基于半约束条件下不透水面的遥感提取方法

不透水面作为城市生态环境的一个重要指标,被广泛应用于城市扩张监测、热岛效应分析及人类活动影响等方面的研究中。线性光谱混合模型构造简单、物理含义明确,是估算不透水面的主要方法。但是全约束的线性光谱混合模型容易在不透水面覆盖较低的地区(0~20%)出现高估,而在不透水面覆盖较高的地区(80%~100%)出现低估。因此,以黑龙江省富锦市为实验区,利用Landsat5 TM图像,讨论了线性光谱混合模型在不同端元数目和约束条件下对不透水面的估算精度,发现三端元(高反射率地物、植被及土壤)半约束条件的线性光谱混合模型估算结果最优,其均方根误差为16.71%,并结合地表温度和植被覆盖度辅助分析,去除了水田对不透水面估算的影响,提高了不透水面的估算精度。     

多季相混合像元部分分解特征的不透水面分类

针对利用光谱混合分解提取不透水面特征通常受到端元类型和数量的限制,同时植被变化会影响估计精度的问题,该文提出 了一种综合季相和植被变化信息的不透水面提取框架.基于混合像元部分分解算法——混合调谐匹配滤波(MTMF),设计了多季相组合MTMF(SCMTMF)特征和多季相叠加MTMF(SSMTMF)两种策略,构造了不透水面的多季相MTMF特征,将不透水特征与多季相植被指数结合利用支持向量机实现对不透水面的精确分类.结果表明,利用多季相特征得到的不透水面提取效果相较于单季相有较明显的改善,该文所提出的策略有利于提高不透水面的估计精度.     

影像分割的城市不透水面信息提取

针对线性光谱混合分解在端元选取中的不足,该文提出了结合影像分割的线性光谱混合分解不透水面估算模型。选取植被、高反射率、低反射率、土壤4种端元,利用线性光谱混合分解和结合影像分割的线性光谱混合分解两种模型,以2010年的TM5遥感影像为数据源对哈尔滨市主城区的不透水面进行估算,并对两种模型进行了对比分析。研究结果表明:线性光谱混合分解和结合影像分割的线性光谱混合分解的平均绝对误差分别为19.84%和14.76%,说明结合影像分割的线性光谱混合分解模型比线性光谱混合分解方法的估算精度高。     

不透水面提取方法及应用研究综述

围绕数据源、提取方法以及不透水面应用研究3个层面对国内外学者提取不透水面做出了总结,其中数据源主要介绍了Landsat系列、Sentinel系列以及高分系列,不透水面提取方法主要归纳了指数法以及光谱混合分析法,应用研究主要针对不透水面演变分析、与城市生态问题的探究。通过归纳国内外学者的研究成果得出,不透水面的扩张会导致城市地表温度的上升,同时与其他一些生态问题存在一定的相关性。     

一种基于DELSMA模型的城市不透水面提取方法

针对线性光谱混合分解(LSMA)模型在端元个数不变的情况下易造成不透水面被高估或低估的问题,该文提出了基于影像分层的变端元线性光谱混合分解(DELSMA)模型。以城市不透水面为研究目标,采用Landsat 8陆地成像仪(OLI)影像为实验数据,对比分析DELSMA模型和LSMA模型提取的不透水面精度。与LSMA模型分解结果进行对比,DELSMA模型相关系数从0.898 2提高到0.947 3,拟合优度从0.804 7提高到0.896 3,均方根误差从0.089 5减少到0.079 1,从精度验证结果可以看出,基于影像分层的DELSMA模型对混合像元的分解效果优于LSMA模型。实验结果表明:影像分层降低了场景复杂度,有效减少了同物异谱和异物同谱的干扰;采用变端元进行混合像元分解,有效减少了计算量和地物类内差异对分解精度的影响,一定程度上提高了不透水面的提取精度。     

泰安市区不透水面覆盖度遥感估算研究

区域不透水面覆盖度是该区域城镇化程度、生态环境状况的重要指示因子。针对传统线性混合像元分解丰度图经常出现负值或者大于1的情况,采用完全约束最小二乘混合像元分解方法,利用泰安市市区Landsat8 OLI遥感影像提取了其不透水面分布状况,运用高分辨率遥感影像随机采样进行了精度检验,并对该区域不透水面空间特征进行了分析。结果表明:该文方法对泰安市市区不透水面分布提取的精度较高;植被、水体、高和低反照率不透水面4种光谱端元的线性组合,可以较好地模拟OLI影像的波谱特征;高、低反照率不透水面两种光谱端元可以很好地表达泰安市市区不透水面信息。     

主流城市不透水面信息提取方法评价及分析

选取库尔勒城区为研究区,以2014年RapidEye为数据源,在基本数据处理的基础上,采用主流的不透水面提取方法(线性光谱混合模型:LMSA;主成分分析方法:PCA、NDVI二元法)提取2014年库尔勒市城区的不透水面信息。然后整理地理国情普查成果指标,转换为实际的不透水面信息作为检验样本,评价3种方法的提取精度,确定适宜新疆典型城市的不透水面提取方法。结果表明:LSMA总体精度、Kappa系数及提取效果最佳,NDVI二元法次之,PCA最低。LSMA法虽然局部识别效果较破粹、小图斑居多,但能提取出PCA及NDVI二元法敏感性较差的地块,推广性较强。     

基于光谱混合分解的流域不透水面提取及其动态分析——以于桥水库为例

不透水面不仅是城市非点源污染的主要来源,还是流域生态环境变化的主要因素之一。不透水面的数量、位置、几何形状、分布格局以及透水率与不透水率的比值,均影响着流域的水文环境,因此成为研究热点。本文以天津于桥水库流域为例,综合遥感(RS)与地理信息系统(GIS)技术,从流域尺度上研究1984~2013年间不透水面覆盖度的变化。在ENVI 5.1软件支持下,利用遥感影像获取1984,1994,2004和2013年4个时相的不透水面信息。采用修正后的归一化水体指数剔除水体信息,排除水体对不透水面提取精度的影响。运用线性光谱混合分析法(Linear Spectral Mixture Analysis,LSMA),提取流域不透水面覆盖度。结果表明:流域内不透水面覆盖度大多集中在1~5级,植被覆盖程度较高。近30年间不透水面比例逐年增加,2013年比1984年增加了2.802%,呈线性增长。中等分辨率的遥感影像适合流域尺度的不透水面提取的结果可作为流域水文及规划管理的重要基础性数据。     

基于混合光谱分解的城市不透水面分布估算

城市化的一个重要表现就是不透水面分布比率的上升,城市内部不透水面分布是城市生态环境的一个重要指标。对于规模较大的大城市,采用高性价比的中等分辨率影像,获取不透水面的分布,是当前国际研究的一个热点。本研究利用Landsat 7的ETM 影像,在线性光谱分解的技术上,提取了上海市的不透水面分布并对其空间特征进行了分析。研究揭示,ETM 影像对于城市尺度的信息提取,其成本是较低的;对于城市地域来说,利用植被、高反照度、低反照度和裸露的土壤四种最终光谱端元的线性组合,可以较好地模拟ETM 波谱特征,而除了水面以外的高反照度、低反照度两种最终光谱端元,可以较好地表达城市不透水表面信息。结果显示,利用中等分辨率影像对上海中心城区不透水面分布提取的精度还是令人满意的,总体上,上海市不透水面分布比率较高,不透水面分布的空间差异进一步揭示了城市土地覆被空间结构以及城市空间扩展的差异性。     

基于Sentinel-2A和Landsat8的城市不透水面的提取

城市不透水面相关研究对城市的发展至关重要.为了提取城市不透水面盖度,通常采用线性光谱混合分析方法,在亚像元尺度上计算混合像元内的不透水面面积比例.由于端元光谱曲线存在误差,导致不透水面盖度提取精度较低,因而提出端元优化方案,通过Sentinel-2A影像选择比较纯净的端元,利用其光谱信息优化从Land-sat8影像中选...     

Automated mapping of impervious surfaces in urban and suburban areas: Linear spectral unmixing of high spatial resolution imagery

Quantifying impervious surfaces in urban and suburban areas is a key step toward a sustainable urban planning and management strategy. With the availability of fine-scale remote sensing imagery, automated mapping of impervious surfaces has attracted growing attention. However, the vast majority of existing studies have selected pixel-based and object-based methods for impervious surface mapping, with few adopting sub-pixel analysis of high spatial resolution imagery. This research makes use of a vegetation-bright impervious-dark impervious linear spectral mixture model to characterize urban and suburban surface components. A WorldView-3 image acquired on May 9th, 2015 is analyzed for its potential in automated unmixing of meaningful surface materials for two urban subsets and one suburban subset in Toronto, ON, Canada. Given the wide distribution of shadows in urban areas, the linear spectral unmixing is implemented in non-shadowed and shadowed areas separately for the two urban subsets. The results indicate that the accuracy of impervious surface mapping in suburban areas reaches up to 86.99%, much higher than the accuracies in urban areas (80.03% and 79.67%). Despite its merits in mapping accuracy and automation, the application of our proposed vegetation-bright impervious-dark impervious model to map impervious surfaces is limited due to the absence of soil component. To further extend the operational transferability of our proposed method, especially for the areas where plenty of bare soils exist during urbanization or reclamation, it is still of great necessity to mask out bare soils by automated classification prior to the implementation of linear spectral unmixing.     

城市不透水表面遥感估算研究

作为城市化水平的关键指示因子,不透水表面已经被广泛应用在城市生态环境评估中。利用TM影像,采用附有限制条件的线性光谱混合模型对北京城区的不透水表面分布进行空间分析。通过高反照率、低反照率、植被及土壤4类光谱端元的线性组合表征城市土地覆盖类型,综合剔除噪声影响后的高、低反照率分量,估算北京城区不透水表面分布。研究结果表明：利用附有限制条件的线性光谱分解得到的RMS平均值为0．003428。其不透水表面分布结果与同期spot-5对比验证,R2为0．932,均方根误差为0．086,结果令人满意。     

归一化光谱分解模型在城市化信息提取中的应用

以2001年7月11日LandsatETM7影像和2009年7月16日TM影像为数据源,基于V-I-S理论模型,采用归一化光谱分解模型提取了乌鲁木齐市区范围内2个时段的植被、土壤、不透水层3个连续地表参数分量。通过对不透水层不同阈值的划分,提取了2时段的乌鲁木齐市城市发展的空间信息,结果较为满意;通过空间叠加计算方式获取了8年来乌鲁木齐市城市化发展的空间信息和主要拓展方向。结果表明,乌鲁木齐城市化发展速度较快,特别是北扩趋势显著。     

北京城市不透水层覆盖度遥感估算

 应用线性光谱混合模型研究城市环境生物物理组成，端元的确定是其关键。城市地表同物异谱现象显著，光谱变异强烈，对于高反照率地物尤其突出。端元的光谱变异对线性光谱混合模型拟合结果产生重要影响。以同种纯净地物光谱曲线形状具有相似性为出发点，提出了一种端元优化选取方法，在此基础上计算了北京城市地表不透水层覆盖度。研究结果表明，该方法能够在一定程度上减小端元光谱变异性对线性光谱混合模型拟合结果的影响，进而提高城市不透水层覆盖度的估算精度。     

运用归一化光谱混合模型分析城市地表组成

运用归一化光谱混合分析(NSMA)方法,用ETM 数据调查广州市海珠区城市地表组成,采用亮度标准化方法减小亮度变化。通过标准化,使亮度差异在每个植被-非渗透性表面-土壤-水体(V-I-S-W)组成中减小或者消除,这样使得一个单一的端元能够代表一种地表组分。在此基础上,通过归一化影像,选择了植被、非渗透性表面、土壤和水体4种端元,运用一种约束光谱混合分析(SMA)模型,分解了不同种类的城市地表组成。通过与已有模型计算结果比较,认为本文所构建的模型较优,其对研究区非渗透性表面估计的均方根误差为12.6%。     

Area Delineation and Spatial-Temporal Dynamics of Urban Heat Island in Lanzhou City,China Using Remote Sensing Imagery

One of the key impacts of rapid urbanization on the environment is the effect of urban heat island (UHI). By using the Landsat TM/ETM+ thermal infrared remote sensing data of 1993, 2001 and 2011 to retrieve the land surface temperature (LST) of Lanzhou City, and by adopting object-oriented fractal net evolution approach (FNEA) to make image segmentation of the LST, the UHI elements were extracted. The G* index spatial aggregation analysis was made to calculate the urban heat island ratio index (URI), and the landscape metrics were used to quantify the changes of the spatial pattern of the UHI from the aspects of quantity, shape and structure. The impervious surface distribution and vegetation coverage were extracted by a constrained linear spectral mixture model to explore the relationships of the impervious surface distribution and vegetation coverage with the UHI. The information of urban built-up area was extracted by using UBI (NDBI-NDVI) index, and the effects of urban expansion on city thermal environment were quantitatively analyzed, with the URI and the LST grade maps built. In recent 20 years, the UHI effect in Lanzhou City was strengthened, with the URI increased by 1.4 times. The urban expansion had a spatiotemporal consistency with the UHI expansion. The patch number and density of the UHI landscape were increased, the patch shape and the whole landscape tended to be complex, the landscape became more fragmented, and the landscape connectivity was decreased. The heat island strength had a negative linear correlation with the urban vegetation coverage, and a positive logarithmic correlation with the urban impervious surface coverage.     

Stratified spectral mixture analysis of medium resolution imagery for impervious surface mapping

Linear spectral mixture analysis (LSMA) is widely employed in impervious surface estimation, especially for estimating impervious surface abundance in medium spatial resolution images. However, it suffers from a difficulty in endmember selection due to within-class spectral variability and the variation in the number and the type of endmember classes contained from pixel to pixel, which may lead to over or under estimation of impervious surface. Stratification is considered as a promising process to address the problem. This paper presents a stratified spectral mixture analysis in spectral domain (Sp_SSMA) for impervious surface mapping. It categorizes the entire data into three groups based on the Combinational Build-up Index (CBI), the intensity component in the color space and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) values. A suitable endmember model is developed for each group to accommodate the spectral variation from group to group. The unmixing into the associated subset (or full set) of endmembers in each group can make the unmixing adaptive to the types of endmember classes that each pixel actually contains. Results indicate that the Sp_SSMA method achieves a better performance than full-set-endmember SMA and prior-knowledge-based spectral mixture analysis (PKSMA) in terms of R, RMSE and SE.     

Prior-knowledge-based spectral mixture analysis for impervious surface mapping

In this study, we developed a prior-knowledge-based spectral mixture analysis (PKSMA) to map impervious surfaces by using endmembers derived separately for high- and low-density urban regions. First, an urban area was categorized into high- and low-density urban areas, using a multi-step classification method. Next, in high-density urban areas that were assumed to have only vegetation and impervious surfaces (ISs), the vegetation–impervious model (V–I) was used in a spectral mixture analysis (SMA) with three endmembers: vegetation, high albedo, and low albedo. In low-density urban areas, the vegetation–impervious–soil model (V–I–S) was used in an SMA analysis with four endmembers: high albedo, low albedo, soil, and vegetation. The fraction of IS with high and low albedo in each pixel was combined to produce the final IS map. The root mean-square error (RMSE) of the IS map produced using PKSMA was about 11.0%, compared to 14.52% only using four-endmember SMA. Particularly in high-density urban areas, PKSMA (RMSE = 6.47%) showed better performance than four-endmember (15.91%). The results indicate that PKSMA can improve IS mapping compared to traditional SMA by using appropriately selected endmembers and is particularly strong in high-density urban areas.     

利用Landsat ETM+分析城市热岛与下垫面的空间分布关系

采用数理统计与空间统计相结合的方法,利用Landsat ETM 数据对北京、上海、沈阳和武汉等4个大城市的夏季城市热岛相对强度与城市下垫面的空间分布关系进行对比研究。用混合像元线性光谱分解方法提取的城市植被覆盖度与不透水面表征城市下垫面;用城市地表亮温与水体亮温差值表征城市热岛相对强度。结果显示,4个城市的植被覆盖、不透水面与热岛强度的分布呈较强的空间正自相关,并且存在较为一致的自相关范围,该范围相当于城市街道与建筑组合特征尺度;自相关引起的结构性是导致3者空间分布异质性的主要因素。植被覆盖对城市热岛的缓解效果与不透水面对城市热岛的增强作用均呈分段线性特征,但区域差异较为明显;交叉相关系数曲线则显示出相关性的空间异质性与多尺度现象,同时存在一个约550 m的空间作用特征尺度。该研究结果有助于在城市规划实践中合理配置建筑与植被的间隔和比例,以缓解城市热岛效应。