雷达高度计与NDBC(National Data Buoy Center)浮标的时空匹配数据集,利用BP(Back Propagation)神经网络方法建立了基于后向散射系数σ₀与有效波高(Significant Wave Height,SWH,)的双参数(σ₀-H_sw)风速反演模型,并探讨利用AGC(Automatic Gain Control)来代替σ₀对风速反演的可行性进行研究。结果表明,所建立的σ₀-SWH风速反演均方根优于0.3 m/s(风速范围为0.5~20 m/s); AGC-SWH模型反演精度偏低(1.3 m/s),但在星星交叉定标的基础上,模型精度提高了0.9 m/s。这个研究工作尤其是交叉定标基础上的AGC-SWH模型反演流程对"HY-2"海面风速反演有一定的借鉴意义。     

珠江河口对外海潮波响应的固有频率研究——采用系统控制论方法

采用受控的自回归滑动平均模型(CARMA)分别研究了珠江河口洪、枯季对外海潮波响应的固有频率。枯季采用单输入单输出模型,洪季采用双输入单输出模型,通过验证、检验表明,模型(CARMA)可用于寻求复杂网河对外海潮波响应的固有频率,方法可靠,易操作。通过频率增益响应分析,发现枯季珠江河口的固有频率以浅水分潮频段为主,对应周期介于6~10.0 h之间,枯季固有频率未出现在全日潮波对应的频段。洪季珠江河口的固有频率也以浅水分潮频段为主,珠江河口对浅水分潮的系统增益响应幅值最大。固有频率接近浅水分潮频段的站点,枯季较洪季固有频率减小,对应周期延长。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.