南海中南—司令断裂带的延伸特征及其与南海扩张演化的关系

为了确定中南—司令断裂带在南海海盆及其在南部陆缘的延伸位置,并探讨其与南海扩张的关系,本文利用重磁异常、地震、莫霍面深度、P波速度特征、钻井拖网资料,对中南—司令断裂带的延伸位置进行了综合地质和地球物理研究,厘定了中南—司令断裂带在东部次海盆与西南、西北次海盆之间呈NS向延伸,并南延至南海南部陆缘之上,深度上切割至莫霍面。根据南海海盆中磁异常条带走向的变化,及磁异常条带、走滑/转换断裂、扩张方向的印证关系,结合前人对古南海"剪刀状"碰撞闭合、南海扩张演化、构造应力场的研究,提出在32~25 Ma,伴随着南海东部次海盆的NNW向扩张,南海海盆及南沙地块整体发生顺时针旋转,使中南—司令断裂走向由形成初期的NNW向转变为N—S向;23.5 Ma之后,顺时针旋转停止,南海东部次海盆继续NNW向扩张,西南次海盆呈NW—SE向渐进式扩张。作为一条切穿地壳的深大断裂,中南—司令断裂与红河-越东断裂、马尼拉海沟断裂三条深大断裂一起组成区域"滑线场",制约南海海盆的扩张与南沙地块的南移。     

南海南部海区前陆盆地形成与演化

将南沙地块南缘与加里曼丹—巴拉望地块作为一个构造演化的整体进行研究,对南海南部构造边界的蛇绿—混杂岩及岩浆岩的分布和岩性,以及南海南部前陆盆地的构造与沉积特征加以描述、分析,发现前陆盆地系统的形成时间是自西南往东北,逐渐由晚始新世末—早中新世—中中新世,与南边的俯冲碰撞带形成时间相对应,认为南沙地块南缘与加里曼丹—巴拉望地块之间经历了一个与古南海消亡息息相关的连续演化的过程。     

近13万年来南沙沉积物中的剩磁记录

对长355 cm的南沙NS93-5钻孔连续取古地磁样品281块,进行沉积物磁性特征的研究。详细的岩石磁学结果表明,沉积物中以低矫顽磁力的磁性矿物为主,剩磁携带者主要是磁铁矿类矿物,但同时存在少量赤铁矿和磁赤铁矿等。钻孔191~206、232~248和292~308 cm记录的剩磁磁倾角出现较小的负值,根据氧同位素地层学和14C测年、火山灰层年龄,计算其对应的沉积年龄分别为65.87~68.7、73.4~80.8和108.4~113.6 kaBP。其中108.4~113.6 kaBP的剩磁异常可能是布莱克(Blake)事件在南沙沉积物中的记录。     

南海中部海盆海山磁性反演及初步解析

南海中部海盆分布着众多海山,从实测磁异常反演海山磁性是南海海盆古地磁研究新的重要课题,它有助于解决南海海盆的运动方向和运动形式等问题.对南海海盆16座海山作磁性反演取得了较高的计算精度.对南海中部海盆海山磁性反演表明,海山均为非均匀磁化体,海山形成经过多期火山喷溢叠加.海山磁性差异清晰地显示了海盆分区特征.南海海盆分东部海盆区和西南部海盐区,海盆地壳运动规律差异较大:东部海盆以逆时针旋转由南往北运移;西南海盆先经历了顺时针旋转,后改为逆时针旋转,由北往南运移.     

南海西北海盆的构造特征及南海新生代的海底扩张

分析了南海西北海盆及其邻区的地形地貌、重磁场异常和地壳结构特征,并对穿过西北海盆和中央海盆的地震剖面进行精细解释。结果发现,西北海盆的地球物理场异常、地质构造和地壳厚度均呈ＮＥ走向展布,而中央海盆则表现为ＥＷ向特征;西北海盆中的新生代沉积比中央海盆多一套地层（Ｔ４－Ｔｇ）,说明西北海盆的年龄比中央海盆老。联系到南海西南海盆和西北海盆在区域构造、地球物理场异常和地形地貌特征等方面的相似,以及西南海盆和中央海盆由磁异常条带对比得出的年龄差异,我们认为,西北海盆和西南海盆是在第一次海底扩张时（４２－３５ＭａＢ．Ｐ．）形成的,中央海盆是在第二次海底扩张时形成的。     

菲律宾海盆磁条带特征及61Ma以来的海底扩张过程重建

菲律宾海盆是西太平洋最大的边缘海盆地,作为地球上最壮观的"沟-弧-盆"体系的重要组成部分,其成因及构造演化可有效约束西太平洋洋陆过渡带的复杂动力学过程。海底磁异常条带是海底扩张的重要依据,其几何形态能够反映海底扩张的时间、方向及速率,为研究海盆的海底扩张过程提供重要信息。菲律宾海盆的次级海盆—西菲律宾海盆、四国海盆地磁异常表现为明显的条带状异常特征,帕里西维拉海盆内的磁条带特征虽不明显,但仍能看出南北向的分带现象。对海盆内的磁异常条带进行系统的分析、对比与解释,将菲律宾海盆划分为7个扩张阶段,构建了菲律宾海盆61 Ma以来的阶段性扩张模型。揭示了边缘海盆构造演化的一般规律及扩张过程为岛弧裂解、高速弧后扩张、慢速弧后扩张和扩张后作用4个阶段。     

南海海盆海山古地磁及海盆的形成演化

根据海山磁性反演获取的古地磁成果发现,南海海盆东部和西南部的运动形式、生成时代存在很大差异,东部海盆和西南部海盆之间由一条北北西走向的岩石圈压性左旋转换(性)断层——"南海海盆中央断裂"分界.结合已有的地质地球物理成果分析和论证,确定了南海海盆在古南海和与之接壤的华南地块南部边缘形成.南海海盆的形成演化分四个阶段:第一阶段,始新世"古南海断裂"产生,古南海被一分为二;第二阶段,渐新世东部海盆开始发育——扩裂;第三阶段,中中新世西南部海盆开始发育——张裂;第四阶段,南海海盆整体旋转,古南海圈闭.     

南海海盆地形与NW向断裂

新的2'×2'卫星测高获得的水深数据表明,除了在南海中央海盆扩张脊附近分布有高耸、断续的近东西向海山链外,在南海深海平原上还存在一些北西向的连续线状凸起特征.这些线状特征高约500m,宽10-30km,绵延数百至近千公里.反射地震数据则显示,这些海底线状隆起实际上是宽50-100km的走滑断裂带,在该断裂带内还有一些低幅和隐伏褶皱,它们代表了海盆内部的压性走滑断裂带,反映了海盆扩张停止后台湾-吕宋岛弧向西的构造挤压应力对南海海盆的持续作用.其中一条穿过116°E的北北西向断裂带构成了中央海盆与西南海盆的边界断裂.     

西菲律宾海GX149柱状样磁性地层学

对取自西菲律宾海西部的GXl49重力活塞柱状样沉积物进行系统的岩石磁学和古地磁学研究,结果表明：沉积物中主要载磁矿物为低矫顽力的磁铁矿,粒径以假单畴（PSD）为主。天然剩磁强度分布范围为（1．07～6．51）×10^-7Am2,平均值为3．33×10^-7Am2。经过0～80mT交变场退磁后,几乎所有样品均可获得稳定的特征矢量方向,且磁倾角绝大部分为正值,表明整个GX149柱状样处于布容正极性期。样品的磁倾角普遍存在浅化现象,且从顶到底,磁倾角变浅程度逐渐增强,与沉积物的压实作用有关。通过与相邻海域柱状样的对比,估算出GX149柱状样的平均沉积速率在0．79～2．42cm／ka之间,其底界年龄在256．2～781ka之间。     

跨南海西南次海盆OBS、多道地震与重力联合调查

对跨南海西南次海盆及两侧陆缘的一条1050km长的、包括海底地震(OBS)、长排列多道地震和重磁在内的综合地球物理探测剖面(CFT)进行了构造成像和研究。在多道地震成像基础上建立了CFT剖面初始速度模型, 进而通过初至波层析成像方法反演了CFT剖面的速度结构模型, 在重力异常资料的约束下建立了CFT剖面的综合地壳结构模型。讨论了沿CFT剖面出现的下地壳高速体、龙门海山的低密度物质等地质问题。结果表明, 下地壳高速层在北部陆坡、西南海盆和南部南沙地块均有分布, 厚度在0~4km之间, 可能与陆缘下地壳物质和地幔物质熔融混合, 以及深海盆海底扩张期间构造拉伸导致地幔蛇纹岩化有关。     

Beach rocks of the Central West Coast of India

Along the central west coast of India several beach rock exposures have been observed in the intertidal zone, as well as 2–4 m above the present day high water line. Beach rock has almost the same general composition as the loose beach sand over which it lies. It takes the broad morphology of the intertidal zone of the beach in which it developed and it shows similar internal structures. Most of it is medium to coarse grained but some is fine to medium grained. The constituents are calcite, aragonite, quartz, feldspar, traces of black (heavy) minerals, rock fragments and shells. Carbonate reaches up to 97% (% wt).     

Organic geochemistry of marine source rocks and pyrobitumen-containing reservoir rocks of the Sichuan Basin and neighbouring areas,SW China

Three bitumen fractions were obtained and systematically analysed for the terpane and sterane composition from 30 Paleozoic source rocks and 64 bitumen-containing reservoir rocks within the Upper Sinian, Lower Cambrian, Lower Silurian, Middle Carboniferous, Upper Permian and Lower Triassic strata in the Sichuan Basin and neighbouring areas, China. These bitumen fractions include extractable oils (bitumen I), oil-bearing fluid inclusions and/or closely associated components with the kerogen or pyrobitumen/mineral matrix, released during kerogen or pyrobitumen isolation and demineralization (bitumen II), and bound compounds within the kerogen or pyrobitumen released by confined pyrolysis (bitumen III). In addition, atomic H/C and O/C ratios and carbon isotopic compositions of kerogen and pyrobitumen from some of the samples were measured. Geochemical results and geological information suggest that: (1) in the Central Sichuan Basin, hydrocarbon gases in reservoirs within the fourth section of the Upper Sinian Dengying Formation were derived from both the Lower Cambrian and Upper Sinian source rocks; and (2) in the Eastern Sichuan Basin, hydrocarbon gases in Middle Carboniferous Huanglong Formation reservoirs were mainly derived from Lower Silurian source rocks, while those in Upper Permian and Lower Triassic reservoirs were mainly derived from both Upper Permian and Lower Silurian marine source rocks. For both the source and reservoir rocks, bitumen III fractions generally show relatively lower maturity near the peak oil generation stage, while the other two bitumen fractions show very high maturities based on terpane and sterane distributions. Tricyclic terpanes evolved from the distribution pattern C₂₀ < C₂₁ < C₂₃, through C₂₀ < C₂₁ > C₂₃, finally to C₂₀ > C₂₁ > C₂₃ during severe thermal stress. The concentration of C₃₀ diahopane in bitumen III (the bound components released from confined pyrolysis) is substantially lower than in the other two bitumen fractions for four terrigenous Upper Permian source rocks, demonstrating that this compound originated from free hopanoid precursors, rather than hopanoids bound to the kerogen.     

Petrology and depositional evolution of the Paleozoic rocks of Iraq

The study integrates petrographical and lithological data from deep exploration wells and outcrops in northern Iraq to better understand the sedimentary environments present in the basin and to evaluate the depositional evolution of the Paleozoic rocks in Iraq. The studied Paleozoic successions are represented by five sedimentary cycles of intracratonic sequences. These are dominated mainly by siliciclastic and mixed sedimentary packages, and are separated by major and minor unconformity surfaces. These cycles are as follow: the Ordovician cycle, represented by the Khabour Formation; the Silurian cycle, represented by the Akkas Formation; the Middle-Late Devonian to Early Carboniferous cycle, represented by the Chalki, Pirispiki, Kaista, Ora and Harur formations; the Permian–Carboniferous cycle, represented by the Ga’ara Formation and late Permian cycle, represented by the Chia Zairi Formation. Generally, the cycles are characterized by siliciclastic and mixed carbonate–clastic facies with abrupt changes during Late Paleozoic reflecting the environmental and tectonic events during this period. The Ordovician Khabour Formation is suggested to be of shallow marine environment of deposition with stacked transgressive and regressive cycles that are eustatically controlled. The shale of Silurian Akkas Formation was deposited in open-marine environment. Depositional regimes in the Late Devonian to Early Carboniferous are considered as a continuation of deposition in the subsiding basin with a wide geographic distribution that reflect the epicontinental or epeiric seas in a homoclinic ramp setting. The Permo-Carboniferous Ga’ara Formation was deposited in continental to paralic environment while the Late Permian Chia Zairi Formation represents the carbonate platform deposition. The study revealed that potential source rocks may include some shale beds of the Khabour Formation, hot shales of Akkas Formation and the shales of Ora Formation. The sandstones of the Khabour, Akkas and Kaista formations have good reservoir potential. The Late Permian carbonates of Chia Zairi Formation may be self-sourcing and contain multiple reservoirs. The occurrence of shale as source rocks and limestone as reservoir rocks and some evaporates as sealing horizons make the formation as a reservoir in its own right.     

Petrophysical characteristics of rocks and sulfides from the SWIR hydrothermal field

Study of petrophysical properties of rocks in seafioor hydrothermal fields has great significance for inves- tigation of seafloor hydrothermal activities, especially for polymetallic sulfides prospecting. In the present study, based on the current experimental conditions, we conducted systematic experiments to measure the magnetic susceptibility, electrical resistivity, porosity, density, as well as acoustic wave velocity of seafloor rocks and sulfides. Subsequently, we measured the physical characteristics of hydrothermal sulfides, basalts and peridotites which were collected from newly discovered seafloor hydrothermal fields at 49.6°E, 50.5°E, 5 1°E, 63.5°E, and 63.9°E of the Southwest Indian Ridge （SWIR）. Previously available and newly collected data were combined to characterize the physical differences between polymetallic sulfides and rocks. We also discussed the impact of hydrothermal alteration on the bedrock and demonstrated how these petrophysical properties of rocks can help in geophysical prospecting of seafloor hydrothermal fields as indicators.     

台湾海峡西岸新生代火山岩的古地磁特征分析

本文对台湾海峡西岸福建南部香山、牛头山剖面的晚第三纪佛昙群火山岩进行了古地磁研究。结果表明,该处火山岩形成于地磁场处于反向为主的时期,结合地质资料分析相当于晚第三纪中期;古纬度为22°N,与采样点现纬度(24.2°N)相接近,表明本块体自晚第三纪中期以来无大规模的纬向移动。其古地磁极位置也表明如此;磁偏角为180°与现代磁角反向吻合,反映本块体自晚第三纪以来亦无明显的旋转。     

Evaluation and modelling of Tertiary source rocks in the central Arctic Ocean

With the recently recovered organic-rich sediments of early Tertiary age from the Lomonosov Ridge by the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Expedition 302, the first data collection directly from source rocks of the central basins of the Arctic Ocean is now available. Using the results of seismic interpretations and published sedimentological and organic geochemical data from Expedition 302, the framework for the first quantitative assessment of source-rock quality and distribution of the Palaeogene sediments was modelled in the central Arctic Ocean. The modelling results suggest that an approximately 100-m-thick Early to Middle Eocene sedimentary sequence of good to very good source rocks exists along a 75 km long transect across the Lomonosov Ridge. In-situ generation of hydrocarbons is unlikely because the overburden (200–250 m) and consequently the thermal maturity are too low. Burial history and thermal modelling reveal that an additional overburden of at least 1000 m is necessary to start hydrocarbon generation along the ridge. However, source-rock modelling results show that good source-rock potential may exist in correlative units in the adjacent Amundsen Basin. Simulated organic carbon contents of 1.5–5%, coupled with an overburden of 1000–1200 m, and heat flow anomalies (117 and 100 mW m⁻²) due to the vicinity to the Gakkel Ridge spreading centre indicate that necessary conditions for hydrocarbon expulsion are already reached, and point to viability of a potential petroleum system. Our results support the hypothesis that deposition of a potentially good hydrocarbon source rock occurred across the entire Arctic Basin and adjacent margins during the early Tertiary.     

Preliminary organic petrography of Palaeozoic rocks from the Grand Banks,Newfoundland

Samples of lower Palaeozoic bedrock from the Grand Banks of Newfoundland were examined using reflected light microscopy and Rock-Eval pyrolysis. These samples contained organic material which included bitumen (structureless organic material), acritarchs, chitinozoa, scolecodonts and graptolites. The reflectance of the organic material increased from acritarchs towards graptolites with bitumen showing a wide range of reflectance. Multiple phases of oil migration through one sample were inferred by examination of the bitumens: the lowest reflecting being more recent than the highest reflecting bitumen. Combined reflectance and Rock-Eval analysis indicate that these samples are mature to overmature. The two oldest samples (Arenig-Llanvirn, Ordovician) are assessed as mature and as having potential for generation of liquid hydrocarbons, but must be considered as mainly gas prone.     

Petrology and mineral chemistry of sedimentary rocks from the Western Solomon Sea

Multichannel seismic reflection profiles recorded in the northern Red Sea show structures that we interpret to be a result of the intrusion of uppermost Miocene salt. We believe that the evaporites are underlaid by attenuated continental crust and the flow of salt is due to renewed faulting of basement in the Pliocene when sea floor spreading began between latitudes 21°N and 15°30°N.     

Petrology and mineral chemistry of sedimentary rocks from the Western Solomon Sea

Sedimentary rocks from the northern margin of the Trobriand Platform, the north wall of the New Britain Trench, and the floor of the Solomon Sea Basin are volcaniclastics, mudrocks, and neritic and bathyal limestones. Arc-volcanic debris from calc-alkaline or high-K magmatic sources is present at each locality. A minor metamorphic component occurs at one site on the Trobriand Platform which yielded Early Eocene to Middle Miocene material, and at the New Britain Trench site, which yielded Miocene or older and post-Miocene samples. Solomon Sea Basin samples are mudrocks which are apparently no older than Late Pliocene.     

The effective source rocks in the north Cambay Basin, India

Source rock screening reveals five laterally extending potential sources (PS) in the Paleogene. The PSs are SR5 and SR6 in dominantly marine early Eocene to late Paleocene Cambay Shale formation, and SR7, SR8/9, and SR11/12 in dominantly freshwater early Paleocene Olpad formation. Only 3 PSs, SR11/12, SR8/9, and SR7 have attained vitrinite reflectance of 0.75% at 45, 7, and 2 mybp, respectively. Chromatographic and isotope data of oils and PS samples suggest that mainly the Olpad source rocks: SR7 and SR8/9 contributed to the discovered oils. The Cambay Shale source rocks, SR5 and SR6, contrary to the prevalent view, possibly have no significant contribution towards the accumulated oils.