土体强度与变形尺度特性的理论与试验分析

土体是一种颗粒介质,其强度与变形特性具有显著的颗粒尺度效应。采用胞元土体模型和三轴抗剪试验分析了土体强度和变形的尺度效应特性。根据土体中不同尺度颗粒间相互作用表现出的聚集和摩擦效应,提出了“基体-增强颗粒”土体胞元模型,胞元体由基体和增强颗粒组成,其中基体由微小土颗粒集成,而增强颗粒为砂粒,宏观土体则简化为由许多胞元体构成的介质。引入广义球应变和广义等效应变,基于应变能导出了考虑颗粒尺度效应的应力-应变关系以及屈服应力计算公式;同时,针对增强颗粒不同粒径和体分比的土体进行一系列三轴不排水抗剪试验,给出了应力-应变和屈服应力尺度效应的测试结果。试验和理论计算结果均表明,土体强度和变形的尺度效应随增强颗粒的体分比增加以及粒径的减小而增强,由此反映出土体强度和变形显著的尺度效应;土体强度和变形尺度效应的理论预测结果与试验具有较好的一致性。     

黄土路堑边坡变形破坏机理的三轴试验研究

通过原状黄土的减压三轴压缩试验,研究了黄土边坡不同深度不同含水量土体的应力-应变关系,并与原状黄土的常规三轴试验结果进行了比较,发现减压三轴试验能合理地模拟和解释开挖卸荷作用下黄土边坡土体的变形与破坏过程。试验结果表明:坡脚开挖卸荷时,黄土边坡中浅层非饱和黄土易出现应变软化或塑性流动,强度较低,易产生较大变形,而深层饱和黄土仅在高围压下发生应变硬化,强度增加,在中低围压时均发生应变软化现象。分析认为黄土边坡特殊的工程地质条件,使得黄土边坡的特定部位在开挖卸荷作用下常形成了不利于土体稳定的含水量和围压组合,导致坡体特定部位的土体变形破坏,进而诱发边坡的变形破坏;开挖卸荷作用下黄土边坡变形破坏的力学机制应为蠕滑-压致拉裂或牵引式滑坡。     

基于Drucker-Prager准则的某土三轴压缩模拟研究

以Drucker-Prager屈服准则作为土样的塑性条件,根据某工程实例利用有限元分析软件进行土体三轴试验数值实验模拟,并得到以下结论:基于有限元分析能真实反映岩土工程中的弹塑性的变形情况,可广泛应用于岩土工程中的弹塑性变形问题。     

结构性土二元介质本构模型及破损率影响因素的研究

岩土类材料是非均质的具有微缺陷的天然材料,岩土破损力学将岩土材料抽象成由结构块和结构带组成的非均质二元结构体。破损率演化方程反映了岩土材料在外部荷载作用下,结构块向结构带动态变化程度的过程。从细观尺度上分析结构性土体变形、破坏过程发展机制,揭示土体在荷载作用下结构块向结构带转化的过程。最后,针对杨陵黄土,通过三轴剪切试验,研究围压、含水率对破损率演化规律的影响。研究结果表明,单参数模型的破损率与围压和含水率没有关系,使从实验上证明参数模型的破损率是大主应变的函数。     

土工带加筋碎石土本构关系的三轴试验研究

通过碎石土和加筋碎石土的大型三轴试验,分析了土工带加筋碎石土的变形特性和土工带加筋对碎石土应力-应变关系的影响,采用双曲线函数拟合加筋土体的应力-应变试验曲线,建立了土工带加筋碎石土的非线性模型以克服经典的刚塑体模型不能反映加筋土体在达到破坏荷载前的变形形态的缺点,提出了土工带加筋土体切线模量的计算公式,该模型能正确反映土工带加筋土体的变形特性,在岩土工程方面有一定的实际应用价值.     

应力路径对基坑工程变形的影响

通过各向等压固结轴向加载三轴压缩试验和等应力比固结侧向卸载三轴试验获得的土体变形参数，对一个工程实例进行了有限元分析，分析结果表明：等应力比固结侧向卸载三轴试验获得的土体变形参数的计算结果与实测资料比较吻合。故为了准确地分析土体在各种工程荷载作用下的变形情况，有必要在试验时尽可能模拟土体的实际加载路径。     

模拟基坑开挖过程的试验研究

采用三轴剪切试验对基坑开挖过程中土体卸荷的应力路径进行模拟，研究了由于侧向卸荷对土体抗剪强度指标产生的影响，并从土的微观结构角度分析了产生这一现象的原因。试验结果表明，经过侧向卸荷过程土样的抗剪强度指标与常规三轴试验明显不同。     

节理岩体大尺寸取样及三轴试验的建议方法

节理岩体大尺寸取样及三轴试验的建议方法技术介绍岩体的强度和变形性质是岩土工程稳定性计算的基本参数。这两个参数主要取决于岩石材料和不连续体的性质以及它们之间的相互作用。三轴试验是研究岩石和土的强度及变形性质的众所周知的手段。ＶｏｎＫｏｒｍａｎ［１］于１...     

超固结粘土的二元介质模型

为了分析超固结粘土边坡的变形和稳定的需要,在岩土破损力学的框架内建议了一个适用于这类土的二元介质模型。该模型考虑了土体内在的不均一性,把它看作由结构块和结构带组成的复合体,两者共同分担外荷载,模型包含10参数,并拟定了这些参数的测定方法。通过模拟三轴试验的计算表明,该模型可以反映London粘土的应力-应变特征。     

地下水与开挖作用下堆积层滑坡体滑动机制分析

川东红层地区修建的巴中达州万州高速公路在穿越第四系堆积层时,堆积层滑坡灾害频繁发生,这类滑坡滑动面为平缓的岩土界面。地下水渗流分布影响下的坡体非饱和强度特征和开挖卸荷是引发这类滑坡灾害的主要因素。在室内非饱和直剪试验提取土体力学参数基础上,结合非饱和土渗流分析软件和岩土应力变形分析软件对滑坡机制进行深入分析。分析表明:地下水的渗流分布孕育了岩土界面附近的滑带土,为边坡的滑动失稳提供潜在可能性。堆积层渗流场特征决定着坡体基质吸力的分布,基质吸力的分布特征导致了堆积层土体由顶部往底部的非饱和抗剪强度的逐层弱化,最终形成沿平缓岩土界面分布的抗剪强度最低的一层软弱土体。在路堑边坡开挖致使的不平衡力影响下,岩土界面附近的软弱土体表现出最为显著的屈服和变形,堆积层坡体中部沿着岩土界面的软弱土体发生剪切蠕滑,滑体后缘出现张拉破坏,形成拉裂缝和拉裂槽,并于滑体前缘发生剪切挤压,随着滑体的蠕滑发展,滑体内地下水逐渐消散并在开挖面处渗出。     

Adsorption of heavy metals in glacial till soil

The charged sites on soil particles are important for the retention/adsorption of metals. Metallic counterions can neutralize the intrinsic charges on the surfaces of soil particles by forming complexes. In this study, efforts have been made to determine the effect of surface potential, pH, and ionic strength on the adsorption of four metal ions, hexavalent chromium Cr(VI), trivalent chromium Cr(III), nickel Ni(II) and cadmium Cd(II), in glacial till soil. Batch tests were performed to determine the effect of pH (2–12) and ionic strength (0.001–0.1 M KCl) on zeta potential of the glacial till soil. The point of zero charge (pH _PZC ) of glacial till was found to be 7.0±2.5. Surface charge experiments revealed the high buffering capacity of the glacial till. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted at natural pH (8.2) using various concentrations of selected metals. The adsorption data was described by the Freundlich adsorption model. Overall glacial till shows lower adsorption affinity to Cr(VI) as compared to cationic metals, Cr(III), Ni(II) and Cd(II).     

Drainage morphometry of Himalayan Glacio-fluvial basin,India: hydrologic and neotectonic implications

Morphometric analysis, being widely used to assess the drainage characteristics of the river basins, has been found to be a useful tool to delineate the glacial till covered overburden material as well as to identify areas prone to flash floods in present studies. A number of parameters including the stream frequency, drainage density and drainage texture suggest that the unconsolidated, unstratified and highly permeable glacially deposited overburden till material facilitates the infiltration of snowmelt and rainwater in the Pindari glacio-fluvial basin, Eastern Kumaun Himalaya, India. Likewise, other till overburden covered glacial and proglacial areas of Higher Himalayan regions have been contributing to the groundwater budget. The shape parameters further suggest that the sub-basins with higher form factor are more prone to flash floods. Besides this, the anomalies in the morphometric parameters have been found to be a useful tool to delineate zones of active tectonics in such areas.     

Characterization of pebble fabrics in modern terrestrial glacigenic sediments

ABSTRACT Pebble fabric data are available from several facies of glacigenic sediments deposited by modern glaciers, where sedimentary processes can be observed or inferred with relatively little ambiguity. Over 100 samples from contemporary environments illustrate fabrics characterizing melt-out till, deformed and undeformed lodgement till, sediment flow deposits and ice slope colluvium. Lodgement till fabric variability is related to the two-layer structure of these sediments; a structureless, friable upper layer with low shear strength and high consolidation coefficient, overlying a very compact material of horizontal platy structure. Fabric strength (assessed by eigenvalue analysis) is weaker and pebble dip is more dispersed in the upper structureless horizon. Stronger fabrics in the lower platy horizon may be primary depositional fabrics which are destroyed by subglacial shearing to give weaker fabrics in the upper horizon. Alternatively, upper horizon fabrics may be characteristic of all recently-deposited lodgement tills, with stronger fabrics developing at depth by dewatering and consolidation. There is a general reduction in fabric strength and an increase in particle dip associated with the transition from melt-out tills, through undeformed and deformed lodgement tills, to sediment flow deposits and ice slope colluvium. There is, however, considerable overlap in the fabric strengths characteristic of sediment flow deposits and deformed lodgement tills. Fabric data from modern glacial sedimentary facies are used to assist in interpreting the mode of deposition of some Quaternary glacial sediments. Relatively strong fabrics characteristic of melt-out tills and undeformed lodgement tills are more likely to be diagnostic of genesis than weaker fabrics associated with deformed sediments.     

Till geochemistry in the ribbed moraine area of Peräpohjola,Finland

The characteristics of ribbed moraines, with an emphasis on till geochemical prospecting, were studied in the area of Peräpohjola, southern Finnish Lapland. Percussion drilling, test pits and trenches were used for till sampling. The samples were partially extracted and then analysed using ICP-AES or GFAAS methods in the geolaboratory of the Geological Survey of Finland. The distribution of Au and Cu in fine fraction (<0.06 mm) of till in both horizontal and vertical dimensions showed that the uppermost part of the moraine ridges contained the highest metal contents. In the coarser fractions of till (0.06–0.5 and >2 mm), the anomalies were located on the distal side of the ribbed moraine ridges, down-ice from mineralized bedrock. Geochemical patterns together with fresh pyrite grains in till heavy mineral concentrates indicate a short glacial transport distance of the mineralized debris. This conclusion is also supported by the presence of a large proportion of local rock fragments and boulders in the uppermost till unit and at the surface, which is a result of glacial quarrying during the ribbed moraine formation.     

希夏邦马峰东南富曲河谷的冰川沉积和冰川构造

在希夏邦马峰（海拔８０１２ｍ）东南富曲河谷，中更新世以来有三次冰期；即聂拉木、富曲和普罗冰期。它们均可再分为两个亚阶段。聂拉木南的高冰碛平台长３.５ｍ，宽１.５ｋｍ，厚２００ｍ。属于中更新世聂拉木冰期（聂聂雄拉冰期）的巨大山谷冰川沉积，中尼公路从高冰碛平台尾端通过，形成数公里长的冰碛剖面，呈现出美丽多姿的冰川成因类型沉积和冰川构造现象，包括冰下，冰上融出碛，冰内.冰下河道沉积，冰湖沉积，坠碛，流磺等。冰川运动时造成的冰川构造，如断层、滑动面-…等也很清楚，代表了海洋型（暖冰川）冰川沉积和冰川构造特征，是中国目前研究冰川构造最理想的场所。     

Comparative scanning electron microscopy study of oriented till blocks, glacial grains and Devonian sands in Estonia and Latvia

Samples of Middle Devonian (Eifelian age; 387–380 Ma) indurated and non‐cemented sandstone were compared with Pleistocene basal tills in Estonia and Latvia to test a hypothesis that glacial SEM (scanning electron microscopy) microtextures are distinctly different from those produced in a fluvial depositional environment. The deposits of Middle Devonian Aruküla Stage were emplaced in a continental water basin close to sea level and well away from any glacial source. Therefore, the SEM microtextures on quartz grains from the Aruküla Stage should show mainly the effect of stream transport. The basal tills are of Late Weichselian age deposited as ground moraine directly over the sandstone. Additional glaciofluvial and glaciolacustrine samples were included with the tills to determine whether glacial and fluvial‐lacustrine transport could be differentiated by the SEM microtextures. Samples of oriented blocks of till from a limited number of sites were studied without pretreatment to determine whether sand clast orientation could provide a method for determining glacial flow vectors. While there are some microtextural similarities between grains from glacial and glaciofluvial‐lacustrine depositional environments, the vast majority of grains from till deposits (50%–60%) are faceted, sharp edged, angular to subangular, and comprised of numerous and distinct microfeatures including abraded surfaces over microfractures, deep linear and curved troughs (striations), step features, and a preponderance of conchoidal and linear microfractures. Glaciofluvial and lacustrine grains contain abundant abrasion features and v‐shaped percussion cracks that make them very distinct from glacial grains. Fluvial transport produces primarily rounded grains, well abraded, with v‐shaped percussion scars dominating. Thus, it is possible to use microtextural differences between the three sample suites to identify particular depositional environments. Oriented till blocks provide information on sand clast orientation. Although carbonate coatings often obscure sand clasts in untreated blocks, it is possible to determine some microfabric information that can be useful in determining flow direction of the ice.     

1977-1989中国冰川地质研究的新取向

中国的传统冰川地质学研究是同李四光的名字紧密相连的。１９７７年以后，现代沉积学的原理和方法在中国冰川地质学的研究中得到了广泛的应用。中国西部的自然条件易于形成突发性的泥石流。区别冰川沉积物和泥石流沉积物在沉积学上的异同是冰川地层学研究中的关键问题。解决有关中国西部冰川扩张的次数和范围等重大问题，有待于冰川地层学和冰川地貌学新手段的综合运用。     

北京潭柘寺地区第四纪冰川遗迹的宏观和微观特征

以北京西山潭柘寺地区第四纪冰川遗迹的宏观特征研究为基础,对管坨岭冰期和赵家台冰期的古冰川沉积进行了石英颗粒表面结构形貌组合特征的分析。结果表明,管坨岭冰期的管坨岭冰碛层和大富庄冰碛层,以及赵家台冰期的太平庄冰碛层中的石英颗粒表面结构,以冰川成因的形貌组合占优势,而赵家台冰期鲁家滩冰水沉积中的石英颗粒表面结构,则以冰川和流水共有成因的形貌占优势。所以,据冰川遗迹的宏观和微观特征,可以肯定该区分别在早更新世和中更新世曾发育过两次古冰川作用。      

Till stratigraphy and ice movements in eastern Overijssel, The Netherlands

A three–till section in eastern Overijssel, eastern Netherlands, represents the most complete till sequence of the Older Saalian glaciation presently known from The Netherlands and adjacent Germany. On the basis of structural analyses, four different glacial events within one continuous glacial cover can be distinguished: (1) deposition of till 1 (lowest till) by ice probably moving in a southerly direction, (2) glaciotectonic dislocation of till 1 under a compressive strain regime acting towards the west, (3) deposition of till 2 by ice moving in a westerly direction, and (4) deposition of till 3 by southeasterly moving ice. During deposition of tills 2 and 3, the underlying older tills were subjected to a strong extensional tectonic regimc, leading among other things to the development of characteristic sheath folds. On the basis of directional and compositional characteristics, the three tills can be correlated with the till stratigraphy of the northern Netherlands.