过去一百年济州岛西南泥质区有机质来源变化的多参数指标研究

C/N是一种传统的区分海洋沉积有机质来源的指标,基于总有机碳与总有机氮的比值。BIT(Branched andIsoprenoid Tetraether index)和TMBR(Terrestrial and Marine Biomarker Ratio)是近年提出的用于指示陆源有机质相对贡献的新指标,二者具有明确的陆源及海源端元值。BIT指标是基于陆地土壤厌氧细菌生标Branched GDGTs与泉古菌生标Crenarchaeol的比值,TMBR指标是基于陆源高等植物生标和海源藻类生标的比值。本文利用C/N、BIT和TMBR指标,对济州岛西南泥质区DH11站位过去一百年以来陆源有机质和海源有机质的相对贡献进行了定量评估。总有机碳(TOC)、陆源和海源生物标志物的分析结果显示:近50a来,该站位的总有机质、海源有机质和陆源有机质的沉积通量(Mass Accumulation Rates,MARs)一直在增加。C/N指标通过二元混合模型的计算结果显示陆源有机质占总沉积有机质的比例在0.22～0.30之间,BIT与TMBR指示的陆源有机质贡献分别在0.05～0.11,0.08～0.22之间,所得相对贡献的差异主要是由不同指标的指示意义不同造成的。3种指标的结果表明该研究海域海源有机质在沉积有机质中占据主导地位。另外,从1950s开始陆源有机质的相对贡献呈现下降趋势,这说明海源有机质沉积通量增加的比例大于陆源有机质,这可能是由东亚季风、黑潮、河流输入、大气沉降和人类活动等多重因素引起的。     

白令海西部柱样沉积物中有机碳的地球化学特征与埋藏记录

基于2012年中国第5次北极科学考察专项调查获得的样品资料,重点探讨了百年来白令海西部柱样沉积物中有机碳(TOC)的地球化学特征及其埋藏记录,结果显示,基于两柱样210 Pbex随深度的指数衰变趋势,整体能反映出调查区相对稳定的现代沉积环境,可获得两沉积柱约70年以来的海洋沉积环境序列。陆架区BL16柱样中TOC的垂向分布与TN及粒度具有较好的一致性,反映出有机质来源较为一致,粒度可能对沉积有机碳的赋存起控制作用;而陆坡区BL10柱样粒度相对略粗,且TOC与TN、粒度无明显相关关系,这可能与该区复杂的沉积水动力环境、有机质输入和较强的细菌微生物作用有关。两柱样上层样品(近20年以来)都不同程度表现出TOC含量增加和CaCO3含量下降,这可能指示了近期北极地区变暖和海洋酸化加剧等过程对沉积有机质的影响。计算得到两柱样沉积有机碳的埋藏通量分别为3 100mmol C·m-2·a-1(BL16)和1 400mmol C·m-2·a-1(BL10),通过对有机碳埋藏保存效率的分析和区域对比,认为该区较高的有机碳埋藏通量,可能主要受控于较高的上层水体初级生产力和有机碳输出效率,较为有利的沉积有机碳保存代谢机制以及较快的沉积速率等因素的共同作用。     

珠江口沉积物有机质特征、来源及其对碳存储的意义

河口沉积物作为承接陆海过程的重要载体, 是有机质赋存的主要形式之一。本文研究了珠江口沉积物总有机碳、总氮含量和沉积物可溶性有机物三维荧光特征, 以及其在口内区、混合区和口外区空间差异和影响因素, 并结合碳稳定同位素(δ¹³C)估算了珠江口各区域沉积物中不同来源有机质的贡献。结果显示: (1)沉积物总有机碳和总氮含量空间变化相似, 口内区和混合区域沉积有机质含量显著高于口外区; 主成分分析发现, 口内区沉积有机质含量主要受径流输入的影响, 口外区主要受Fe³⁺的影响; (2)MixSIAR稳定同位素混合模型结果显示, 口内区和混合区沉积有机质以陆源为主, 口外区则以海源为主; (3)珠江口沉积物新生有机质较多, 可快速被利用, 总体上不利于有机碳存储; 而陆源输入导致口内区和混合区沉积有机质腐殖化程度较高, 有机碳可存储性相对较高, 口外受海源有机质和铁氧化物—有机质复合体的影响, 有机碳可存储性相对较低。本研究可为深入认知河口区沉积有机质的生物地球化学过程及有机碳存储提供参考。     

近200年桑沟湾养殖海域柱状沉积剖面的污染有机质记录与评价

通过对取自桑沟湾南部和北部养殖海域2个站位的柱状沉积物样品进行TOC和TN测定,分析了桑沟湾沉积物中TOC和TN的分布情况,结合沉积物年代序列的测定,估算了工业革命之前、之中及规模化养殖之后桑沟湾海域沉积物中水生有机碳和总氮的含量,并对近200年来桑沟湾养殖海域有机质沉积情况进行了评价。结果显示:19世纪70年代以前,TOC含量较稳定,TN含量随深度增加而缓慢降低;19世纪70年代至20世纪70年代,TOC,TN含量波动均较大;20世纪70年代以后,TOC含量逐渐减小并趋于稳定,TN含量随养殖规模的扩大显著增加,且扇贝养殖区表层沉积物中TOC,TN的含量均低于海带养殖区。近200年桑沟湾沉积物中有机质来源变化趋势为混源-陆源-混源,近40年来的规模化养殖明显增加了水生有机碳及水生总氮在TOC和TN中所占比例。对桑沟湾沉积物中有机质污染评价结果显示,大规模的养殖活动增加了底质中沉积物TOC和TN的含量,海带筏式养殖对沉积物中的TN造成了一定的累积性自身污染。     

东海沉积物中微生物标志物GDGTs年代际变化及来源

甘油双烷基甘油四醚(Glycerol Dialkyl Glycerol Tetraethers,GDGTs)是近几年来新发现的一类生物标志化合物,基于GDGTs的各种指标以其在指示物质来源以及海洋和陆地古温度重建等方面显示出的巨大应用潜力,逐渐成为古海洋学、古湖沼学和古气候学研究的重要工具。对采自东海陆架区的DH5-1站位(29°28.118′N、123°06.639′E,水深63.5m)的柱状沉积物样品进行了总有机质和GDGTs分析,研究了GDGTs化合物在东海陆架区柱状沉积物样品中的含量和沉积通量变化,并利用δ13 C、C/N以及基于GDGTs化合物的BIT指标讨论了该海区近150年来沉积有机质的来源变化。结果显示,近百年来东亚冬季风的增强,加强了冬季闽浙沿岸流对长江口沉积物的搬运,使得该海区陆源输入量呈增加趋势,但20世纪80年代以来,人类活动的加剧导致营养盐输入的增加,使得海洋生产力提高,沉积有机质中陆源有机质比例下降。     

海南岛小海潟湖沉积环境演变研究

对小海潟湖南部和中部2个柱状沉积物XHK04-01和XHK04-04进行了粒度分析,210Pb分析,总有机碳、总氮、总硫的含量分析,并且利用C/N,C/S在沉积物中的不同研究了小海地区沉积环境的演变。结果表明,小海南部和中部地区以粉砂为主,近年来粘土含量增加,水动力条件变弱;海水对沉积环境的影响逐渐减小,沉积物上覆水体呈淡化趋势,但相对于小海南部,中部淡化程度小。小海南部沉积速率较大,达到0.623cm/a;总有机碳、总氮在20世纪60年代之前含量相对稳定,陆源有机碳占总有机碳80%左右,60年代之后含量迅速上升,特别是1973年以来,陆源有机碳只占到总有机碳45%左右,自生有机碳增加。小海中部沉积速率较小,为0.216cm/a;总有机碳、总氮在20世纪50年代以前含量相对稳定,陆源有机碳占到总有机碳70%左右,最近50a来总有机碳和总氮含量快速增加,陆源有机碳只占到总有机碳47%左右,自生有机碳增加。小海中部和南部沉积环境在20世纪50年代之前稳定,在最近50a发生了很大的变化,这与小海潟湖口门束窄、修筑防沙堤、入海河流改道等因素有关。     

156 ka以来西菲律宾海陆坡沉积物的定量源-汇过程及其碳循环效应

通过对西菲律宾海大陆坡上MD06-3052岩芯沉积物中有机质稳定碳同位素组成(δ¹³C_org)的分析,结合该孔有机碳含量、总氮含量、沉积物不同组分通量以及陆源区风化剥蚀指标等数据,探讨了156 ka以来冰期-间冰期旋回中研究区有机质的定量源-汇过程、主控因素及其碳循环效应。结果表明：δ¹³C_org值在-27.4‰～-18.6‰波动,平均值为-22.2‰,且呈现出冰期相对偏负而间冰期相对偏正的变化特征,有机质的具体来源包括海洋生物和陆地C3植物,在冰期和间冰期阶段分别以陆源(平均约为67%)和海源(平均约为83%)有机质的贡献为主。陆源有机碳含量和通量的变化趋势与总有机碳相应指标非常一致,均具有冰期高而间冰期低的特征,表明研究区冰期阶段有机碳通量增加的最主要原因是海平面下降所引起的大陆架出露及其上松散硅酸盐沉积物的强物理剥蚀作用。再结合热带西太平洋其他岩芯的相似记录,认为当时热带广泛出露大陆架上的强硅酸盐风化剥蚀作用及与其相伴随的高海底有机碳埋藏通量在大气CO₂浓度降低和全球变冷...     

黄河下游-河口-邻近海域表层沉积物中木质素的特征及其示踪意义

河流输入的陆源有机碳在河口和陆架区的生物地球化学过程是全球碳循环的重要环节,对陆源有机质的输入量的估算是研究陆架区的生物地球化学过程的基础。黄河输沙量极大,为探究其携带的陆源有机质对陆架边缘海有机碳库的影响,以黄河河口及邻近渤海海域为研究对象,分析了表层沉积物中的木质素,结合总有机碳含量、总氮含量和有机碳稳定同位素评估了表层沉积物中有机碳的组成、来源和分布。8种木质素酚单体中,紫丁香基酚类(S)与香草基酚类(V)的含量比值S/V(0.63±0.31)和肉桂基酚类(C)与香草基酚类含量比值C/V(0.25±0.15),反映出研究区陆源有机碳主要来自草本被子植物。V系列中木质素酸(Ad)与木质素醛(Al)的比值(Ad/Al)V较高(0.53±0.14),表明陆源有机质的降解程度较高。利用稳定碳同位素比值δ13C和木质素含量Λ8相结合的土壤有机质-陆生维管植物-水生有机质三端元模型对陆源有机物的贡献的分析结果显示,土壤有机质、陆源维管植物和水生有机质的平均贡献分别为59.9%±15.0%、7.3%±7.0%、32.8%±11.8%。土壤在陆源有机质中的贡献占有绝对优势,可能与该区域沉积物的主要源区——黄土高原植被覆盖率低、土壤侵蚀严重有关。     

海南儋州湾红树林区沉积有机质来源及碳储量

本文测定了海南儋州湾南岸柱状沉积物的粒度、总有机质参数(TOC、C/N和 δ13C)和类脂生物标志物含量,并通过端元混合模型使用红树植物特征标志物蒲公英萜醇含量、长链正构烷烃含量和δ13C值半定量区分了海南儋州湾南岸沉积有机质来源,尤其是红树林的贡献.另外,通过估算沉积物的有机碳储量来评估儋州湾红树林区域的储碳能力.在...     

九龙江口潮滩表层沉积物有机质的分布、来源及沉积环境指示意义

本研究旨在揭示九龙江口潮滩有机质含量及其来源的时空分异规律,寻找有效识别潮滩沉积环境的有机碳指标,以便更好地将有机碳应用于河口沉积微相识别和古环境研究。在九龙江口潮滩不同地貌单元,于夏季和冬季采集41个表层沉积物,进行粒度、总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)和稳定碳同位素(δ¹³C)测试。结果显示：从高潮滩至低潮滩,沉积物粒度逐渐变粗,TOC、TN和C/N变小,δ¹³C值偏正。高潮滩有机质来源以陆源和红树林贡献为主,中潮滩以海源和互花米草贡献为主,低潮滩以海源贡献为主。九龙江口潮滩有机质的分布和来源受控于河口陆海相互作用的季节变化、潮滩沉积动力分异和潮滩植被分布。高潮滩与中–低潮滩之间,TOC存在显著性差异,TN、δ¹³C存在极显著性差异,因此参数组合TOC、TN和δ¹³C可作为高潮滩与中–低潮滩的有效判别指标。     

Spatial and temporal variations of sedimented organic matter in Xiaohai Lagoon, Hainan Island

The characteristics of grain-size,total organic carbon(TOC) and total nitrogen(TN) contents,TOC/TN ratios,stable carbon isotope(δ13C) and 210 Pb dating were measured in six sediment cores from the Xiaohai Lagoon.The results show distinct spatial and temporal variations in sedimentation patterns.The sediments are dominated by clayey silt,sandy silt and by silty sand in the southern,middle lagoon and the northern lagoon,respectively.TOC and TN contents decline from south to north.Sedimentation rates,determined by 210 Pb dating,tend to decrease from south to middle.However,the determination of sedimentation rate in the north is difficult.These spatial variations are related to the variations in sediment sources and hydrodynamic conditions in the Xiaohai Lagoon.The variations of organic matter signatures can be divided into two stages in the cores from the southern and middle lagoon.Before 1988,the organic matter signatures are relatively stable.The contribution of terrestrial organic carbon sources varies between 60% and 85%.After 1988,the organic matter signatures demonstrate significant variations.TOC and TN contents increase rapidly,TOC/TN ratios decrease,δ13C values shift to higher and the contribution of terrestrial organic carbon sources decreases to 40%-50%.The contributions of phytoplankton organic matter have increased in the sediment since 1988.Increasing aquaculture activities have had a significant impact on organic matter signatures since 1988.The sedimentation rates have increased rapidly in the southern and middle lagoon since 1988 due to the anthropogenic activities which include aquaculture,mining and deforestation.These activities have caused eutrophication and increased siltation in the southern and middle lagoon.     

Burial fluxes and sources of organic carbon in sediments of the central Yellow Sea mud area over the past 200 years

Long-term changes of composition,sources and burial fluxes of TOC(total organic carbon) in sediments of the central Yellow Sea mud area and their possible affecting factors are discussed in this paper.Firstly,similarity analysis is employed to confirm that the carbon burial features resulted from two collected cores are typical in the central Yellow Sea mud area where YSWC(Yellow Sea Warm Current) is prevalent.On this basis,the burial flux of TOC here was considered to be 235.5–488.4 μmol/(cm2?a) since the first industrial revolution,accounting for about 70%–90% among burial fluxes of TC(total carbon) in the sediments.Compared TOC/TC ratio in the two cores with that in other marine sediments worldwide,we suggest that the growth of calcareous/non-calcareous organisms and dissolution of IC(inorganic carbon) are important factors controlling the TOC/TC ratio in sediment.Results of two-end mixed model based on δ13C data indicate that marine-derived organic carbon(OCa)is the main part among total burial organic carbon which accounts for a ratio over 85%.Due to the high TOC/TC ratio in the two cores,TC in the sediments also mainly exists as OCa,and the proportion of OCa is about 60%–80%.Away from the shore and relatively high primary production in upper waters are the main reasons that OCa is predominant among all burial OC in sediments of the central Yellow Sea mud area.Burial of OC in this mud area is probably mainly influenced by the human activities.Although the economic development during the late 19 th century caused by the first industrial revolution in China did not obviously increase the TOC burial fluxes in the sediments,the rise of industry and agriculture after the founding of new China has clearly increased the TOC burial flux since 1950 s.Otherwise,we also realize that among TC burial fluxes,TIC account for about 10%–30% in sediments of the central Yellow Sea mud area,so its burial could not be simply ignored here.Distinct from TOC burial,long-term TIC burial fluxes variations relate with climate changes more closely:the East Asian summer monsoon may influence the strength of the Huanghe River(Yellow River) flood,which could further affect the transport of terrestrial IC from land to the central Yellow Sea as well as the burial of these IC in the sediments.     

Lateral downslope transport and tentative sedimentary organic carbon box model in the southern Yap Trench,western Pacific Ocean

Sediment collapse and subsequent lateral downslope migration play important roles in shaping the habitats and regulating sedimentary organic carbon(SOC) cycling in hadal trenches.In this study,three sediment cores were collected using a human-occupied vehicle across the axis of the southern Yap Trench(SYT).The total organic carbon(TOC) and total nitrogen(TN) contents,δ¹³C,radiocarbon ages,specific surface areas,and grain size compositions of sediments from three cores were measured.We...     

Organic geochemistry of sediments from the continental margin off southern New England,U.S.A. — part I. Amino acids,carbohydrates and lignin

Total organic carbon (TOC), lignin, amino acids, sugars and amino sugars were measured in recent sediments from the continental margin off southern New England. The various organic carbon fractions decreased in concentration with increasing distance from shore. The fraction of the TOC that was accounted for by these major components also decreased with increasing distance from shore. The concentration of lignin indicated that only about 3–5% of the organic carbon in the nearshore sediment was of terrestrial origin. The various fractions were highly correlated, which was consistent with a simple linear mixing model of shelf organic matter with material from the slope and rise and indicated a significant transport of sediment from the continental shelf to the continental slope and rise.     

Sulfate reduction in deep coastal marine sediments

Sulfate reduction rates in sediments of four deep stations in the Saguenay Fjord and the Laurentian Trough, Gulf of St. Lawrence, are among the lowest reported for the coastal environment. Maximum rates were 0.4–7.0 nmol cm⁻³ day⁻¹. The low rates are due to relatively low sedimentation rates and continuously low temperatures. Regional differences in both integrated and maximum sulfate reduction rates in the sediment correlate with sediment trap measurements of sedimentation rate and organic carbon flux.Sulfate reduction accounts for the degradation of 5–26% of the estimated downward flux of organic matter to these sediments. Unlike the absolute rate of sulfate reduction, the relative proportion of the carbon flux that is degraded via sulfate reduction is not directly correlated with the sedimentation rate but is a function of organic matter composition, intensity of bioturbation, and the abundance of sub-oxic electron acceptors. Thus, the lowest proportion of carbon degradation via sulfate reduction occurred at a Gulf site, where a combination of low sedimentation and bioturbation rates allowed a long residence time for organic matter near the sediment surface and, in consequence, a low flux of labile carbon into the sulfate reduction zone. The highest proportion was observed at a station with a similar organic carbon flux but with higher rates of sedimentation and bioturbation. At a third site, with the highest rates of sulfate reduction as well as the highest rates of sedimentation and bioturbation, the contribution of sulfate reduction to organic matter degradation was only intermediate. This is attributable to the exhaustion of the supply of porewater sulfate. In deep coastal environments the proportion of organic matter degraded via sulfate reduction can be highly variable both spatially and temporally.     

珠江口淇澳岛滨海湿地沉积环境演化及其对人类活动的响应

滨海湿地作为人类活动和全球变化反应最为敏感的区域,其沉积记录可以反映出周边地区环境变化及人类活动信息。珠江口淇澳岛滨海湿地钻孔分析结果表明,在中全新世期间淇澳岛附近海域为河口湾环境,在风化层以上开始出现淤积,但在4 200 a BP前后受极冷气候的影响,沉积物粗化;自2 500 a BP以来,沉积环境相对稳定,在小冰期期间略有变化。沉积速率计算结果显示:淇澳岛附近海域自中全新世高海面以来的平均沉积速率为0.29 cm/a,4 160~2 500 a BP、2 500 a BP-1488年、1488-1893年、1893-1986年、1990-2007年期间的平均沉积速率分别为:0.17 cm/a、0.23 cm/a、0.35 cm/a、1.37 cm/a和5.94 cm/a,沉积速率逐渐增大,反映了珠江三角洲演化过程中沉积相与沉积环境的变化;1986-1990年期间的海堤建造极大地扰动了该钻孔上部的沉积过程,在工程施工期间共沉积了厚度约112 cm的沉积层,而在海堤建成后,沉积速率也显著增大。沉积物总有机碳、总氮和C/N值的垂向分布表明,在4 160~2 500 a BP期间受海洋环境影响较大,沉积物中有机碳以海源为主,2 500 a BP以来沉积物中碳、氮含量明显增大,C/N也相应变大,有机碳主要来源于陆源输入,但在小冰期期间海源有机碳贡献略有所增大;近百年来由于受人类活动影响显著,陆源有机碳的贡献快速增加。     

长江口沉积记录反映的近80年陆源输入和营养盐变化特征

A variety of environmental problems have been observed in the Changjiang River Estuary and adjacent coastal area, including eutrophication, harmful algal blooms (HABs), and hypoxia in recent decades. A...     

XRF岩心扫描估算海洋沉积物有机碳含量的适用性

X射线荧光光谱仪(XRF)的沉积物岩芯扫描技术可以无损、快速获得高分辨率的溴(Br)计数信息, 可用来估算海洋沉积物中有机碳含量, 但是其准确性及各种校正方法的效果还需要深入研究。文章选择两根在有机质来源构成上有明显差异的阿拉伯海和南海的沉积柱, 系统开展了沉积物有机碳(total organic carbon, TOC)含量与Br计数的相关性分析, 深入剖析了沉积物含水量、Br计数校正方法等对利用Br计数估算沉积物TOC含量的影响及评估该方法的适用性。对于有机质含量较高的海洋沉积物而言, Br计数与TOC含量之间存在较好的相关性, 且其相关性与是否校正Br计数没有显著关系。在陆源有机质输入量比较大的沉积物样品中, 则需谨慎采用Br计数来估算沉积物的总有机碳含量。     

Impact of dynamic feedbacks between sedimentation,sea-level rise,and biomass production on near-surface marsh stratigraphy and carbon accumulation

Salt marshes accrete both organic and inorganic sediments. Here we present analytical and numerical models of salt marsh sedimentation that, in addition to capturing inorganic processes, explicitly account for above- and belowground organic processes including root growth and decay of organic carbon. The analytical model is used to examine the bias introduced by organic processes into proxy records of sedimentation, namely ¹³⁷Cs and ²¹⁰Pb. We find that accretion rates estimated using ²¹⁰Pb will be less than accretion rates estimated using the ¹³⁷Cs peak in steadily accreting marshes if (1) carbon decay is significant and (2) data for ²¹⁰Pb extend below the ¹³⁷Cs peak. The numerical model expands upon the analytical model by including belowground processes such as compaction and root growth, and by explicitly tracking the evolution of aboveground biomass and its effect on sedimentation rates. Using the numerical model we explore how marsh stratigraphy responds to sediment supply and the rate of sea-level rise. It is calibrated and tested using an extensive data set of both marsh stratigraphy and measurements of vegetation dynamics in a Spartina alterniflora marsh in South Carolina, USA. We find that carbon accumulation in marshes is nonlinearly related to both the supply of inorganic sediment and the rate of sea-level rise; carbon accumulation increases with sea-level rise until sea-level rise reaches a critical rate that drowns the marsh vegetation and halts carbon accumulation. The model predicts that changes in carbon storage resulting from changing sediment supply or sea-level rise are strongly dependent on the background sediment supply: if inorganic sediment supply is reduced in an already sediment poor marsh the storage of organic carbon will increase to a far greater extent than in a sediment-rich marsh, provided that the rate of sea-level rise does not exceed a threshold. These results imply that altering sediment supply to estuaries (e.g., by damming upstream rivers or altering littoral sediment transport) could lead to significant changes in the carbon budgets of coastal salt marshes.     

Organic carbon and nitrogen in the northern California current system: comparison of offshore, river plume, and coastally upwelled waters

During the first year of the Northeast Pacific GLOBEC program we examined the spatial distributions of dissolved and particulate organic carbon and nitrogen in the surface waters off the Oregon and Washington coasts of North America. Eleven east–west transects were sampled from nearshore waters to 190 km offshore. Hydrographic data and the distribution of inorganic nutrients were used to characterize three distinct water sources: oligotrophic offshore water, the Columbia River plume, and the coastal upwelling region inshore of the California Current. Warm, high salinity offshore water had very low levels of inorganic nutrients, particulate organic carbon (POC) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Warm, low salinity water in the Columbia River plume was relatively low in nitrate, but showed a strong negative correlation between salinity and silicate. The river plume water had the highest levels of total organic carbon (TOC) (up to 180 μM) and DOC (up to 150 μM) observed anywhere in the sampling area. Cold, high salinity coastal waters had high nutrient levels, moderate to high levels of POC and particulate organic nitrogen (PON), and low to moderate levels of DOC and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON). Each of these regions has characteristic C:N ratios for particulate and dissolved organic material. The results are compared to concentrations and partitioning of particulate and dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen in other regions of the North Pacific and North Atlantic Oceans.