SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SURFACE RADIATION COMPONENTS AT ZHONGSHAN STATION

A preliminary analysis of some characteristics of the radiation components is made by using the surface radiation data obtained from February 1990 to January 1991 at Zhongshan Station. The result shows that the fluxes of direct radiation and global radiation are strong with higher atmospheric transparency,and the surface can absorb large amount of radiation energy in warm season. The surface loses heat energy in cold season due to the seasonal variations of the surface albedo and shortwave radiation. The variation of net longwave radiation is related to cloud amount and surface air temperature. The property of net radiation is similar to other Antarctic coastal stations but differs greatly from Antarctic inland area.     

南极臭氧洞期间中山站和昭和站大气臭氧的中期振荡特征

本文用１９９３和１９９４年７～１２月中山站及昭和站大气臭氧观测资料和１９９３年７～１２月中山站地面温度、气压及戴维斯站探空资料，对南极臭氧洞期间中山站和昭和站的中期振荡特征进行了研究。结果表明：准一周和准二周振荡是南极地区大气臭氧和各层次温压参数普遍存在的两种主振荡周期，且在不同年份其振荡强度也有所不同。在中山站和昭和站地区，１９９３年大气各参数的准二周振荡强度大于准一周振荡，准一周和准二周振荡都是由西向东传播的；而在１９９４年则除准一周振荡外未出现准二周振荡。在普里兹湾地区平流层中下部臭氧和等压面高度、温度准一周和准二周振荡的位相差很小，振荡是同时发生的。准一周和准二周振荡都可以由上而下或由下而上地穿越对流层顶，平流层和对流层的中期振荡有着密切的关系。准二周振荡是大气中普遍存在的一种天气尺度的中期振荡，在不同地区可以对应不同的天气实体。在南极地区，大气臭氧总量的准二周振荡可能是极涡本身固有振荡的反映，而周期较短的准一周振荡则可能是外来扰动强迫振荡的反映。     

放牧对退化草地近地面辐射的影响

随着环境变化,草原地表状态也会改变,尤其是近地面能量收支过程变化更明显。为深入理解半干旱草原地表辐射能量平衡过程对放牧的响应特征,利用内蒙古正镶白旗典型退化草原2020年生长季（6—10月）的辐射通量观测资料,对比分析了禁牧、放牧草地太阳总辐射、地表反射辐射、大气长波辐射、地表长波辐射、净辐射以及地表反照率的日变化和生长季变化规律的差异。结果表明：在生长季,太阳总辐射随着时间推进逐月递减;禁牧区的地表反射辐射总体小于放牧区;各月大气长波辐射日变化幅度很小,处于130—370 W·m^-2;禁牧、放牧条件下地表长波辐射存在明显的季节变化规律,但是二者之间的差异甚微。内蒙古典型退化草原生长季近地面辐射通量有显著单峰型日变化特征。禁牧、放牧草地地表反照率都呈现“U”型日变化规律。生长季放牧草地的反照率明显高于禁牧草地。在禁牧区,辐射分量（地表反射辐射、大气长波辐射）和植被指数（归一化差异植被指数）对净辐射的影响是正向极显著的;而地表反照率和另一辐射分量（地表长波辐射）对净辐射有显著的负向作用。在放牧区,地表反射辐射和大气长波辐射对净辐射有极显著的正向作用;而地表反照率和地表长波辐射对净辐射的作用则是负向显著的。植被状况是影响内蒙古典型退化草原近地表辐射能量收支过程的首要因子。     

AN APPROACH TO THE ESTIMATION OF THE SURFACE RADIATIVE PROPERTIES AND RADIATION BUDGETS OF CITIES

The principles of radiation geometry and the Lambertian assumption are employed to construct a numerical model of the multiple reflection effects within an urban canyon of variable geometry and surface materials. The canyon model is used to estimate the reflection coefficients for the direct and diffuse short-wave and incoming longwave radiative fluxes and the longwave emissivity of an urban surface. The procedures described are applied to various land-use zones in Columbus, Ohio, for the solstices and equinoxes. The diurnal variation of shortwave reflection coefficients is illustrated; daily values generally increase from the CBD to the residential suburbs. Longwave radiative properties differ little between zones. Radiation budgets are synthesized for each land-use type, assuming negligible atmospheric pollution, and are compared with those for appropriate rural surfaces. Net longwave radiation varies little between zones but net shortwave and net radiation decrease from the CBD to the residential areas at the city periphery. Net radiation gradients in cities are shown to depend critically on the relative effects of urban atmospheric pollution on the incident fluxes of longwave and shortwave radiation.     

南极极夜期间臭氧含量变化及其与平流层风温关系

本文利用昭和基地 (6 9°0 0′ S,3 9°3 5′ E) 1 982～ 1 987年的臭氧总量的探空资料 ,着重分析了1 987年南极昭和站极夜期间臭氧含量变化与 5 0 h Pa风速、气温及变温的关系。发现在极夜期间 ,臭氧含量与 5 0 h Pa风速存在较好的相关性。根据热成风原理 ,计算了极夜期间的温度平流项 ,发现臭氧含量与 5 0 h Pa温度平流也存在一定的相关性 ,变温 ΔT的变化主要是由温度平流引起的。平流层臭氧只具有微弱的加热效应     

1971-2004年青藏高原总云量时空变化及其影响因子

利用青藏高原及其周边地区75 个地面气象台站的云量日均值资料,采用正交经验函数(EOF) 和线性倾向估计等方法,分析了高原地区1971-2004 年总云量的时空变化特征。结果表明,高原总云量分布呈自东南向西北减少的态势,且年与四季总云量变化都存在显著下降趋势。进而,研究了高原总云量变化与其他气候因子的相关性。其中,(1) 高原总云量与日照时数、日较差之间存在较好的负相关。本文从云的辐射效应出发,解释了存在这种负相关关系的原因;(2) 青藏高原总云量与相对湿度之间有很好的正相关性,受地形因素、不同云型和云水路径等因素共同影响,高原总云量与降水之间的关系却不显著。在此基础上,重点讨论了高原总云量与气溶胶和臭氧等因子之间的复杂关系。指出：青藏高原总云量减少趋势可能与高原大气气溶胶特别是吸收性气溶胶的增加以及臭氧的损耗有关。     

南极中山站臭氧洞期间O_3廓线的观测研究

本文主要分析了１９９５年臭氧洞期间在中山站用Ｂｒｅｗｅｒ臭氧仪通过Ｕｍｋｅｈｒ（逆转）方法观测和反演得到大气臭氧垂直高度分布的变化情况，并与Ｏ３洞闭合后及１９９５年１～３月的Ｏ３廓线测量结果进行了对比，同时还与国外测站的资料进行了对比，指出南极臭氧洞期间大气臭氧的减少主要发生在平流层下层（１４～２５ｋｍ），这说明发生在平流层气溶胶冰晶云（ＰＳＣ）表面的非均相催化反应主要发生在１４～２５ｋｍ高度。     

四种再分析辐射资料在东南极高原适用性评价

利用东南极Panda-1站2011年2月至2012年1月期间的辐射观测资料,检验了四种再分析资料在该地区的适用性。结果表明:对各辐射分量ERA interim在Panda-1地区的适用性都明显好于其他三种再分析资料,这主要归因于其四维变分(4D-VAR)数据同化系统的应用、新的云预报方程和改进的参数化方案以及同化了更多的卫星资料雷达等非常规探测资料。对于向下短波辐射,NCEP-1与实测值之间偏差最大(18.7 W·m-2),可能原因是模式对大气透明度的高估和对云量的低估。对反射率模拟的偏差直接导致了各模式对净短波辐射模拟偏差。NCEP-1与JCDAS都低估了Panda-1地区的地表反射率,模式中,地表吸收了更多的向下短波辐射,最终导致对净短波辐射模拟偏高。对向下长波辐射,四种再分析资料都存在不同程度的低估,冬季偏差大于夏季,其中NCEP-1与NCEP-2偏差最大(分别为-62.6 W·m-2和-37.3 W·m-2)。四种再分析资料均不能很好地反映Panda-1地区净辐射的年变化情况,一般而言,夏季偏差小,冬季偏差大。虽然再分析资料存在明显的缺陷和不足,在广袤的东南极高原地区,观测站点稀少,实测资料无法满足需要,再分析资料仍不失为研究东南极地区气候的一种有效工具。     

Cloudiness variations over the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau during 1971–2004

With Empirical Orthogonal Function （EOF） and trend analysis method adopted, the spatio-temporal variation of total cloud amount is analyzed for 75 stations on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau during the period 1971-2004. Analysis indicates that the total cloud amount decreases from the southeast to the northwest of the plateau, and that the annual and seasonal variations in total cloud amount both show an apparent declining tendency over the past decades. Correlation analysis demonstrates that the total cloud amount is negative with sunshine duration and diurnal temperature range （DTR）, and is positive with precipitation and the relative humidity, respectively. The negative correlation is consistent with the radiative effect of cloud, while the positive correlation between total cloud amount and precipitation is obscured because of the influence of topographic factors. Discussion implies that the decrease of total cloud amount is possibly due to the variation of atmospheric aerosol content and ozone concentration over the plateau, although it is difficult to quantify the driving force mechanism up to now.     

Gravity measurements with a portable absolute gravimeter A10 in Syowa Station and Langhovde,East Antarctica

Absolute gravity values were measured with a portable absolute gravimeter A10 in East Antarctica, for the first time by the Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition. This study aims to investigate regional spatiotemporal variations of ice mass distributions and associated crustal deformations around Syowa Station by means of repeated absolute gravity measurements, and we obtained the first absolute gravity value in Southern Langhovde on the Antarctic Continent. The average absolute gravity value at the newly installed benchmark AGS01 in Langhovde (obtained on 3 February 2012) was 982535584.2 ± 0.7 μgal (1 [μgal] = 1 × 10^?8 [m/s²]), which was in agreement with the gravity values obtained by the past relative gravity measurements within 1 mgal. In addition, the average absolute gravity value obtained at AGSaux in Syowa Station was consistent with both previous absolute gravity values and those obtained by simultaneous measurements using an FG5 gravimeter, owing to adequate data corrections associated with tidal effects and time variations in atomic clock frequencies. In order to detect the gravity changes associated with the ice mass changes and other tectonic phenomena, we plan to conduct absolute gravity measurements at AGS01 again and at other campaign sites around Syowa Station as well in the near future, with careful attention paid to the impacts of severe environmental conditions in Antarctica on gravity data collection.     

1971-2004年青藏高原总云量时空变化及其影响因子

With Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) and trend analysis method adopted, the spatio-temporal variation of total cloud amount is analyzed for 75 stations on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau during the period 1971-2004. Analysis indicates that the total cloud amount decreases from the southeast to the northwest of the plateau, and that the annual and seasonal variations in total cloud amount both show an apparent declining tendency over the past decades. Correlation analysis demonstrates that the total cloud amount is negative with sunshine duration and diurnal temperature range (DTR), and is positive with precipitation and the relative humidity, respectively. The negative correlation is consistent with the radiative effect of cloud, while the positive correlation between total cloud amount and precipitation is obscured because of the influence of topographic factors. Discussion implies that the decrease of total cloud amount is possibly due to the variation of atmospheric aerosol content and ozone concentration over the plateau, although it is difficult to quantify the driving force mechanism up to now.     

Resting cells of microorganisms in the 20–100 μm fraction of marine sediments in an Antarctic coastal area

We investigated the morphological features, vertical sinking fluxes, and number densities of the resting cells of ice-associated microorganisms in the 20–100 μm fraction of natural marine sediments collected from ice-covered and ice-free areas around Syowa Station, Lützow-Holm Bay, East Antarctica. We identified the resting cells of various taxonomic groups, including the spores of a diatom, cysts of three dinoflagellates, cysts of five oligotrich ciliates, and the eggs of a mesozooplankton. This is the first report of oligotrich ciliate cysts from Antarctic waters. The resting spores of Thalassiosira australis (diatom), cysts of Polarella glacialis (dinoflagellate), and egg type 1 sink to the bottom sediment during summer. Our results suggest that some planktonic and ice-associated microorganisms in Antarctic coastal areas send their resting cells to the bottom sediments as seed populations for the following generation.     

Cloudiness variations over the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau during 1971–2004

With Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) and trend analysis method adopted, the spatio-temporal variation of total cloud amount is analyzed for 75 stations on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau during the period 1971–2004. Analysis indicates that the total cloud amount decreases from the southeast to the northwest of the plateau, and that the annual and seasonal variations in total cloud amount both show an apparent declining tendency over the past decades. Correlation analysis demonstrates that the total cloud amount is negative with sunshine duration and diurnal temperature range (DTR), and is positive with precipitation and the relative humidity, respectively. The negative correlation is consistent with the radiative effect of cloud, while the positive correlation between total cloud amount and precipitation is obscured because of the influence of topographic factors. Discussion implies that the decrease of total cloud amount is possibly due to the variation of atmospheric aerosol content and ozone concentration over the plateau, although it is difficult to quantify the driving force mechanism up to now.     

Extracting fair-weather data from atmospheric electric-field observations at Syowa Station, Antarctica

At Syowa Station (69.0°S, 39.6°E), located on East Ongul Island near the continent of Antarctica, atmospheric electric-field observations started in 1968 and had been carried out intermittently. An improved electric-field mill at Syowa Station had and obtained better-quality atmospheric electric-field data from February 2005 to January 2006. After a 1-year interruption, the observations resumed in January 2007.The atmospheric electric-field data from Syowa Station are often contaminated due to local disturbances caused by near-ground meteorological phenomena. We examined correlations between the atmospheric electric field and near-ground weather from February 2005 to January 2006 and from February 2007 to January 2008, and proposed a criterion to extract “fair-weather” electric-field data based on wind speed and cloud coverage data. The diurnal variation of fair-weather data in January followed the shape of the so-called Carnegie curve. Fair-weather data obtained during a substorm showed some correspondence between the atmospheric electric field and variations in the geomagnetic field. This newly developed extraction method may enable the use of atmospheric electric-field data for studying the solar terrestrial environment.     

Unmanned magnetometer network observation in the 44th Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition: Initial results and an event study on auroral substorm evolution

In the 44th Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition (JARE-44) during 2003 to 2004, four unmanned magnetometers were deployed in Antarctica to establish a observation network for studying ionospheric and magnetospheric phenomena. Three of them were set about 80 km from Syowa Station, and the fourth was set at Dome Fuji Camp, about 800 km from Syowa. Observations were carried out continuously with a maximum sampling rate of 1 Hz. The purpose of the close network around Syowa was to observe the two-dimensional distribution of the ionospheric equivalent current in a localized area within the field-of-view of the all-sky auroral imager operated at Syowa. Dome Fuji is located at the higher-latitude edge of the auroral zone, while Syowa is located in the middle of it. Auroral observations using the all-sky imager were also carried out at Dome Fuji in 2003. The simultaneous auroral and magnetic observations both at Dome Fuji and Syowa enabled us to study auroral activities in a larger area. This paper describes, the deployment and performance of the unmanned magnetometers in the JARE-44. One auroral substorm event is analyzed in detail to show the usefulness the unmanned magnetometer network.     

Interhemispheric observations of field line resonance frequencies as a continuous function of ground latitude in the auroral zones

In the austral summer of 2006–2007, the 48th Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition (JARE-48) installed two unmanned low-power magnetometers to form a closely spaced magnetometer network in combination with the permanent sites at Japan's Syowa Station in Antarctica. To identify field line resonances (FLRs), gradient methods are applied to the data from three adjacent sites in Antarctica and data from conjugate points in Antarctica and Iceland. By analyzing the data from the Antarctic and Icelandic sites individually, the structure of FLRs with high coherence is clearly identified. However, by analyzing the data from closely spaced Antarctic sites, it is more difficult to identify the signature of FLRs because of the inclusion of multiple signals related to the local geomagnetic pulsations over a broad frequency range. The frequency and resonance width of FLRs are determined by applying the amplitude phase gradient method (APGM) to the data from Antarctic sites. This yields the eigenfrequency as a continuous function of ground latitudes in the area surrounding Syowa Station. The mass density in the equatorial region at the L of the auroral zones is estimated from the obtained FLR frequency by numerically solving the standing Alfvén wave equation. The mass density thus obtained is consistent with observational results from previous in situ measurements by spacecraft. The results of the present study demonstrate that data from geomagnetic conjugate points are helpful in identifying FLR in cases in which the magnetometers are too close to each other to enable identification. Once FLR is identified, APGM can be applied to the identified FLR, yielding the FLR frequency as a continuous function of ground latitudes. Therefore, the magnetospheric equatorial mass density is readily estimated with high spatial resolution.     

普里兹湾地区近10年来的气候变化特征

利用中山站 1 989年建站以来和澳大利亚戴维斯站同期气象资料 ,分析了普里兹湾地区短期气候变化过程及其特征。结果表明 ,该地区温度变化存在明显的降温倾向 ,两站降温趋势均为 - 0 .0 66℃ /a ,其结果与整个南极地区温度变化趋势相反。降温倾向的主要特点是月平均温度以秋季下降幅度最大 ,夏季则为升温 ,最高温度存在升温倾向 ,最低温度呈现降温趋势。该地区月平均温度波动很大 ,极端异常过程中月平均温度偏高或偏低达到 1 0℃左右 ,与南极大陆地面高压和绕极低压中心位置及范围的异常分布关系密切。     

1960～1997年新疆北部降水序列的趋势探测

利用非参数统计检验法（Mann-Kendall法）分析了新疆北部地区13个气象台站1961-1997近40年降水序列的趋势。因季节性差异，对1月、4月、7月、10月的降水序列也进行了分析。结果表明，1961-1997年新疆北部地区年降水序列大致存在增加的趋势，但不是很普遍；多数测站的年降水序列无趋势。以4月、10月为代表的春秋季降水量没有趋势存在；在少数测站以1月为代表的冬季降水序列出现了上升趋势，说明1961-1997年间新疆北部冬降水量有一定量的增加；3个测站在以7月以代表的13个夏季降水序列中出现了上升趋势，还有一个测站出现了下降趋势，说明新疆北部地区夏季降水在1961-1997年间有少量的增加，并且降水变化趋势存在一定的地区差异。     

Trends in sunshine duration and atmospheric visibility in the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, 1961–2005

Using the observed data from 184 stations over the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau (YGP) from 1961 to 2005, the long-term trends in sunshine duration, cloud amount, dry visibility (Vd), dry extinction, and water vapor over the YGP are analyzed. The results show that 85% of the stations recorded shortening annual sunshine duration, with the decrease rates between ?12.2 and ?173.7 h/10yr. Results of Mann-Kendall tests indicate that, among the stations with decreasing sunshine duration, 63.7% of them experienced an abrupt change that started in the 1970s and peaked in the 1980s. This decreasing trend has reversed in the early years of the 21st century. The cloud cover and water vapor content in the mid and lower levels over the YGP had no obvious changes during the study period. The annual averages of Vd declined from 34 km in the 1960s to 27 km at present. The annual mean dry extinction coefficient trended upward, from 0.176 to 0.190, on the YGP from 1980 to 2005. Analyses of cloud cover, water vapor, atmospheric visibility, and dry extinction coefficient revealed that emitted tropospheric aerosols (including air pollutants) resulting from increased energy consumption over the YGP could be a major factor influencing the reductions of sunshine duration and atmospheric visibility.     

用GPS技术监测南极半岛地区形变的结果初步分析

“全南极 GPS国际联测”已经进行了 6期观测。我们选取了位于西南极乔治王岛地区的 7个 GPS站 ,并加入 2个 IGS站 ,分别对 1 995、1 996、1 998年的同期 (GPS年积日 0 2 0 - 0 4 0 )观测数据进行了基线处理 ,相对精度可达 1 0 - 8- 1 0 - 9。并对 GAMIT软件解算得到的松弛解和强约束解分别进行了网平差处理 ,结果证明该地区比较稳定 ,总体上有 1 0 mm/a左右向西南方向的运动趋势。