一种新的土体动力本构模型

基于指数函数的有界性、函数曲线形状和构造土体动力本构模型的一般原则,把函数Y=e^x在（-∞,0]区间上的图像进行翻转、平移、放缩,从而构造出土体的动力本构模型的骨架曲线。在卸载和反向加载时,采用与骨架曲线相同的函数形式,并以前一次卸载开始点作为起点,以土体的极限应力水平作为渐近线,构造出土体动力本构模型的滞回曲线。在此基础上构造出适用于非对称循环荷载的指数形式土体动力本构模型（UE模型）。并用共振柱实验的结果检验了模型的有效性。UE模型具有四个特点：第一,适用于非对称循环荷载;第二,记忆量小;第三,卸载再加载滞回曲线自动满足Masing准则;第四,模型参数少,物理意义明确,可用常规试验确定。     

九寨沟M_s7.0地震前地应变LURR异常演化特征

从岩石应力-应变的本构关系出发,以能够反映岩石应变变化的地应变观测数据作为"响应量",通过库伦应力触发模型的加卸载响应比计算方法,计算2017年8月8日九寨沟M_S7.0地震前震中及周边500km范围内应变观测的加卸载响应比结果。结果显示,基于应变观测的加卸载响应比方法能够较好地从潮汐频段提取地震前LURR异常,九寨沟地震前,300km范围内的多个应变观测台站出现LURR异常,其中相距96km的两水台EW分量Y值最大达到3.27;LURR空间演化特征显示,在震前约9个月内震中及周边地区陆续出现异常"集中—增强—减弱"过程,证明该地区在长期应力累积的背景下,应力的不断累积增强导致震中及附近区域的岩石出现不断损伤或弱化,最终位于树正断裂上的应变能积累超过了介质强度而引发了此次地震。     

水平成层均质土地震反应非线性分析的半解析算法

采用动态应力-应变关系及其推广的Masing加卸载准则,考虑土体在地震等不规则加载条件下的非线性滞回特征,将增量法与相应场地地震线性反应解析解相结合,提出了该动力非线性方程的半解析时域算法,以水平成层场地一维剪切梁模型为例,建立了求解土体地震反应的非线性分析技术。针对Seed-Idriss给出的砂土平均曲线,分析计算了非均匀层状密砂的线性和非线性地震反应。     

常用岩土本构模型的选择及对场地动力反应分析结果的影响

合理选择本构模型是土动力学问题数值模拟中的一项重要工作。利用PLAXIS 2D软件的土工实验模拟功能分别对4种常用的岩土本构模型——线弹性模型、摩尔库伦模型、土体硬化模型和小应变土体硬化模型在往复荷载下的理论滞回曲线进行了对比分析,并在此基础上研究了选择不同本构模型对自由场地震反应分析结果的影响以及不同本构模型中各参数的变化对场地动力计算结果的敏感性分析。研究结果为土动力学问题数值模拟中如何选择本构模型和合理判断数值分析结果提供了参考依据。     

基于损伤扰动的土体本构关系研究

邓肯E-B模型无法描述软化土体的应力应变关系以及土体的剪胀效应；采用抛物线型体应变曲线的南水模型破坏时的剪胀率趋于定值，与实际土体不符。但南水模型适合描述应力应变峰值点前或最大剪胀率前土体的本构关系，邓肯模型适合描述的应变范围更小。因此，若要进行土工结构渐进破坏的分析计算，则需要建立一个适合于描述直至破坏的更大应变范围的土体本构关系。采用损伤扰动概念，将变形过程中的土体视为“相对完整”的未损伤土体和“完全调整”扰动土体的混合体，其应力应变关系可根据损伤扰动程度，由各自的应力应变关系组合确定。并根据试验提出了确定损伤扰动函数的计算公式。对体应变曲线，则采用抛物线加双曲线的形式加以描述。     

考虑阻尼拟合的动态骨架曲线函数式

根据土体动力实验结果所示土体应力－应变关系的基本特征，本文提出了描述土体应力－应变骨架曲线及动态骨架曲线的一种简单合理的函数表达式，并将其引入作者建立的土体动力剪切动态骨架曲线应力－应变关系模型中，导出了能拟合土体实验阻尼值且形式简单合理，应用方便的土体动力剪切应力－应变关系的经验函数式。     

宽级配砾质土应力路径试验研究

对某土石坝工程的宽级配砾质土进行了三轴等应力比应力路径试验,试验分别模拟了土石坝施工填筑期及蓄水期可能的应力路径,研究了宽级配砾质土在复杂应力状态下的应力应变特性。研究表明,砾质土心墙料在等主应力比和等主应力增量比应力路径作用下,应力应变表现出较好的线性关系;在竣工期,其平均主应力p（或剪应力q）与体应变ε_v及剪应变ε_s的曲线关系都为幂函数形式,ε_v—ε_1、ε_3—ε_1关系均可用线性函数来表示,而在蓄水期,各应力与应变之间的曲线关系则基本上都可以用线性关系来表示。本文研究明确了复杂应力路径下宽级配砾质土的应力应变关系,为建立宽级配砾质土的应力应变本构模型提供了一个重要线索。     

土应力应变关系的粘-弹-塑模型

土的动力非线性实验一般给出无量纲动力剪切模量G/G_(max)与剪应变γ的关系曲线以及滞回阻尼比λ与剪应变γ的关系曲线。同时,在地震工程主要关心的周期范围(例如0.1—10秒)内的地震荷载频率对以上两类经验曲线的影响不明显。为了获得一个与以上实验结果相一致的应力-应变关系,本文提出了一种具有粘性、弹性及塑件三种效应的应力-应变关系物理模型——粘-弹-塑模型(Visco-Elasto-Plastic Model),简称VEPM。这一模型能同时拟台G/G_(max)-γ和λ-γ两条实验曲线,且能很好地满足它们与加载频率无关的要求。本文还将VEPM与以往模型进行了对比,讨论了VEPM的物理意义。最后,给出了将VEPM应用于土层地震反应计算的两个实例。     

非线性土层地震反应分析的一种方法

本文利用作者给出的土的剪切动力本构关系的动态骨架曲线模型,结合显式差分数值逐步积分方法,给出了一种分析非线性土层地震反应的方法。反应计算中,地震效应视为基底剪切波垂直入射,且考虑了上部土层中能量向弹性基底辐射的效应。文章最后给出了本方法应用的一个算例,并给出了相应的等效线性化方法的计算结果。     

液化场地桩-土-桥梁结构地震相互作用振动台试验数值模拟方法研究

直接针对大型振动台模型试验,建立液化场地桩-土-桥梁结构地震相互作用数值模拟的二维分析模型和计算方法。根据桩基平面应变假定,将空间桩体转换成平面板桩,并考虑桩的尺寸效应;基于桩截面节点位移协调条件和平衡力系等效原理,建立四结点梁单元刚度矩阵且对Timoshenko梁杆单元刚度矩阵进行增广修正,以考虑桩的横向尺寸影响桩周土位移场分布的尺寸效应。根据有效应力原理进行土动反应分析,采用满足M asing准则的修正双曲线模型描述土动力变形的本构关系,同时考虑因孔压上升造成土体软化而对土动力性能的影响,由迭代法处理土的动力非线性。采用并联弹簧-阻尼器模拟计算域人工边界,以考虑边界波的反射作用对体系动力反应的干扰和土粘滞阻尼的影响。采用W ilson-θ逐步积分法计算体系的地震反应。通过与试验结果的对比分析,评估数值模拟的建模途径和计算方法的可靠性。     

Fractal approximation of the stress-strain curve of frozen soil

A method to approach the stress-strain curve of frozen soil is presented based on the fact that the stressstrain curve of frozen soil has fractal property. First, a linear hyperbolic iterated function system (LHJB) in which the perpendicular contraction factors are regarded as parameters is established using fractal geometry theories. Secondly, a method to calculate the best point which makes the attractor of the LHIFS an optimal approximation of the stress-strain curve of frozen soil is presented. Then, a method for calculating the fractal dimension of the stress-strain curve of frozen soil is obtained. Finally, a simple example is provided. The method presented in this paper provides a new method for simulating the stress-strain curve and calculating its fractal dimension of geomaterials that have the fractal feature by using computer     

动力基础系统非线性本构关系的研究

采用理想集总参数计算体系,以三次幂多项式模型反映动力地基的非线性特性,将非线性幂函数作为循环荷载作用下系统位移-力关系的主干骨线,在此基础上按照Masing二倍法则,将骨线拓展为位移一力的滞回曲线,建立了动力基础双曲线滞回动力学模型。提出了非线性广义刚度函数的概念,建立了动力基础系统在不同振动形式下的非线性本构关系。     

Nonlinear elastic behavior of fiber-reinforced soil under cyclic loading

Experimental investigations and modeling of nonlinear elasticity of fiber-reinforced soil under cyclic loading at small strain are conducted in this paper. The investigations include three aspects. First, cyclic shear tests are conducted using conventional triaxial apparatus. Twenty-seven specimens with three different fiber contents are employed to conduct triaxial cyclic shear tests under different confining pressure and loading repetition. Effects of geofiber, confining pressure and loading repetition on elastic shear modulus of reinforced soil are studied and analyzed. Second, a hyperbolic function is introduced to describe the nonlinear stress–strain skeletal curve under cyclic loading. Nonlinear elastic modulus is expressed as a function of shear strain and two variables A and B that are related to the initial tangential modulus and ultimate cyclic loading stress, respectively. In the present paper, variables A and B both are further assumed to be functions of geofiber content, confining pressure and loading repetition. Finally, eight constitutive coefficients of the nonlinear elastic model are calibrated using stress–strain curves from cyclic triaxial shear tests. The calibration of parameters is conducted using the technique of the linear regression for multiple variables. Impacts and effects of geofiber, confining pressure and loading repetitions on soil nonlinear elastic behavior are discussed.     

Modeling of a large‐scale magneto‐rheological damper for seismic hazard mitigation. Part I: Passive mode

Magneto‐rheological (MR) dampers are a promising device for seismic hazard mitigation because their damping characteristics can be varied adaptively using an appropriate control law. During the last few decades researchers have investigated the behavior of MR dampers and semi‐active control laws associated with these types of dampers for earthquake hazard mitigation. A majority of this research has involved small‐scale MR dampers. To investigate the dynamic behavior of a large‐scale MR damper, characterization tests were conducted at the Lehigh Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation equipment site on large‐scale MR dampers. A new MR damper model, called the Maxwell Nonlinear Slider (MNS) model, is developed based on the characterization tests and is reported in this paper. The MNS model can independently describe the pre‐yield and post‐yield behavior of an MR damper, which makes it easy to identify the model parameters. The MNS model utilizes Hershel–Bulkley visco‐plasticity to describe the post‐yield non‐Newtonian fluid behavior, that is, shear thinning and thickening behavior, of the MR fluid that occurs in the dampers. The predicted response of a large‐scale damper from the MNS model along with that from existing Bouc–Wen and hyperbolic tangent models, are compared with measured response from various experiments. The comparisons show that the MNS model achieves better accuracy than the existing models in predicting damper response under cyclic loading. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Shear modulus degradation model for cohesive soils

One of the key issues in cyclic behaviour of soft clays is gradual degradation of shear modulus. In most of the cyclic soil models such degrdation of shear modulus of soil with the progression of loading cycle was incorporated, addition to the standard non-linear backbone curves. Such cyclic degradation was usually represented by a parameter, degradation index, which is a function of loading cycles and cyclic shear strain amplitude. However it is well understood from the past experimental studies that the degradation index depends on various other factors as well. The present paper aims to develop a simple empirical model involving degradation index as a function of number of loading cycles, plasticity index, cyclic shear strain, overconsolidation ratio, loading frequency based on the experimental results. It is then fitted with the hyperbolic hysteretic model to estimate the modulus degradation for different cycles. Finally the damping ratio is calculated based on Masing rule with correction factors and validated through experimental results.     

Velocity model updating in prestack Kirchhoff time migration for PS converted waves: Part I – Theory

A velocity model updating approach is developed based on moveout analysis of the diffraction curve of PS converted waves in prestack Kirchhoff time migration. The diffraction curve can be expressed as a product of two factors: one factor depending on the PS converted‐wave velocity only, and the other factor depending on all parameters. The velocity‐dependent factor represents the hyperbolic behaviour of the moveout and the other is a scale factor that represents the non‐hyperbolic behaviour of the moveout. This non‐hyperbolic behaviour of the moveout can be corrected in prestack Kirchhoff time migration to form an inverse normal‐moveout common‐image‐point gather in which only the hyperbolic moveout is retained. This hyperbolic moveout is the moveout that would be obtained in an isotropic equivalent medium. A hyperbolic velocity is then estimated from this gather by applying hyperbolic moveout analysis. Theoretical analysis shows that for any given initial velocity, the estimated hyperbolic velocity converges by an iterative procedure to the optimal velocity if the velocity ratio is optimal or to a value closer to the optimal velocity if the velocity ratio is not optimal. The velocity ratio (V_P/V_S) has little effect on the estimation of the velocity. Applying this technique to a synthetic seismic data set confirms the theoretical findings. This work provides a practical method to obtain the velocity model for prestack Kirchhoff time migration.     

An energy‐based damage model for seismic response of steel structures

This paper proposes a new model for quantifying the damage in structural steel components subjected to randomly applied flexural/shear stress reversals, such those induced by earthquakes. In contrast to existing approaches that consider the damage as a combination of the global amount of dissipated energy and maximum displacement, the proposed model represents the damage by two parameters: (a) the total dissipated energy and (b) the portion of the energy consumed in the skeleton part of the load–displacement curve. These parameters are employed to define a single ‘damage index’, which measures the level between 0 (no damage) and 1 (failure). The proposed model takes into account that the ultimate energy dissipation capacity of the steel component is path‐dependent and can change throughout the entire response duration. The new model is derived from low‐cycle fatigue static tests of round steel rods and steel plates subjected to bending and shear. The accuracy of the model is verified experimentally through dynamic real‐time shaking table tests. From these tests, it is observed that the proposed model measures the level of damage at any stage of the loading process reasonably well and predicts the failure of the structural component accurately. The model can be easily implemented in a computer program to assess the level of seismic damage and the closeness to failure in new structures or to evaluate the safety of existing ones. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE EFFECT OF SECONDARY FLOWS IN DEPTH AVERAGED MORPHODYNAMIC SIMULATIONS

1 INTRODUCTIONThe numerical simulation of morphological changes in rivers, estuaries and coastal areas is because ofits econondcal merit an outstanding scientific task. The comPlexity of the problem is connected with theheterogeneity of the sediment material, an adequate rePresentation of the involved hydrOdynndc stressesand the large comPutational effort fOr long term simulations.Although the aPpllcation of three dimensional models tO engineering problems is increasing and wellvalldate…     

水平荷载作用下密肋复合墙结构的变形计算

密肋复合墙结构是近年来应用在住宅领域中的一种新型建筑结构体系,目前关于地震作用下密肋复合墙结构的变形计算方法尚不完善,采用等效剪力墙结构模型不能同时考虑密肋墙的有效弹性模量和有效面内剪切模量,导致等效模型在水平荷载作用下的变形与实际结构存在一定误差.在试验研究基础上,依据铁木辛柯剪切梁理论并考虑密肋墙体弹性常数取值和构造特点,建立了包含剪切变形在内的密肋复合墙侧移曲线方程;同匀质混凝土墙侧移方程相比,密肋墙侧移方程中的弹性常数是与墙体构造有关的变参数表达式.算例分析表明,等效混凝土墙结构模型的侧移变形计算结果较实际结构偏小,在中高层结构中表现尤为明显,可能引起不可忽略的误差而导致结构存在安全隐患;建议对等效混凝土墙模型的侧移变形结果进行修正,给出了初步的修正系数供工程设计参考.     

套管井井壁附近地层横波速度径向分布反演

套管外地层受异常地应力、油气开采的影响,在径向上表现出非均质性;采用声波测井可以对该非均质性进行探测,利用偶极子横波测井数据可以对横波速度的径向分布进行反演.本文建立了套管井外地层横波速度径向分层参考模型,采用修正的微扰法计算了该模型的偶极弯曲波频散曲线,建立了横波速度径向分布反演目标函数,采用高斯牛顿法和快速模拟退火法对目标函数进行了求解,得到了套管井外地层横波速度的径向分布.分析了偶极弯曲波频段、套管横波速度对反演结果的影响,对比了高斯牛顿法和快速模拟退火法对反演过程的影响.分析对比结果表明,采用偶极弯曲波激发强度较高的频段与采用全频段的反演结果相近;套管的横波速度准确度越高,反演结果越准确;高斯牛顿法和快速模拟退火法计算精度相同,都可以得到高精度的横波速度径向分布;快速模拟退火法的计算效率略低于高斯牛顿法,但其收敛性对初始值依赖更小,实际处理中应选择快速模拟退火法.