翡翠原石的放射性水平研究

为了准确掌握翡翠原石的放射性水平,消除公众对珠宝玉石存在放射性的疑虑,本文选取了3种翡翠原石的10件样品,利用高纯锗型(HPGe)低本底多道γ能谱仪测量了样品中天然放射性核素²²⁶Ra、²³²Th和⁴⁰K的比活度值.结果表明,样品中有关核素的比活度值低于或仅略高于仪器检测限,样品的内照指数(I_Ra)和外照指数(I_γ)均远远低于国家对建筑材料中放射性核素的限量规定,说明翡翠原石的放射性水平很低,与环境的天然本底相当,不存在所谓的放射性危害.     

两花岗岩体接触带铀系核素迁移的初步模拟

随着世界各国大力发展核电，放射性废料的安全处置已成为当今研究热点和前沿学科。高放废物深地质处置的安全性主要取决于处置库内放射性核素向生物圈的迁移程度。在侵入岩中，放射性核素主要是通过地下水沿岩石孔隙从处置库向生物圈迁移的。为了理解放射性核素在花岗岩体接触带的迁移行为，本文根据两花岗岩体接触带中样品的铀系核素放射性活度比值（^234U/^238U,^230Th/^234U,^226Ra/^230Th,^230Th/^238U)，利用 α-反冲（弹射）作用引起的放射性不平衡理论，计算了铀系核素子体^234U,^230Th,^226Ra在后期地下水的作用下在花岗岩体接触带及其裂隙内的迁出率、迁入率、并进行了质量平衡的计算。结果表明，经α-反冲作用进入流体的核素的迁出率要远大于因核素自然衰变的消亡率；裂隙充填物及裂隙能阻滞大量核素的迁移，其沉淀核素来自接触带花岗岩；花岗岩能强烈阻滞核素的迁移，可作为阻止放射性核素从核废料地下处置库向外迁移的有利天然屏障。     

深圳市环境放射性异常带识别与影响因素分析

在环境放射性调查的基础上,结合地质环境特征分析,对深圳市环境放射性异常带进行识别,并对相关影响因素进行分析。研究结果表明,沿NE、NW向断裂带附近土壤氡活度浓度和花岗岩出露区岩石放射性核素含量较高,根据分析结果,识别出深圳市范围内主要有3条放射性异常带。     

广东省部分地区土壤放射性核素的测定和剂量评估

天然及人工放射性是目前生态研究领域的热点之一。在本次试验中,抽查了广东省内不同土壤(沉积物)类型中放射性核素~(238)U、~(232)Th、~(226)Ra和~(40)K的含量,49件样品中~(238)U、~(232)Th、~(226)Ra和~(40)K的含量分别为84.3(17.9～209.1)Bq/kg、103.0(10.6～263.8)Bq/kg、77.7(12.0～206.0)Bq/kg和463.3(15.3～1557.6)Bq/kg,地表空气中的伽马吸收剂量率为126.8(27.2～265.9)nGy/h。研究区样品的等效镭为260.7(33.5～619.0)Bq/kg,外部危害指数值为1.2(0.15～2.8),年有效剂量率确定在155.5(33.3～326.1)μSv/y。将每件样品分为岩石背景、地貌背景和土壤类型三个变量因子,随机森林分析表明,样品中的放射性核素分布主要受控于不同的岩石背景,其次为土壤类型和地貌特征。与国内外不同地区的研究对比,广东省内土壤样品中的放射性核素浓度高于国内和全球的平均值,但放射性水平在安全范围内。     

常见宝玉石材料的放射性研究

选取了市场交易量较大的代表性珠宝玉石品种,如金刚石、刚玉、碧玺、祖母绿、翡翠、珍珠、珊瑚等,利用低本底多道高纯锗伽马能谱仪对其进行核素分析,测试天然放射性核~(226)Ra、~(232)Th和~(40)K的比活度值,获得样品的放射性水平。测试结果表明所有样品的放射性比活度处于很低的水平,低于检测值37 Bq/g,处于安全限以下;内照指数I_(Ra)和外照指数I_γ均远远低于国家对建筑材料中放射性核素的限量;人工辐照过的宝石样品放射性活度高于大多数未经过辐照处理的宝玉石样品。     

辽宁省主要煤田含煤岩系放射性特征分析

通过对煤田钻孔天然伽玛测井资料的二次解译,发现辽宁省内部分煤田含煤岩系存在放射性异常.筛查钻孔3437个,发现异常孔841个,其中与煤层相关的异常钻孔49个,异常值为50~123γ,个别钻孔异常峰值高达260 γ.采集康平、蒲河等5处煤矿原煤作为分析对象,对5处煤矿原煤样品和燃烧后的煤灰进行分析,确定²³⁸U、²³²Th、²²⁶Ra、⁴⁰K、²¹⁰Pb、²¹⁰Po在燃烧后迁移的比例及其影响因素.²³⁸U、²³²Th、²²⁶Ra、⁴⁰K、²¹⁰Pb元素在煤/灰活度比与煤燃烧后灰分比对比结果显示两者相近,表明元素在燃烧过程中未发生挥发及化学反应,元素含量几乎全部富集于灰分中;而²¹⁰Po元素煤/灰活度比与煤燃烧后灰分比相差较大,认为在煤的燃烧过程中Po易以气态形式迁移到空气中.因此应重视与煤炭开采利用直接相关含煤岩系的放射性异常,避免对环境产生放射性污染.     

3112矿床深部矿体偏镭的放射性同位素研究

应用铀、钍、锕铀系中~(228)Ra、~(230)Th、~(231)Pa、~(232)Th等同位素与~(38)U、~(226)Ra之间存在量关系探索了3112矿床深部矿体偏镭的原因。结果表明该矿床深部偏镭是外来镭后期叠加所致。分析数据显示,严重的偏镭现象难以用局部偏铀地段的镭流失予以补偿。这就提示有隐伏镭源体铀存在的可能性。本文所述方法也适用于地表放射性异常性质的判别研究。     

东北地区煤田地质环境放射性综合评价方法研究

通过筛查天然放射性测井资料获取地层连续的放射性数据,以异常层与煤层的位置关系确定煤层型、煤间型、煤上型、煤下型4种异常类型,建立了一套应用于煤田原生地质环境放射性综合评价方法.经过对评价方法和评价结果的分析,认为东北地区巴彦山煤田、呼和诺尔煤田、阜新煤田、平庄煤田等地质环境放射性明显,在开发中应注意放射性核素迁移造成的环境影响.     

乌库尔齐铀矿床镭-氡放射性平衡系数计算及讨论

从分析镭-氡放射性平衡破坏的原因出发,以新疆乌库尔齐可地浸砂岩型铀矿床为例,探讨了镭-氡放射性平衡系数的计算方法,并对不同的计算方法进行了讨论。该系数的取得,为乌库尔齐铀矿床测井数据的修正、矿体边界的划分、铀矿资源量的计算提供了科学依据。     

地浸砂岩型铀矿镭—氡放射性平衡对伽玛测井解释结果的影响研究

地浸砂岩型铀矿钻探勘查过程中,由于钻孔内＂压氡现象＂的存在,使钻孔内铀矿层的镭—氡含量出现暂时的不平衡现象,往往会造成伽玛测井解释结果系统偏低,影响了铀矿资源量评价的准确程度。因此在地浸砂岩型铀矿勘查过程中,必须设计一定数量的物探参数孔,及时开展镭—氡放射性平衡系数的研究和评价。     

煤系地层大跨度隧道围岩结构稳定性研究

针对目前大跨穿煤隧道的研究热点,以重庆市绕城高速公路环山坪隧道为研究对象,在界定大跨度隧道及分析其围岩稳定性关键影响因素的基础上,结合现场监测和数值模拟对大跨度穿煤隧道围岩结构稳定性进行了分析。结果表明,大跨度隧道各处等效应力集中对扁平率变化敏感程度不同,拱脚最为敏感,拱顶基本不随扁平率的改变而变化。隧道穿越软弱煤层段时,围岩应力重分布受影响明显,拱顶位移随开挖面不断推进急剧增加,且隧道围岩塑形圈不断向拱顶围岩内部发展。尤其当煤层软弱带与隧道顺层相交时,隧道荷载结构偏压效应凸显,偏压荷载随煤层倾角变陡而增大,易造成支护结构失稳破坏,在设计及施工中应特别加以重视。     

某长隧洞环境放射性评价研究

通过在拟开掘隧道沿线的专门勘探平洞和煤矿巷道中进行的γ辐射剂量率(225组数据)和环境氡浓度(96个数据)测量,评价和研究该区未来隧道放射性辐射环境。这些平洞和巷道均穿越了(或低于)拟开掘隧洞的底部,基本上揭露了比选隧洞可能穿越的地层岩性。结果表明,在该区煤系地层和侏罗系砂岩交接带可能会出现环境γ辐射照射剂量超标现象,在上述交接带以及含土碎石分布区,有可能出现环境氡浓度超标现象。在选线和施工过程中应引起重视。     

近直立特厚煤层深孔爆破防治冲击地压效果检测

为了对近直立特厚煤层冲击地压进行防治,采用地面岩柱深孔爆破方法对煤层间岩柱进行预裂爆破,并采用地面EH-4探测法和井下瞬变电磁探测法对爆破前后岩柱体的物理力学结构进行探测,对卸压效果进行分析。EH-4探测表明,深孔爆破后岩柱结构破坏明显,在+550~+650 m水平范围时,岩柱体的电阻率等值线由近直立向近水平发育,视电阻率值主要集中在150~250 Ω·m,明显高于未爆破区域;井下瞬变电磁探测表明,深孔爆破后岩柱裂隙增大,探测区域前方20~90 m,视电阻率值从爆破前的25~86 Ω·m增加到爆破后的84~216 Ω·m,出现高阻异常区域。深孔爆破后岩柱破碎效果较好,岩柱体内积聚的弹性能得到释放,卸压效果明显,有效降低了冲击地压发生的危险性。      

Geochemistry of radium in soils of the Eastern United States

The abundance and chemical/mineralogical form of ²²⁶Ra, ²³⁸U and ²³²Th were determined on samples of soil and associated vegetation at 12 sites in the eastern United States. Progressive, selective chemical extraction plus size fractionation determined the abundance and radiometric equilibrium condition of these nuclides in 6 operationally defined soil fractions: exchangeable cations, organic matter, “free” Fe-oxides, sand, silt, and clay.In soils, profile-averaged ²²⁶Ra/²³⁸U activity ratios (AR) are within 10% of unity for most sites, implying little fractionation of U and Ra when the entire soil profile is considered. However, ²²⁶Ra greatly exceeds ²³⁸U activity in most surface soil (AR up to 1.8, av 1.22), in vegetation (AR up to 65, av. 2.8), in the exchangeable+organic fraction (AR up to 30, av. 13), in some soil Fe oxides (AR up to 3.5, av. 0.83) and in the C horizons of deeply weathered soils (AR up to 1.5).A major factor in Ra behavior is uptake by vegetation, which concentrates Ra>U and moves Ra from deeper soil to surface soil. Vegetation is capable of creating the observed Ra excess in typical surface soil horizons (AR up to 1.8, av. 1.22) in about 1000 a. Of the total Ra in an average A horizon, 42% occurs as exchangeable ions and in organic matter, but only 6–8% of the parent U and Th occur in these soil forms. In contrast, U is slightly enriched relative to Ra in Fe-oxides of A horizons, implying rapid chemical partition of vegetation-cycled U and Ra.In deeper horizons, transfer by vegetation and/or direct chemical partitioning of Ra into organic and exchangeable forms provides a source for unsupported ²²⁶Ra in Ra-rich organic matter, and leaves all soil minerals Ra-poor (AR=0.73). Organic matter evidently has a strong affinity for Ra.The phenomena discussed above are relevant to evaluation of indoor Rn hazard, and behavior of Ra at sites affected by radioactive waste disposal, phosphate tailings, Ra-rich brine, and uraniferous fertilizer.     

The source of radium in anomalous accumulations near sandstone escarpments,Australia

The source of Ra has been determined in water samples from four areas in Australia where anomalously high surface concentrations of²²⁶Ra have accumulated from groundwaters. All four anomalies were located adjacent to sandstone formations, and the groundwaters, which were generally all acidic and low in dissolved salts, appeared to be meteoric water with short ground-residence times. Uranium,²²⁶Ra and²²⁸Ra concentrations of waters feeding the anomalous areas were comparable to those found in standing waters within the sandstones. The²²⁶Ra/²²⁸Ra isotopic ratios were distributed about a median of 1.1 which suggests that the waters are in contact with rocks with near-normal U/Th ratios and, hence, that the Ra in the anomalies was derived from within the sandstones.The presence of the short-lived Ra isotopes,²²³Ra and²²⁴Ra, in high concentrations in most spring waters feeding these anomalies suggests that Ra enters groundwaters by recoil following alpha decay of a precursor parent radionuclide within mineral grains. Thus, although three of the areas were considered prospective for U, the radioactive anomalies studied appear to be due to natural transfer of Ra from the sandstones to the surface environment. In no case were the anomalies related to nearby known or undiscovered U deposits. Accordingly, a geochemical procedure, which includes Ra isotopic measurements, is recommended for evaluating radioactive anomalies for U exploration. This procedure should enable selection of only those anomalies with the highest potential for further exploration by more expensive techniques.     

Using short-lived nuclides of the U- and Th-series to probe the kinetics of colloid migration in forested soils

The recent chemical dynamics of a podzolic forest soil section (from the Strengbach watershed, France) was investigated using U- and Th-series nuclides. Analyses of (²³⁸U), (²³⁰Th), (²²⁶Ra), (²³²Th), (²²⁸Ra) and (²²⁸Th) activities in the soil particles, the seepage waters, and the mature leaves of the beech trees growing on this soil were performed by TIMS or gamma spectrometry. The simultaneous analysis of the different soil (sl) compartments allows to demonstrate that a preferential Th leaching over Ra must be assumed to explain the (²²⁶Ra/²³⁰Th), (²²⁸Ra/²³²Th) and (²²⁸Th/²²⁸Ra) disequilibria recorded in the soil particles. The overall Ra- and Th- transfer schemes are entirely consistent with the prevailing acido-complexolysis weathering mechanism in podzols. Using a continuous open-system leaching model, the (²²⁶Ra/²³⁰Th) and (²²⁸Ra/²³²Th) disequilibria measured in the different soil layers enable dating of the contemporary processes occurring in this soil. In this way, we have determined that a preferential Th-leaching from the shallow Ah horizon, due to a strong complexation with organic colloids, began fairly recently (18 years ago at most). The continual increase in pH recorded in precipitations over the last 20 years is assumed to be the cause of this enhanced organic complexation. A lower soil horizon (50-60 cm) is also affected by preferential Th leaching, though lasting over several centuries at least, with a much smaller leaching rate. The migration of Th isotopes through this soil section might hence be used as a tracer for the organic colloids migration and the induced radioactive disequilibria demonstrate to be useful for assessing the colloidal migration kinetics in a forested soil.Ra and Th isotopic ratios also appear to be valuable tracers of some mineral-water-plant interactions occurring in soil. The (²²⁸Ra/²²⁶Ra) ratio enables discrimination of the Ra flux originating from leaf degradation from that originating from mineral weathering in shallow −10 cm seepage soil waters. It appears that, at least in some cases, the Ra-isotopic ratio measured in forest-soil seepage waters may not be representative of the Ra-isotopic ratio released from mineral weathering, indicating that the different origins of the dissolved ²²⁶Ra and ²²⁸Ra must be taken into account.     

Study on the natural radioactivity level of stone coal-bearing strata in East China

Based on γ-radiation dose rate and radon concentration measurements and ²³⁸U, ²³²Th, ²²⁶Ra, and ⁴⁰K radionuclide testing, this study identifies the radioactive anomalies of stone coal-bearing strata in East China and evaluates the natural radioactivity levels in the air, solid, water and plant media in the typical area of the regional stone coal-bearing layers. The stone coal-bearing strata in East China occur in the lower Cambrian system along the margin of the Yangtze block; additionally, the radioactive anomaly area is sporadically distributed in the stone coal-bearing layers. The background values of ²³⁸U, ²³²Th, ²²⁶Ra, and ⁴⁰K are higher in the stone coal-bearing areas, and the spatial distribution of these natural radionuclides shows significant variability. ²³⁸U and ²²⁶Ra clearly accumulate in the coal, coal gangue and soil and are the main sources of the environmental radiation in coal mines. The γ-radiation shows a higher background value in the stone coal-bearing area, and this radioactive pollution cannot be ignored. Typically, the effective dose of γ-radiation exceeds the limit value of 5 mSv/a, and the total α and total β concentrations of the groundwater are 10–30 times the limit value at some points. The residents near the mining area are subjected to a higher radiation dose, and the groundwater, building materials, and plants have been contaminated by the radioactive pollution sporadically through time. It is necessary to strengthen the monitoring work of radioactive environments and to take appropriate control measures.     

深部强冲击地压易发矿区厚煤层开采解放层卸压效果数值模拟

为研究深部强冲击厚煤层开采上、下解放层的卸压效果。采用数值模拟方法,分析不开采解放层,开采下解放层,开采上、下解放层条件下,被解放层的应力变化情况及应力变化规律,计算开采下解放层后的合理卸压角,确定解放层平巷位置。模拟结果表明开采上、下解放层后,应力明显减小,但仍存在高应力区,易发生冲击地压,必要条件下应采用其它辅助卸压方式。证明了煤壁前方应力增加区域一般在煤壁前方8～25m。该研究为工作面开采设计提供理论指导,对防治冲击地压具有一定的现实意义。     

Molecular Organic Geochemical Characteristics and Coal Gas Potential Evaluation of Mesozoic Coal Seams in the Western Great Khingan Mountains

Coal-bearing strata are widespread in the western Great Khingan Mountains. Abundant coal resources have been found in the Jurassic Alatanheli Groups, the Cretaceous Bayanhua Groups, the Damoguaihe Formation and the Yimin Formation. The organic geochemical characteristics were analyzed in combination with hydrocarbon source rock evaluation and molecular organic geochemistry experiments, and the coal gas potential of coal seams was evaluated. The source rock evaluation results indicated that the Mesozoic coal samples have the characteristics of high organic matter abundance(TOC>30%), low maturity(Ro values of approximately 0.6%), and type Ⅲ composition. The hydrocarbon generation potentials of the Alatanheli Groups and Bayanhua Groups are high, while the generation potentials of the Damoguaihe Formation and the Yimin Formation are low. The results of geochemistry show that the depositional environment of the coal seam was a lacustrine, oxidizing environment with a low salinity, and the source of the organic matter was mainly higher plants. Affected by weak degradation, the coal seams mainly formed low-maturity gas of thermal catalytic origin. The Cretaceous coal seams contain a large amount of phytoplankton groups deposited in a low-stability environment affected by a transgression event, and the potential range varied widely. For the Jurassic coal seams, the depositional environment was more stable, and the coal seams feature a higher coal-forming gas potential.     

Evaluation of lead isotopic methods for uranium exploration, Koongarra Area, Northern Territory, Australia

Analysis of radioactive (²¹⁰Pb) and stable lead isotopes in near-surface samples has been tested as a method of uranium exploration in the Pine Creek Geosyncline, Northern Territory, Australia. The lead isotopes were extracted from the samples by a mild leaching agent and were measured by alpha spectrometry for ²¹⁰Pb and by mass spectrometry for stable lead isotopes. The results are compared with those obtained by conventional methods utilizing measurements of radioactivity and radon (Track Etch) in situ and ²²⁶Ra, ²²⁸Ra and U contents of soils. The major problems addressed were whether the lead isotopic methods are more sensitive than the conventional methods and whether they can discriminate “real” anomalies from the common barren anomalies found in black soils and swamps which contain radium in excess of the uranium present.Four test areas, representing a range of exploration problems, were chosen in the vicinity of the Koongarra uranium deposits and 25 samples from each area were analyzed. Most samples have more ²²⁶Ra than uranium. Radium analyses of several water samples show the source of this radium to be non-uraniferous rocks within the Kombolgie sandstone. The results for soil ²²⁶Ra, radon, scintillometry and ²¹⁹Pb were generally closely correlated, and as a result, the ²¹⁰Pb method was not considered to have any advantages over the conventional methods.At the Koongarra X prospect, which has a weak surface expression, the ratio gave the strongest indication of the underlying uranium mineralization with an anomaly to background ratio of 12.5. However, this ratio is correlated with uranium content and does not offer any particular advantages over uranium analyses alone. More subtle indications of uranium mineralization were found by relating the radiogenic lead (²⁰⁶Pb) and the thorium-derived lead (²⁰⁸Pb) to the common lead content (²⁰⁴Pb). A plot of versus (horizontal axis) is linear for country rock samples, irrespective of the amount of more recently introduced ²²⁶Ra. Samples above uranium mineralization lie off this trend, along a line of near-zero slope. By the use of this plot, indications were found of the Koongarra No. 2 orebody, which is concealed by about 40 m of barren overburden; none of the other techniques detected this mineralization.