气候变化对南极冰面湖的影响研究:以埃默里和拉森A冰架为例

冰面湖作为区域气候变化的灵敏指示器,对研究全球气候变化背景下南极冰冻圈的稳定性具有重要意义。本文基于2000—2019年区域气象数据、LandsatETM+/OLI影像与LIMA(LandsatImageMosaicof Antarctica)镶嵌影像,选取东南极的埃默里冰架和西南极的拉森A冰架作为研究区,采用归一化水体指数(Normalized Difference Water Index, NDWI)提取冰面湖面积信息,对冰面湖面积与气象数据开展遥相关分析,探索冰面湖与区域气候变化的联系。结果表明:埃默里冰面湖总面积较为稳定并有减小趋势,拉森A冰面湖总面积则呈增加趋势;冰面湖与气温和海温之间存在正向反馈特征;两个冰架区域的反馈特征规律明显不同,埃默里冰面湖面积受气温影响显著,但受海温影响并不明显,而拉森A冰面湖则对海温变化敏感,其面积与海温变化趋势一致。     

天山南坡科其喀尔巴西冰川消融估算

能量平衡模型是目前估算冰川表面消融最准确的方法之一.利用科其喀尔巴西冰川野外气象和消融观测数据,结合1:5万地形图,对不同坡向和坡度格点上总辐射和净辐射进行了地形校正模拟,并采用空气动力学法对冰面感热和潜热进行了计算,最后对冰川表面消融进行了模拟.结果表明,模拟小时总辐射和实测值存在较好的一致性,二者相关系数为0.85,而净辐射模拟效果较差.消融模拟值大体反映了实际的消融值,平均误差为2.9mm w.e/day,均方根误差为4.2 mm w.e/day,且模拟值一般略大于观测值,距离自动气象站较近的花杆模拟相对误差较小,随着花杆距离冰面自动气象站距离的增大,模拟相对误差呈增加的趋势.     

天山东部喀尔里克山峰区的冰川作用

喀尔里克山和巴尔库山位于新疆哈密地区天山最东端。山势较为低缓,海拔一般在4000米左右。高山地带固态降水的长期积累,发育了现代冰川。雪冰融水孕育着河流下游片片绿洲。峰区现代冰川的分布呈现大集中、小分散的特征。悬冰川115条,占冰川总数的50％以上,广泛地悬挂在两山的南北坡。长度在3公里以上的较大冰川有24条,其中96％分布在喀尔里克山,而且集中于东径94°16′—34′之间的南坡。为了进一步揭示我国天山东部冰川作用的特征,我们选择喀尔里克峰区进行有关问题的讨论。     

天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川致冷效应的小气候观测

高山冰川以其下垫面的致冷效应形成独特的冰川小气候.为研究冰川小气候特征,2007年7月在天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川表面及末端冰碛上架设5台自动气象站,并进行了为期一个月的基本气象要素的观测.以观测数据为基础,描述和分析了与冰川致冷效应有关的冰川区温度与湿度变化特征、冰面逆温、温跃现象、冰川风现象,并就冰川致冷效应对局地对...     

冰湖的界定与分类体系——面向冰湖编目和冰湖灾害研究

冰川湖泊（简称冰湖）不仅是高山区重要的水资源,而且是许多冰川灾害的孕育者和发源地,在冰冻圈科学、气候变化和山地灾害研究中具有重要地位。本文系统讨论了现有冰湖定义及存在的问题,从冰湖编目和冰湖灾害研究视角提出冰湖的定义,指出现有冰湖研究主要是基于“以现代冰川融水为主要补给源或在冰碛垄洼地内积水形成的天然水体”这一冰湖定义的。同时,从冰湖形成机理、地貌形态和空间分布位置将冰湖划分为冰川侵蚀湖（冰斗湖、冰川槽谷湖和其他冰川侵蚀湖）、冰碛阻塞湖（终碛阻塞湖、侧碛阻塞湖、冰碛垄热融湖）、冰川阻塞湖（冰川前进阻塞湖和其他冰川阻塞湖）、冰面湖、冰下（内）湖和其他冰川湖6大类及8个亚类,并给出各冰湖类型相应的遥感判识指标和定量指标,以期建立具有普适性和可操作性的冰湖分类体系。     

喀尔里克冰川，哈密天上的水库

我喜欢自然,尤其是座落在西部高山高原上的冰川,她们像圣母,圣洁庄重;像少女,洁白无暇;像国王,仁慈威严……东天山主峰喀尔里克山上就分布着座座冰川,她们在阳光下,清澈明净,闪耀着亦幻亦真的洁白无暇;在晨光暮霭中,又变换成庄严辉煌的金光。喀尔里克冰川,是哈密天上的水库,她用冰雪乳汁,滋润着哈密绿洲,养育着这方水土和这片水土上辛劳的人民。     

基于RTK-GPS的北极Austre Lovénbreen冰川表面高程变化研究

基于多期RTK-GPS(Real Time Kinematic-Global Position System)高精度测量数据,通过冰面高程变化开展北极Austre Lovénbreen冰川物质变化研究。首先基于冰面GPS测点开展多种空间插值方法的比对,兼顾冰面DEM(Digital Elevation Model)的平滑特性以及插值结果的准确性,优选自然邻域法作为冰面地形的插值算法;继而利用2013—2015年3期RTK-GPS数据,通过冰面地形内插和测线交叉点比对两种方式开展了Austre Lovénbreen冰川表面高程变化的分析,结果表明交叉点方法的精度更高,而地形内插法在测线之间的空白区域存在较大误差。最后通过冰雪密度估计将高程变化转化为水当量,计算相应时段的冰川物质平衡:积累区密度取500 kg·m^-3,消融区密度取900 kg·m^-3,得到2013—2014年和2014—2015年的物质平衡分别为–0.277m w.e.和0.065m w.e.。该物质平衡结果相较于传统的冰面物质平衡而言存在一定的差异,主要源于测量时段的不一致,以及可能存在的冰川内部物质变化。此外,将RTK-GPS交叉点高程的年际变化与所在高程进行联合分析,发现冰川物质变化与冰川高程分布既有较强的相关性,部分区域也存在一些差异。总体而言,冰川物质年变化的海拔梯度为2.67‰,在海拔越低的区域冰川消融得越快,随海拔上升消融减慢,在高海拔或冰川边缘区域还存在少量物质积累。     

喀尔里克山冰川资源近50a来的变化及保护对策

利用1971 - 1972年航拍调绘地形图、1992年8月15日Landsat TM、2001年9月17日Landsat ETM+和2006年8月22日LandsatTM影像数据,并以中国科学院高山冰雪利用研究队1959年对天山现代冰川所作的首次编目登记数据为参考值,分析了喀尔里克山冰川资源近50 a来的变化.结果表明...     

基于GPS的北极冰川表面地形测量与制图

自2005年以来,我国科考队员利用双频GPS在北极黄河站附近的Austre Lovénbreen 和 Pedersenbreen两条冰川上每年一次开展高精度的冰川运动观测,获取了冰川表面监测标杆的精确位置和运动速度。2009年4月,我国考察队员在这两条冰川上开展了密集的GPS点位数据采集,藉此开展北极两条冰川的冰面地形测量。在分析单频GPS动态单点定位数据用于冰面地形测量的可行性基础上,经过平差计算获得了两条冰川的冰面地形数据,进而生成冰面DEM和等高线,制作冰面地形图。经与高精度控制点比较,冰面DEM高程的误差为0.78m,在冰川季节性高程波动和年消融的变化范围之内。由于SMART-V1型GPS设备是当前冰川研究工作中应用较多的pulseEKKO型探地雷达配套的一个重要部件,本文的结论对于同类仪器开展冰川测量工作具有参考价值,对基于高密度的GPS动态单点定位测量方法用于冰面地形测量的数据处理具有指导意义。     

东南极极记录冰川表面冰面湖变化监测

南极冰盖表面冰面湖的形成和变化是衡量南极冰盖表面融化的重要指示器,对研究全球气候系统具有重要意义.本文利用Landsat和Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer(ASTER)光学数据,对2000—2017年间的东南极极记录冰川地区的冰...     

The relationship between air and water temperatures in lakes of the Swiss Plateau: a case study with pal\sgmaelig;olimnological implications

In pal\sgmaelig;olimnological studies, inference models based on aquatic organisms are frequently used to estimate summer lake surface water temperatures. However, the calibration of such models is often unsatisfactory because of the sparseness of measured water temperature data. This study investigates the feasibility of using air temperature data, usually available at much higher resolution, to calibrate such models by comparing regional air temperatures with surface water temperatures in 17 lakes on the Swiss Plateau. Results show that altitude-corrected air temperatures are sufficiently uniform over the entire Swiss Plateau to allow local air temperatures at any particular lake site to be adequately estimated from standard composite air temperature series. In early summer, day-to-day variability in air temperature is reflected extremely well in the temperature of the uppermost metre of the water column, while monthly mean air temperatures correspond well, with respect to both absolute value and interannual variations, with water temperatures in most of the epilimnion. Standardised altitude-corrected air temperature series may therefore be a useful alternative to surface water temperatures for the purposes of calibrating lake temperature inference models. In Northern Hemisphere temperate regions, mean air and water temperatures are likely to correspond most closely in July, suggesting that calibration and reconstruction efforts be concentrated on this month.     

Definition and classification system of glacial lake for inventory and hazards study

Glacial lakes are not only the important refresh water resources in alpine region, but also act as a trigger of many glacial hazards such as glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF) and debris flow. Therefore, glacial lakes play an important role on the cryosphere, climate change and alpine hazards. In this paper, the issues of glacial lake were systematically discussed, then from the view of glacial lake inventory and glacial lake hazards study, the glacial lake was defined as natural water mainly supplied by modern glacial meltwater or formed in glacier moraine’s depression. Furthermore, a complete classification system of glacial lake was proposed based on its formation mechanism, topographic feature and geographical position. Glacial lakes were classified as 6 classes and 8 subclasses, i.e., glacial erosion lake (including cirque lake, glacial valley lake and other glacial erosion lake), moraine-dammed lake (including end moraine-dammed lake, lateral moraine-dammed lake and moraine thaw lake), ice-blocked lake (including advancing glacier-blocked lake and other glacier-blocked lake), supraglacial lake, subglacial lake and other glacial lake. Meanwhile, some corresponding features exhibiting on remote sensing image and quantitative indices for identifying different glacial lake types were proposed in order to build a universal and operational classification system of glacial lake.     

冰湖的界定与分类体系——面向冰湖编目和冰湖灾害研究（英文）

Glacial lakes are not only the important refresh water resources in alpine region, but also act as a trigger of many glacial hazards such as glacial lake outburst flood(GLOF) and debris flow. Therefore, glacial lakes play an important role on the cryosphere, climate change and alpine hazards. In this paper, the issues of glacial lake were systematically discussed, then from the view of glacial lake inventory and glacial lake hazards study, the glacial lake was defined as natural water mainly supplied by modern glacial meltwater or formed in glacier moraine's depression. Furthermore, a complete classification system of glacial lake was proposed based on its formation mechanism, topographic feature and geographical position. Glacial lakes were classified as 6 classes and 8 subclasses, i.e., glacial erosion lake(including cirque lake, glacial valley lake and other glacial erosion lake), moraine-dammed lake(including end moraine-dammed lake, lateral moraine-dammed lake and moraine thaw lake), ice-blocked lake(including advancing glacier-blocked lake and other glacier-blocked lake), supraglacial lake, subglacial lake and other glacial lake. Meanwhile, some corresponding features exhibiting on remote sensing image and quantitative indices for identifying different glacial lake types were proposed in order to build a universal and operational classification system of glacial lake.     

东南极中山站附近湖冰与固定冰热力学过程比较

2006年对东南极中山站附近湖冰和固定冰的热力学过程进行了系统观测.基于观测数据比较湖冰和固定冰热力学生消过程;分析湖冰和固定冰温度对气温变化的响应规律;计算不同深度层湖冰和固定冰的垂向热传导通量.结果表明:观测的湖泊和海岸区均在2月底至3月初形成连续冰层;湖冰9月底至10月初达到最大冰厚,早于固定冰1-2个月,湖冰最...     

洪湖湿地大气调节价值评价研究

以洪湖湿地为研究对象,基于现有研究资料对其大气调节服务价值进行了定量评价。结果表明:洪湖湿地大气调节服务总价值为254.52×106元/a,是过去研究结果的11.6倍,其中湿地植物净固定的温室气体价值(包含甲烷折算的排放价值)为58.50×106元/a,表现为较强的碳汇;湿地释放氧气价值为176.51×106元/a,增湿调温价值为19.51×106元/a。洪湖湿地植被净固定温室气体价值、释放氧气价值和增湿调温价值分别占大气调节服务总价值的22.98%、69.35%和7.7%。     

Climatic influences on streamflow and sediment flux into Lake C2, northern Ellesmere Island, Canada

Streamflow, suspended sediment transport and meteorological variables at two elevations were measured through the 1990–1992 field seasons at Lake C2, Northern Ellesmere Island, as part of the Taconite Inlet Lakes Project. The objectives were to determine the extent to which suspended sediment flux responded to climatic variability, and to ascertain which meteorological variable was most strongly associated with daily discharge and sediment load. This study provided a partial test of our hypothesis that the annually-laminated sediments of Lake C2 contain a paleoclimate signal. Streamflow to the lake was almost exclusively the result of snowmelt, in response to inputs of atmospheric energy as measured by air temperature at the median watershed elevation (520 m). Sea-level air temperature, global solar and net all-wave irradiance were less clearly associated with discharge. Fluctuations of discharge and suspended sediment concentration were nearly synchronous, and non-linearly related. Daily sediment discharge was therefore linked by streamflow, with a time lag, to the energy available for snowmelt. Mean daily air temperature and cumulative degree-days above 0 °C, at 520 m elevation, were successfully used to predict the daily and seasonal discharge of runoff and sediment to the lake.This is the third in a series of papers published in this issue on the Taconite Inlet Lakes Project. These papers were collected by Dr R. S. Bradley.     

Basic hydrology,limnology, and meteorology of modern Lake El’gygytgyn,Siberia

A survey of the modern physical setting of Lake El’gygytgyn, northeastern Siberia, is presented here to facilitate interpretation of a 250,000-year climate record derived from sediment cores from the lake bottom. The lake lies inside a meteorite impact crater that is approximately 18 km in diameter, with a total watershed area of 293 km², 110 km² of which is lake surface. The only surface water entering the lake comes from the approximately 50 streams draining from within the crater rim; a numbering system for these inlet streams is adopted to facilitate scientific discussion. We created a digital elevation model for the watershed and used it to create hypsometries, channel networks, and drainage area statistics for each of the inlet streams. Many of the streams enter shallow lagoons dammed by gravel berms at the lakeshore; these lagoons may play a significant role in the thermal and biological dynamics of the lake due to their higher water temperatures (>6°C). The lake itself is approximately 12 km wide and 175 m deep, with a volume of 14.1 km³. Water temperature within a column of water near the center of this oligotrophic, monomictic lake never exceeded 4°C over a 2.5 year record, though the shallow shelves (<10 m) surrounding the lake can reach 5°C in summer. Though thermally stratified in winter, the water appears completely mixed shortly after lake ice breakup in July. Mean annual air temperature measured about 200 m from the lake was −10.3°C in 2002, and an unshielded rain gage there recorded 70 mm of rain in summer of 2002. End of winter snow water equivalent on the lake was approximately 110 mm in May 2002. Analysis of NCEP reanalysis air temperatures (1948–2002) reveals that the 8 warmest years and 10 warmest winters have occurred since 1989, with the number of days below −30°C dropping from a pre-1989 mean of 35 to near 0 in recent years. The crater region is windy as well as cold, with hourly wind speeds exceeding 13.4 m s⁻¹ (30 mph) typically at least once each month and 17.8 m s⁻¹ (40 mph) in winter months, with only a few calm days per month; wind may also play an important role in controlling the modern shape of the lake. Numerous lines of evidence suggest that the physical hydrology and limnology of the lake has changed substantially over the past 3.6 million years, and some of the implications of these changes on paleoclimate reconstructions are discussed. This is the second in a series of eleven papers published in this special issue dedicated to initial studies of El'gygytgyn Crater Lake and its catchment in NE Russia. Julie Brigham-Grette, Martin Melles, Pavel Minyuk were guest editors of this special issue.     

2000-2013年西藏纳木错湖冰变化及其影响因素

湖冰物候事件是气候变化的敏感指示器。本文以西藏纳木错湖为研究对象,基于MODIS多光谱反射率产品数据监测了2000-2013年纳木错湖冰冻融日期,并结合多个气象站点的气象数据和实测湖面温度、湖面辐射亮温分析验证了湖冰变化的原因。纳木错湖冰变化较好地响应了区域气候变暖：开始冻结日期延迟和完全消融日期提前使湖冰存在期显著缩短(2.8 d/a)、湖冰冻结期增长、湖冰消融期缩短,其中消融期变化最为明显,平均每年缩短3.1 d。湖冰冻融日期的变化表明：2000年后纳木错湖冰冻结困难,消融加速,稳定性减弱。纳木错湖冰变化主要受湖面温度、湖面辐射亮温和气温变化的影响,它们可以作为气象因子来解释区域气候变化。     

The sediment record of the past 200 years in a Swiss high-alpine lake: Hagelseewli (2339 m a.s.l.)

Sediment cores spanning the last two centuries were taken in Hagelseewli, a high-elevation lake in the Swiss Alps. Contiguous 0.5 cm samples were analysed for biological remains, including diatoms, chironomids, cladocera, chrysophyte cysts, and fossil pigments. In addition, sedimentological and geochemical variables such as loss-on-ignition, total carbon, nitrogen, sulphur, grain-size and magnetic mineralogy were determined. The results of these analyses were compared to a long instrumental air temperature record that was adapted to the elevation of Hagelseewli by applying mean monthly lapse rates.During much of the time, the lake is in the shadow of a high cliff to the south, so that the lake is ice-covered during much of the year and thus decoupled from climatic forcing. Lake biology is therefore influenced more by the duration of ice-cover than by direct temperature effects during the short open-water season. Long periods of ice-cover result in anoxic water conditions and dissolution of authigenic calcites, leading to carbonate-free sediments.The diversity of chironomid and cladoceran assemblages is extremely low, whereas that of diatom and chrysophyte cyst assemblages is much higher. Weak correlations were observed between the diatom and chrysophyte cyst assemblages on the one hand and summer or autumn air temperatures on the other, but the proportion of variance explained is low, so that air temperature alone cannot account for the degree of variation observed in the paleolimnological record.Analyses of mineral magnetic parameters, spheroidal carbonaceous particles and lead suggest that atmospheric pollution has had a significant effect on the sediments of Hagelseewli, but little effect on the water quality as reflected in the lake biota.