Fluxes of CO2, CH4 and N2O from alpine grassland in the Tibetan Plateau

Using static chamber technique, fluxes of CO2, CH4 and N2O were measured in the alpine grassland area from July 2000 to July 2001, determinations of mean fluxes showed that co2 and N2O were generally released from the soil, while the alpine grassland accounted for a weak CH4 sink. Fluxes of CO2, CH4 and N2O ranged widely. The highest co2 emission occurred in August, whereas almost 90% of the whole year emission occurred in the growing season. But the variations of CH4 and N2O fluxes did not show any clear patterns over the one-year-experiment. During a daily variation, the maximum co2 emission occurred at 16:00, and then decreased to the minimum emission in the early morning. Daily pattern analyses indicated that the variation in co2 fluxes was positively related to air temperatures (R2=0.73) and soil temperatures at a depth of 5 cm (R2=0.86), whereas daily variations in CH4 and N2O fluxes were poorly explained by soil temperatures and climatic variables. co2 emissions in this area were much lower than other grasslands in plain areas.     

青藏高原高寒草原生态系统CO2,CH4和N2O排放通量研究

Using static chamber technique, fluxes of CO2, CHh and N2O were measured in the alpinegrassland area from July 2000 to July 2001, determinations of mean fluxes showed that CO2 and N2Owere generally released from the soil, while the alpine grassland accounted for a weak CH4 sink.Fluxes of CO2, CH4 and N2O ranged widely. The highest CO2 emission occurred in August, whereasalmost 90% of the whole year emission occurred in the growing season. But the variations of CH4and N2O fluxes did not show any clear patterns over the one-year-experiment. During a dailyvariation, the maximum CO2 emission occurred at 16:00, and then decreased to the minimumemission in the early morning. Daily pattern analyses indicated that the variation in CO2 fluxes waspositively related to air temperatures (R2=0.73) and soil temperatures at a depth of 5 cm (R2=4).86),whereas daily variations in CH4 and N2O fluxes were poorly explained by soil temperatures andclimatic variables. CO2 emissions in this area were much lower than other grasslands in plain areas.     

喀斯特关键带水—土—气CO2分压垂直转化特征及影响因素

喀斯特关键带是碳循环在岩石圈、大气圈、水圈和生物圈的主要综合作用区域,各层相互作用形成不同的反应体系,其中,CO₂扮演了十分重要的作用。通过对双河洞洞穴上覆土壤及洞穴水及空气CO₂浓度的监测,采用数理统计分析方法,根据碳酸平衡系统理论对CO₂的垂直向转化特征进行系统分析。结果表明：CO₂的垂直向转化过程受洞穴内外部气温变化、滴水pH及脱气沉积过程的影响,其供给来源、离子饱和状况在雨季和旱季存在明显差异;雨季时,大气降水在土壤中下渗速度较快,构成一个相对稳定的封闭环境,土壤、表层喀斯特带对渗透水CO₂补充作用较弱,渗透水中CO₂分压（即PCO₂）变化范围在0.035~0.126 vol%,洞内水—气CO₂分压（△lg PCO₂ > 0）,洞穴水具有溶蚀性,此时表层喀斯特带下部中的CO₂应为洞穴水CO₂的主要来源;旱季时,由于降水量较小,渗透水有充分时间接受土壤与表层喀斯特带CO₂补充,构成开放系统,渗透水变化范围为0.038 vol%~0.095 vol%,更有利于发生先期沉积过程（PCP）,此时洞内空气PCO₂小于洞穴水（△lg PCO₂ < 0）,促使滴水在洞内再次发生沉积、形成沉积物,此时土壤和表层喀斯特带均为洞穴水CO₂的主要来源。     

河西走廊城镇化进程中的资源环境压力定量测评研究

以甘肃河西走廊为研究对象,定义了由资源能源约束压力和生态环境压力共同构成的资源环境压力指数,并通过构建指标体系测度城市化水平和资源环境压力水平,利用协整检验和Granger因果检验分析二者之间的定量关系。结果显示：（1）2000-2015年河西走廊地区城镇化进程中的资源环境压力指数呈不断上升趋势。其中,2000-2005年上升趋势较为平缓;从2003年开始,资源环境压力指数的上升有所加快,尤其是2007年以后,该指数年均增长率达到4.4%,表现出资源环境压力逐年上升,资源环境恶化的速度在加快。根据估计的回归方程预测,河西走廊地区的资源环境压力指数将于2026年变为压力"很大"。（2）2000-2015年河西走廊地区的资源能源消耗分指数和环境污染分指数变化趋势对比明显,其中资源能源消耗分指数增速较快,年均增长率达到5.9%,2012年计算的压力值已达到77.12,2013年突破80的分界点,进入压力"很大"的状态,而环境污染分指数变化不大,在28~33之间波动,压力状态为"小"。（3）从资源能源消耗分指数和环境污染分指数的数据点分布来看,所有数据点都分布在对角线的上方,说明工业污染并不是造成该地区资源环境压力的最主要原因,河西走廊地区资源环境压力主要来自于资源能源消耗。因此,未来该区域城镇化过程中,应综合考虑区域自然资源、生态环境和城镇化协同发展,走自然资源"低耗高效型",生态环境"低压强保型"之路。     

青藏高原生态系统固碳释氧价值动态测评

本文旨在定量评价青藏高原生态系统的固碳释氧价值及其动态变化,为改善区域生态环境提供参考。基于MODIS/NDVI数据,利用光能利用率模型测算净第一性生产(NPP)物质量,并通过光合作用方程式换算成固定CO₂和释放O₂的物质量,以此为基础,采用造林成本法和工业制氧法对青藏高原固碳释氧价值量进行估算。结果表明:2000年、2005年和2010年固定CO₂的价值分别为384.36×10⁹元、393.23×10⁹元和356.41×10⁹元,释放O₂的价值分别为408.31×10⁹元、415.02×10⁹元和378.61×10⁹元。2000-2005年固碳释氧价值增加了15.58×10⁹元,2005-2010年下降了73.23×10⁹元,而2000-2010年下降了57.65×10⁹元。固碳释氧价值在空间上呈现出从东南向西北递减的趋势,这与青藏高原的水热条件分布基本一致。在价值构成中,草原>森林>草甸>其它类型>灌丛>农田。2000-2010年青藏高原生态系统固碳释氧价值呈现减小趋势,表明近年来气候变化和人类活动导致青藏高原的生态环境出现了退化趋势。     

Quantitative Analysis of Micro-structural Changes in a Bituminous Coal After Exposure to Supercritical CO2 and Water

Natural Resources Research - High-volatile bituminous coal samples were reacted in deionized water with supercritical CO2 (ScCO2–water) under simulated in situ pressure and temperature...     

Rb2CO3-C2H5OH-H2O三元体系中水合物的制备研究

在不同温度条件的Rb2 CO3-C2 H5OH -H2 O三元体系中 ,得到了Rb2 CO3的三种水合物 ,即Rb2 CO3·2 5H2 O ,Rb2 CO3·2H2 O ,Rb2 CO3·1 5H2 O。并通过X -射线粉末衍射、红外光谱、热分析对其进行了表征。结果表明可以利用混合溶剂进行盐类不同水合物的制备     

Rb_2CO_3-C_2H_5OH-H_2O三元体系平衡溶解度及其应用研究

该论文为硕士学位论文，于２０００年６月在中国科学院青海盐湖研究所完成。 近年来，随着科学技术的高速发展，材料科学已经成为当今世界的三大前沿学科之一。稀碱金属铷、铯及其化合物在新能源、新材料（如应用在光纤、电子、发光、钎焊剂和含能材料方面）中的应用受到广泛关注。它们在无机、有机配合物催化性能方面的研究也日益增多。因此，对铷、铯及其化合物纯度的要求越来越高。 由于钾、铷和铯形成的盐类物化特征接近，采用一般盐类相分离提取技术不易纯化。盐－混合溶剂构成一类重要的萃取体系。开展这类体系的溶度、物理化学性质及…     

草原土壤的碳氮含量及其与温室气体通量的相关性

通过采样分析研究内蒙古锡林流域温带草原土壤有机碳及全N的含量特征,探讨它们的含量与温室气体CO2、N2O、CH4通量的相关性。结果表明：沿470－150mm年降水梯度线，土壤表层（0－20cm）有机碳含量从2．38％递减到1．23％，全N含量从0．218％递减到0．136％，而且放牧和开垦都有使有机碳及全N含量降低的趋势；CO2通量与有机碳含量、全N含量、C／N及N2O通量显著相关，N2O通量与有机碳含量、C／N及CO2通量显著相关，且CO2和N2O的通量都有沿降水梯度递减的趋势；CH4通量与有机碳含量、全N含量、C／N、CO2通量及N2O通量都没有显著相关性。     

泥河水库春季水-气界面二氧化碳通量与其影响因子的相关性分析

利用静态箱-气相色谱法对泥河水库春季水-气界面二氧化碳通量值进行连续24h观测,对其变化趋势及影响因素加以分析。结果表明:泥河水库24h均为大气CO2的源,其碳通量均值为26.50mg/(m2·h),全天源的极大值出现在1∶00为32.38mg/(m2·h),源的极小值出现在13∶00为20.15mg/(m2·h)。在春季影响泥河水库水-气界面CO2通量变化的主要因素是气温、叶绿素和风速,相关系数分别为0.671、0.625、0.253。结论:水库水-气界面CO2通量的变化是多种因素共同作用的结果,春季水库是大气CO2主要碳源之一。     

环渤海地区城市人居环境质量评估及影响因素

城市人居环境是城市居民生活质量和满意度的重要内容。本文以环渤海地区44个城市为例,从人居硬环境和软环境两方面评价人居环境指数,运用描述统计和GIS制图方法,分析环渤海地区城市人居环境综合质量空间差异及其影响因素,研究发现：①人居环境综合指数存在显著空间差异,沿海城市的人居环境质量明显高于内陆城市;在省级行政单元中,辽宁省人居环境综合指数最高,天津最低。②环渤海地区城市人居环境指数与经济发展水平和城镇化水平不存在显著的正相关关系,但与人口规模存在显著的负相关关系,表明仅提升经济发展水平和城市化率并不能提升城市人居环境质量,但合理控制城市人口规模则可有助于提升城市人居环境质量。     

Responses of Soil CO2, CH4 and N2O Fluxes to N,P, and Acid Additions in Mixed Forest in Subtropical China

Understanding how nitrogen (N) availability interacts with soil acidity and phosphorus (P) availability to affect soil-atmosphere exchanges in CO₂, CH₄ and N₂O in forest ecosystems is important for understanding the mechanisms driving ecosystem responses to enhanced N deposition. Here, we conducted an experiment with N, P and acid (H) addition in a mixed forest in subtropical China to investigate how acid and P addition affects CO₂, CH₄ and N₂O exchange under N addition. Our results showed that soil NH₄⁺-N and NO₃^--N increased after N addition, but CO₂ emissions in N addition plots remained unaffected. CH₄ uptake in N-, P-, NP-, NH- and NPH-addition plots were reduced by 21.1%, 15.7%, 39.1%, 26.6%, and 28.4%, respectively. CH₄ uptake in NP-addition plots were lower compared to N-addition and P-addition plots, indicating that N and P addition had an additive effect on inhibiting CH₄ uptake. N₂O emission in N-, NP-, NH- and NPH-addition plots increased by 158.6%, 176.0%, 117.2%, and 91.8%, respectively. N₂O emissions in NPH-addition plots were lower compared to NP-addition plots while showed no difference between N-addition and NH-addition plots. This suggests that only under P rich conditions, acid addition would greatly mitigate N₂O emissions under N addition. Our results demonstrate that for N and P co-limited forest ecosystems with acidic soils, low P availability constrains the inhibition of soil CH₄ uptake by N deposition. When P availability is low, a weak soil acidation induced by N deposition may have less influence on the stimulation of N₂O emissions by N deposition.     

Analysis of water vapour flux between alpine wetlands underlying surface and atmosphere in the source region of the Yellow River

An underlying wetland surface comprises soil, water and vegetation and is sensitive to local climate change. Analysis of the degree of coupling between wetlands and the atmosphere and a quantitative assessment of how environmental factors influence latent heat flux have considerable scientific significance. Using data from observational tests of the Maduo Observatory of Climate and Environment of the Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resource, CAS, from June 1 to August 31, 2014, this study analysed the time-varying characteristics and causes of the degree of coupling(Ω factor)between alpine wetlands underlying surface and the atmosphere and quantitatively calculated the influences of different environmental factors(solar radiation and vapour pressure deficit) on latent heat flux. The results were as follows:(1) Due to diurnal variations of solar radiation and wind speed, a trend developed where diurnal variations of the Ω factor were small in the morning and large in the evening. Due to the vegetation growing cycle, seasonal variations of the Ω factor present a reverse "U" trend. These trends are similar to the diurnal and seasonal variations of the absolute control exercised by solar radiation over latent heat flux. This conforms to the Omega Theory.(2) The values for average absolute atmospheric factor(surface factor or total) control exercised by solar radiation and water vapour pressure are 0.20(0.02 or 0.22) and 0.005(-0.07 or-0.06) W/(m2·Pa), respectively. Generally speaking, solar radiation and water vapour pressure deficit exert opposite forces on latent heat flux.(3) At the underlying alpine wetland surface, solar radiation primarily influences latent heat flux through its direct effects(atmospheric factor controls). Water vapour pressure deficit primarily influences latent heat flux through its indirect effects(surface factor controls) on changing the surface resistance.(4) The average Ω factor in the underlying alpine wetland surface is high during the vegetation growing season, with a value of 0.38, and the degree of coupling between alpine wetland surface and atmosphere system is low. The actual measurements agree with the Omega Theory. The latent heat flux is mainly influenced by solar radiation.     

珠江三角洲地区未来海平面上升及风暴潮增水的耕地损失预测

珠江三角洲地区是中国海岸带中风暴潮灾害最集中的区域之一。在全球气候变化和海平面上升的影响下,风暴潮灾害将对该地区农业生产造成巨大的损失。在借鉴相关经验与研究的基础上,建立风暴潮增水灾害耕地产量损失评估模型,选择广东省珠江三角洲地区为研究区域,以该地区的DEM、土地利用等数据为基础,通过实地调研获取当地的作物种植结构、轮作方式、作物单产、不同淹没高度下不同作物的损失率等数据资料,基于未来海平面上升及风暴潮增水的不同时间情景,估算并分析了2030、2050及2100年珠三角地区耕地受灾范围的空间分布特征及产量损失变化情况。结果表明：受气候变化的影响,未来珠三角地区风暴潮影响下的耕地淹没面积比重不断上升,其中阳江、佛山和东莞等地耕地淹没面积从2030年到2100年增加较为明显,广州和珠海的耕地淹没面积增加幅度则较为缓和。从耕地淹没造成的农业产量损失来看,蔬菜、稻谷和花生等主要作物的损失产量比重呈现增加趋势,且蔬菜的增幅最大,其次是稻谷。其中广州、江门、阳江等地稻谷、花生、蔬菜的损失产量比重均表现为持续上升。     

我国区域政策与区域经济空间分布变化的计量分析

在对近20多年来我国区域发展政策讨论的基础上,以1978~2000年我国区域经济空间分布变化为切入点,通过建立计量经济分析模型,探讨了1978~2000年我国区域发展政策与区域经济空间分布变化之间的关系。模型显示:(1)1978~2000年我国区域发展政策对区域经济集聚起促进作用;(2)第三产业的空间分布变化对区域经济空间分布变化影响最大,其次是第二产业,再次是第一产业,这说明在我国各省市区之间第一产业发展是比较均衡的,而第二和第三产业发展是不均衡的。     

Fluxes of CO<Subscript>2</Subscript>, CH<Subscript>4</Subscript> and N<Subscript>2</Subscript>O from alpine grassland in the Tibetan Plateau

Using static chamber technique,fluxes of CO2,CH4 and N2O were measured in the alpine grassland area from July 2000 to July 2001,determinations of mean fluxes showed that CO2 and N2O were generally released from the soil,while the alpine grassland accounted for a weak CH4 sink.Fluxes of CO2,CH4 and N2O ranged widely.The highest CO2 emission occurred in August,whereas almost 90?of the whole year emission occurred in the growing season.But the variations of CH4 and N2O fluxes did not show any clear patterns over the one-year-experiment.During a daily variation,the maximum CO2 emission occurred at 16:00,and then decreased to the minimum emission in the early morning.Daily pattern analyses indicated that the variation in CO2 fluxes was positively related to air temperatures(R^2=0.73)and soil temperatures at a depth of 5 cm(R^2=0.86),whereas daily variations in CH4 and N2O fluxes were poorly explained by soil temperatures and climatic variables.CO2 emissions in this area were much lower than other grasslands in plain areas.     

中国产业能源消费碳排放结构及其减排敏感性分析

本文在非竞争型投入产出分析框架下,建立了区域碳排放的结构分析模型及其敏感性分析方法,并利用中国2007年非竞争型投入产出表.研究了中国产业能源消费碳排放根源以及由贸易产生的碳排放转移问题,并进一步对中国经济结构调整的排放敏感性进行了研究.研究结果标明.出口是中国碳排放总量迅速增加的主要推动力之一.2007年中国对外贸易导致的净出口碳占中国碳排放总量的29.1%.而国内建筑业的投资,机械交通电子设备的出口与投资.国内对食品、电力热力以及服务业的消费,化工金属等高耗能产品的出口等经济活动是我国碳排放的主要根源.也是排放敏感性较高的经济活动.因此,在调整产业结构,促进产业升级,优化出口结构,加快产能转移,抑制基础原材料工业产品的出口规模并逐步实施进口替代,提高出口层次和出口产品附加值的同时,重视提倡全民减排.积极建立节约型社会,特别是减少建筑业的浪费和服务业能耗,将是中国节能减排工作的重点任务.     

土地集约利用与城市化相互作用的定量研究——以中国三大城市群为例

基于京津冀、长三角和珠三角三大城市群2007-2013年土地集约利用与城市化水平的测度,运用协整检验、脉冲响应和方差分解等计量方法,对其城市化与土地集约利用的动态关系和相互作用强度进行研究。结果表明：三大城市群土地集约利用与城市化水平之间存在长期的正向促进作用,但作用强度不同;城市化对土地集约利用的作用强度表现为京津冀>珠三角>长三角,而土地集约利用对城市化的作用强度则表现为长三角>京津冀>珠三角;京津冀和珠三角城市群应在城市化进程中加强城市土地的内涵挖潜,而长三角城市群应逐步调整和优化城市发展模式,从而实现三大城市群城市化与土地集约利用的协同发展。     

长白山北坡苔原/岳桦景观边界的定量检测

景观边界是不同景观类型之间的过渡带,是生态系统与环境(包括地形和地貌等)相互作用的产物,运用地理信息系统和多变量分析方法(主成分分析PCA和移动窗口分析法MSWA)分别对样线数据和TM遥感影像数据进行分析,定量判定长白山北坡苔原和岳桦景观边界的宽度和位置。结果表明:长白山北坡苔原和岳桦景观边界的宽度为60m左右,这与野外样线调查的结果——该边界的宽度为50m相一致;研究结果表明:与地理信息系统和其它统计方法相结合,TM遥感影像数据可以用于森林景观边界的定量检测;在景观边界的检测方面,移动窗口法比主成分分析法更可靠;只要样线布设合理,主成分分析法也可以用于景观边界的定量检测。     

Comparing the seasonal variation of parameter estimation of ecosystem carbon exchange between alpine meadow and cropland in Heihe River Basin, northwestern China

Grasslands and agro-ecosystems occupy one-third of the global terrestrial area. However, great uncertainty still exists about their contributions to the global carbon cycle. This study used various com...