一次西南静止锋的准地转锋生函数分析

本文采用准地转锋生函数及Ｑ矢量散度对１９９０年３月２３日０６时至２６日００时发生在贵州省的静止锋进行了诊断分析。当北部冷空气加强时，引起静止锋锋生，并且向南移动。在８５０ｈＰａ上，准地转上升运动在静止锋周期呈东北－西南向的带状分布，准地转上升运动的极大值区在位置上与降水中心对应较好，并且能反映其强度变化。     

地形对地转适应和锋生的影响

作者的目的是分析地形对由于热力差异所引起的局地锋生现象和地转适应过程的影响．为此，分别用零位涡流和均匀位涡流来近似代替实际大气，并借助位涡、绝对动量、位温的守恒关系，就地形对适应锋生和适应过程中能量转换等问题进行了简单讨论。初始位温扰动的水平分布及其相对于地形的位置对适应锋生有重要影响。当初始热力扰动主要位于地形迎风坡山脚时，地形不利于锋面形成，这时要形成锋面不连续，初始位温梯度的水平变化必须非常显著；当初始热力扰动主要位于山顶附近时，地形促进流体运动的辐合，有利于锋面不连续的形成，这时即使初始位温梯度的水平变化不是很大，也可能会形成锋面；当初始热力扰动主要位于背风坡时，地形是否有利于锋面不连续的形成取决于流体的层结情况，如果流体的基本层结很弱，地形促进锋面不连续的形成，反之，地形不利于锋面不连续的形成，这种差异主要是由于在这两种情况下，地形引起的下沉增温效应的强弱是不同的。另外，地形对地转适应过程中动能和位能之间的能量转换率也有影响，与没有地形的情况相比，当初始热力差异显著区位于迎风坡时，能量转换率减小，当不平衡场位于背风坡时，能量转换率增加，原因是在迎风坡流体要克服重力作功，在背风坡重力对流体作正功。     

大尺度凝结加热与暖锋锋生

利用假湿绝热假定，导得简化的半地转湿锋生模式，利用该模式讨论大尺度凝结加热对暖锋锋生过程的影响。计算结果显示，大尺度凝结加热对暖锋锋生过程具有明显的加强作用，增大锋生率，增强上升运动速度，缩小上升运动区的范围，使之更具有中尺度特征，它还使非地转越锋环流得到增强并发生倾斜。     

平衡流形成的机制与锋生

利用最小能量原理讨论了非地转流经过调整后的平衡态的情况。对于两维模型来说，不平衡流通过调整获得的平衡终态依赖于初始不平衡场的分布特点。如果不平衡流的初始位涡是非均匀的，则其通过适应过程而达到的平衡状态不一定满足热成风关系；对于初始位涡是均匀的或为零的不平衡流来说，如果初始密度的水平变化不是非常显著，则运动最后可以达到热成风平衡状态，反之，最后的平衡态则不满足成风关系，对于这种情况，我们利用广义动量坐标系进行了详细讨论。     

纯斜压基流上斜压波的发展和锋生过程

利用地转动量近似和水平坐标变换建立的三维半地转方程,讨论了具有均匀位涡的基态流上非线性斜压扰动的发展和锋面的形成过程。计算结果表明,对于纯斜压流,斜压波的发展既取决于初始扰动,也与基流的垂直切变有关,垂直切变越大,斜压波增长越快。不同的基流.扰动有不同的增长率。对于某个确定的基流,斜压波在各个时刻的特性仅取决于初始扰动。斜压扰动发展到一定程度,形成大的风速和等温线密集区,即产生锋。     

海风锋生

1.试验设计1988/89年夏季,轻型飞机携带着良好的仪器装备,在南澳大利亚Coorong海岸地区进行了几次飞机观测以研究海风锋.假定尺度大于1km的海风的特点主要随垂直海岸线的方向上的距离而变化,所以每次飞行的航线都垂直于海岸线.虽然有些任务的航线较长,但在任务sb5期间穿过锋区时只决定飞行三组较短的航线(～12km);由于每组飞行时间较短,所以资料无需作时间趋势     

急流加速产生的高空锋生和低空锋生

本文用数值模拟方法证实了曾庆存提出的一种锋生机制,即高空急流加速或高空动量输入通过地转适应过程造成高空锋生.我们采用二维非弹性数值模式模拟了五种急流加速分布产生的锋生过程:三个低空锋生,分别由中尺度地面、中尺度低空和次天气尺度低空急流加速产生;二个高空锋生,分别由高空次天气尺度和天气尺度急流加速产生.模拟的结果表明:(1)通过地转适应产生的位温梯度的大小依赖于急流的空间结构以及Rossby变形半径和急流扰动尺度的比值,比值越大,适应锋生越强.(2)在相同的尺度条件下急流加速产生的高空锋生比低空锋生更强.(3)地转适应过程将加速的高空急流动量向下层传输,使锋区变陡并向对流层中、下层延伸,这种对流层高低层的非地转耦合可能是低空急流形成的另一种机制.(4)在模拟的五个过程中急流振荡的主频率约是惯性频率的1.7倍.     

INVESTIGATION ON GEOSTROPHIC ADJUSTMENT,FRONTOGENESIS AND OSCILLATIONS

Geostrophic adjustment and frontogenesis are examined by means of the 2-D ARPS model.The simulation shows that.without the large-scale forcing,both the frontogenesis and frontolysisare observed during the geostrophic adjustment process and the intensity of the front oscillates inthe case of no discontinuity.The convergence (divergence) induced by the secondary circulation isthe most important factor for frontogenesis (frontolysis) at the top and bottom boundaries.Theamplitude and period of oscillation are dependent on the initial atmospheric stratification and theCoriolis frequency,and they are related to the inertio-gravity wave.     

INVESTIGATION ON GEOSTROPHIC ADJUSTMENT,FRONTOGENESIS AND OSCILLATIONS*

Geostrophic adjustment and frontogenesis are examined by means of the 2-D ARPS model.The simulation shows that.without the large-scale forcing,both the frontogenesis and frontolysisare observed during the geostrophic adjustment process and the intensity of the front oscillates inthe case of no discontinuity.The convergence (divergence) induced by the secondary circulation isthe most important factor for frontogenesis (frontolysis) at the top and bottom boundaries.Theamplitude and period of oscillation are dependent on the initial atmospheric stratification and theCoriolis frequency,and they are related to the inertio-gravity wave.     

1991年梅雨锋暴雨与锋生环流的诊断分析

利用原始方程模式锋生环流诊断方程对１９９１年７月一次梅雨锋暴雨过程进行诊断分析。计算结果表明，锋面横向次级环流在低层是一个热力正环流，低空急流出口区的次级环流使锋面附近的上升运动得到加强：１００ｈＰａ青藏高压东侧的偏北风与中层的偏南风耦合形成择流层上层的反环流叠加在锋面横向环流上形成深厚的上升气流区是暴雨发生的动力条件。     

EFFECTS OF TROPOPAUSE AND POTENTIAL VORTICITY ANOMALY ON FRONTOGENESIS

A two-dimensional,semi-geostrophic numerical model incorporating the tropopause andstratosphere is used to investigate the effects of a positive potential vorticity anomaly and latentheat release on the frontogenetic process and the structure of the resulting frontal zone.It isdemonstrated that(1)the inclusion of tropopause and stratosphere significantly changes the frontalstructure only in the upper levels;(2)a clearly defined quasi-equivalent barotropic structure and aregion of upward motion of finite width appear when a positive potential vorticity anomaly exists onthe warm side of the maximum baroclinity in the lower troposphere,especially when it is locatedon the south edge of the baroclinic zone;(3)the above mentioned structure deteriorates as thefrontogenesis proceeds in a dry atmosphere but can be maintained in a moist frontogenetic processwith condensational heating;(4)the combination of a positive potential vorticity anomaly and thelatent heat release is able to accelerate the frontogenesis significantly with the time needed to forman intense frontal zone reduced to less than 15 h.The results have significant theoreticalimportance in understanding the complex nature of frontal structure and frontogenesis,especiallyin understanding the dynamic structure of the subtropical frontal zone observed during earlysummer over East Asia.     

变形场锋生对0108登陆台风温带变性和暴雨形成作用的诊断分析

文中利用MM5模式对0108(桃芝)台风温带变性特征及暴雨的发生发展机制进行了诊断分析。分析表明0108(桃芝)台风登陆后其大风区向外扩展,中心区以外的气压仍有下降。由于锋面的斜压作用其温度场结构发生了明显变化,由对称的暖心结构演变为半暖半冷的温带气旋非对称结构,相对应的高度场、流场特征亦表现出非对称结构。通过计算变形向量、锋生函数及非地转风的分布,发现在锋生函数中变形项所起作用比散度项和倾斜项要早、要大,对台风温带变性有重要的作用。而锋生结果加强了风场的非地转性并强迫出锋面垂直次级环流,造成强烈的辐合上升运动,引起台风暴雨的增幅。     

THE INFLUENCE OF STRATIFICATION ON FRONTOGENESIS CAUSED BY GEOSTROPHIC ADJUSTMENT

A uniform,inviscid,incompressible fluid in a two-dimensional plane(x,z)is considered.Three principles:conservation of potential vorticity,conservation of absolute momentum,andconservation of mass are used for this study.If the initial mass field and the initial wind field donot satisfy geostrophic balance,then through geostrophic adjustment under suitable conditions,the frontogenesis will finally occur.Our work points out that the initial density distribution greatlyinfluences the frontal features.If the stratification in cold air is the same as that in warm air,twofrontogeneses will occur at top and bottom boundaries respectively.If the stratification in cold airis larger than that in warm air,the frontogenesis at the bottom boundary still exists,but the otherat the top boundary disappears.This result makes us further understand the mechanism of thefrontogenesis in the real atmosphere.     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF FRONTOGENESIS FORCED BY DUST RADIATIVE HEATING

In this paper,the frontogenesis forced by dust radiative heating and the radiative effects of an isolated duststorrn ona frontal circulation system are examined by means of two-and three-dimensional numerical models.Results indicatethat as a duststorm breaks out, frontogenesis is caused in by dust radiative heating in the lower atmosphere.A markedisentropic potential temperature layer is formed in the middle troposphere.The low-level convergence occurs along thedirection of the front movement.Atnight,dust radiative cooling results in frontolysis in the lower atmosphere.An obvious vertical circulation is forced by radiative heating of an isolated duststorm along the direction of the pre-vailing wind.It is stronger at day,weaker and reverse at night.The response of the horizontal wind field to dust radiativeforcing is different at different levels.     

锋生及其次级环流对北京2012.7.21最大降水增幅和最大降水的影响

利用常规观测、加密站逐时的降水、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和卫星资料,使用天气动力学诊断方法,分别分析了锋生及其次级环流对北京7.21暴雨过程中最大降水增幅和最大降水的影响。结果表明,北京地区的降水增幅和最大降水发生时刻并不一致。21日14时为北京最大降水增幅时刻,而次大降水增幅时刻的19时却为北京降水最大时刻。北京降水不论是增幅最大还是降水最大都与锋生处于北京的具体位置有关。21日14时,伴随着锋生函数正值区伸展到北京地区,其总锋生函数开始增大,此时高空急流导致的次级环流的上升支与冷锋前的上升支重合,使得地面锋前形成一深厚的上升运动,北京地区出现最大降水增幅;但在北京降水最大时刻,锋生函数大值中心移动到北京上空,其总锋生函数达到最大,在急流-锋系所产生的次级环流中,主要表现为在暖区一侧有强烈的上升运动,这和经典的急流-锋系所揭示的次级环流并不相同。同时,来自孟加拉湾从高原西侧经过河套地区到达北京的准"s"型异常水汽通道,则为北京7.21最大降水增幅时刻提供了良好的水汽条件。而北京最大降水时刻,南海水汽通道成为主要水汽来源,来自孟加拉湾的水汽输送则明显减弱。     

THE INFLUENCE OF STRATIFICATION ON FRONTOGENESIS CAUSED BY GEOSTROPHIC ADJUSTMENT*

A uniform,inviscid,incompressible fluid in a two-dimensional plane(x,z)is considered.Three principles:conservation of potential vorticity,conservation of absolute momentum,and conservation of mass are used for this study.If the initial mass field and the initial wind field do not satisfy geostrophic balance,then through geostrophic adjustment under suitable conditions,the frontogenesis will finally occur.Our work points out that the initial density distribution greatly influences the frontal features.If the stratification in cold air is the same as that in warm air,two frontogeneses will occur at top and bottom boundaries respectively.If the stratification in cold air is larger than that in warm air,the frontogenesis at the bottom boundary still exists,but the other at the top boundary disappears.This result makes us further understand the mechanism of the frontogenesis in the real atmosphere.