再论山脊壶穴的冰川融水成因——兼与施雅风院士商榷

针对施雅风院士新提出的壶穴之"负球状风化"说,笔者特撰文与施老商榷。笔者认为:壶穴的形成并不受花岗岩中节理的控制,也与风化作用无关,不能用"负球状风化"来解释。壶穴是高速旋转水流侵蚀的结果,在中国东部花岗岩山脊上发现的壶穴是第四纪冰川融水侵蚀的标志。近年来观察到的格陵兰冰上湖泊的突然排泄为壶穴的冰川融水成因说提供了重要的证据。壶穴成因争论的本质是中国东部是否曾经发育过第四纪冰川,建议第四纪学界关注中国东部第四纪冰川的其他地貌标志。韩同林研究员的"冰臼论"促进了中国东部第四纪冰川地貌的再研究,应当给予积极评价。     

赤峰等地第四纪大陆冰川的地貌证据

近年来，中国赤峰等地相继发现第四纪冰川遗迹，为第四纪大陆冰川作用的重新讨论提供了新的地貌证据。这些证据主要有：冰臼、冰蚀残丘、古冰斗、刃脊和角峰等。冰臼的相继报道曾经引起“冰蚀成因”与“风蚀成因”的大讨论，而恰恰是这些引起争论的冰臼引发了笔者对中国境内第四纪大陆冰川的重新思考。经过近几年的实地考察研究，笔者认为：中国境内所报道的绝大部分“冰臼”确实是冰川作用的结果。其中，发现于中国北方花岗岩山脊上的冰臼是典型的大陆冰川作用的结果。内蒙古赤峰北部阿斯哈图石林是典型的冰蚀残丘，而花岗岩中与地面平行的“节理”——剥离面理与冰川作用是分不开的，其成因须重新讨论。冰臼与剥离面理的同时存在是冰川作用的重要标志之一。考虑到河北、山东、山西已经发现的第四纪冰川地貌特征，可以推论：华北东部地区曾经发育过第四纪大陆冰川，其范围可能达到山东的泰山以南，而全球更新世大冰盖的范围值得重新厘定。     

崂山花岗岩晶洞与天然石臼成因探讨

近年来,一种基岩表面石臼状微地貌(天然石臼)引起了学术界的关注,由此中国东部第四纪冰川问题再度掀起争论.关于天然石臼成因大体有:壶穴说、冰臼说、风蚀穴说、风化坑说,等等.显然,在不同情况下,其成因可能是不同的.笔者对青岛崂山考察发现,这里的晶洞花岗岩本来原生洞穴(晶洞或气泡洞)非常发育,它们对天然石臼的形成存在重要影响...     

崂山花岗岩山脊壶穴的特征及成因探讨

关于中国北方地区花岗岩山脊壶穴(有报刊称之为冰臼、冰川壶穴、A型风化穴、岩臼、锅穴、坑穴等)的争论一直不断,通过对青岛崂山花岗岩山脊壶穴的形态及分布特征的实地仔细观察和分析研究发现,青岛崂山花岗岩山脊壶穴同其他北方地区花岗岩山脊壶穴一样,具有口小、肚大、底平、内有水平纹理的特征。山脊壶穴有一出水口,以出水口水平面为界,以上为"口小"的部分即本文称之为壶檐,以下即"肚大"的部分为壶穴的主体。根据山脊壶穴的这些特征认为,崂山花岗岩山脊壶穴是由于壶穴内冬季水面的结冰对壶穴内壁的冰蚀作用所形成的,每年冬季在不同的水位结冰,便在壶穴内不同的部位产生冰蚀,由于壶穴内最高水位与出水口持平,故其上部分不发生冰蚀,便形成壶檐即"口小",其下部分不断被冰蚀扩大便形成"肚大"的特征。同时,崂山花岗岩山脊壶穴的生长发育必须满足这样的条件:位于山顶部位,没有外来流水、沉积物及生物枝叶等落入壶内。本文用冰蚀作用解释了崂山花岗岩山脊壶穴的基本特征,对花岗岩山脊壶穴发育过程进行了探讨,并指出崂山花岗岩山脊壶穴的产生—发育—消亡是现代花岗岩冰蚀作用的产物,而且这种过程目前仍在进行中,与第四纪冰川无关。     

论内蒙古第四纪冰川和冰臼群的成因

通过内蒙古林东地区第四纪冰川地质和冰臼群成因专项调查工作,发现了晚更新世冰碛泥砾层和龟背石、熨斗石、龟裂石等典型的冰碛砾石及冰斗、刃脊、角峰、冰川槽谷中的表皮构造等山谷冰川遗迹。在花岗岩体中发育的岩臼群,可划分为冰期冰雪融水形成的冰臼、现代季节性降水形成的瓯穴和风蚀作用为主形成的风龛3种类型。本区冰臼同山谷冰川相伴随,未发现远源巨型漂砾等大陆冰盖证据。     

论内蒙古第四纪冰川和冰臼群的成因

通过内蒙古林东地区第四纪冰川地质和冰臼群成因专项调查工作，发现了晚更新世冰碛泥砾层的龟背石、熨斗石、龟裂石等典型的冰碛砾石及冰斗、刃脊、角峰、冰川槽谷中的表皮构造等山谷冰川遗迹。在花岗岩体中发的岩臼群，可划分为冰期冰雪融水形成的冰臼、现代季节性降水形成的瓯穴和风蚀作用为主形成的风翕3种类型。本区冰臼同山谷冰川相伴随，未发现远源巨型漂砾等大陆冰盖证据。     

华北山地多成因壶穴初步研究——对华北山地“冰臼”等“冰川地貌”的讨论

华北山地"距今二、三百万年"的"冰臼"绝大部分位于第四纪河谷内,"距今1～2万年"的"冰川壶穴"位于全新世河谷内,与华北山地地貌演化相矛盾;所谓的"冰川地貌"组合不是真正的地貌组合,而是不同时代、不同成因地貌的混合,因此,华北山地不存在冰臼。所谓的"冰臼"是不同时代、多种成因的壶穴——距今2.50Ma前后的河蚀壶穴,距今10～20ka的雪蚀壶穴,距今10ka以来的溶蚀穴、溶蚀—河蚀壶穴、风化—风蚀壶穴、现代壶穴和水潭。     

A Study on Multi-original Potholes in North China Mountain Regions——A Discussion on “Glacial Potholes” and Other “Glacial Landforms” in North China Mountain Regions

华北山地“距今二、三百万年”的“冰臼”绝大部分位于第四纪河谷内,“距今1～2万年”的“冰川壶穴”位于全新世河谷内,与华北山地地貌演化相矛盾;所谓的“冰川地貌”组合不是真正的地貌组合,而是不同时代、不同成因地貌的混合,因此,华北山地不存在冰臼.所谓的“冰臼”是不同时代、多种成因的壶穴——距今2.50Ma前后的河蚀壶穴,距今10～ 20 ka的雪蚀壶穴,距今10ka以来的溶蚀穴、溶蚀—河蚀壶穴、风化—风蚀壶穴、现代壶穴和水潭.     

浅议平塘县甲青“壶穴”群的特征及地貌演化过程

甲青干河河床中遍布有无数大小不等、形态各异、完整度不一的壶穴。曾有学者提出该河床地貌类型系喀斯特河谷"冰臼",而非"壶穴",是第四纪冰川活动形成的。本文从河床基岩岩性、地质构造、水流特征及溶蚀作用等因素,分析了平塘县甲青壶穴群的形成条件,提出了3种形成壶穴的流水运动模式:瀑布模式、阶状跌水模式和急流漩涡模式,并对壶穴的形成及演化过程进行了分析讨论,认为甲青壶穴群是现代河流流水侵蚀和溶蚀作用的产物,与第四纪冰川无关。     

山东鲁山混合岩表面发现第四纪冰川剥蚀的直接证据——颤痕

本文首次报道了在山东鲁山南坡山谷发现混合岩表面的颤痕。颤痕是冰川底部携带的岩石碎块在下伏基岩表面刮凿而形成的一系列弧形裂隙,颤痕的弧形突出方向与冰川运动方向一致,而裂隙也是向下游方向深入基岩内部,其中突出的中间部位裂隙最深,向两端逐渐变浅直至消失。作者探讨了颤痕的形成机理,认为:颤痕相当于主剪切面上的伴生构造——R剪切面,在剖面上看就是一系列雁列式排列的R面,它不仅是冰川在基岩上运动留下的重要证据,而且还能指示冰体的运动方向。除了颤痕之外,在鲁山山麓还分布着大量的冰碛地貌:巨漂砾、冰碛堤等,在鲁山山脊上还见有典型的壶穴、冲刷槽等冰川融水侵蚀标志。这些标志与颤痕一起构成了强大的证据群,揭示了中国东部曾经发育过第四纪冰川的历史。中国东部是否发育过第四纪冰川?地学界已经争论了80多年,而颤痕的发现为进一步肯定中国东部存在第四纪冰川活动提供了最直接的证据。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

正~~     

GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861