地学e-Science研究与实践——以东北亚联合科学考察与合作研究平台构建为例

地学e-Science被认为是继理论分析、实验观察和模拟计算之后的地学科研方法,将促进传统地学科研模式的变革,提升地学研究的效率和水平.由于地学e-Science的研究刚刚起步,国内外学者对其本质、内容、技术架构和未来发展,还缺乏一个统一、清晰的认识.认为地学e-Science的实质就是支撑地学研究的信息化环境及其在此...     

CyberConnector: a service-oriented system for automatically tailoring multisource Earth observation data to feed Earth science models

Feeding multisource Earth observation (EO) data into Earth science models (ESM) remains a daunting challenge. This paper presents a service-oriented approach as an alternative solution. It uses geospatial web services to process the EO data and geoprocessing workflow for automation. Different from existing approaches, it takes advantage of virtual data products (VDP) to release modelers from intensive data processing. It can directly connect ESMs to public EO sources via Cyberinfrastructure. A prototype called CyberConnector is implemented. CyberConnector supports intuitive building of VDP, automatic execution of workflows and effortless retrieval of model-ready input files. We used it to stream multiple datasets to several ESMs including finite-volume coastal ocean model (FVCOM) and cloud-resolving model (CRM). The results show that CyberConnector can truly benefit modelers on time saving and effort minimizing.     

新世纪地球科学视野中的新技术和新方法(代序)

从科学发展战略的角度 ,讨论了新技术、新方法在地球科学中的应用。新世纪的地球科学在新技术、新方法的应用方面呈现出鲜明的时代特色 ,即观测范围的扩大与观测能力的增强 ,多学科观测的海量数据的积累与地球观测系统的整合 ,不断增强的挑战非线性复杂地球系统中的预测问题的能力。特别是 ,作为地球观测系统的整合的“数字地球”和作为地球过程的模拟工具的高效并行计算 ,将在地球系统科学的发展中发挥重要作用。从方法论的角度 ,文中特别指出 ,只有掌握新技术、新方法的人对新技术、新方法有正确的理解 ,并具有创新性的思维 ,新技术、新方法才能发挥其应有的效能。     

新一代对地观测系统的发展

对地观测系统(EOS，Earth Observation System)是获取空间对地信息、促进地球系统科学和空间信息科学等学科发展的支柱。长期以来，人们就期望着对自己居住的地球有一个全面深刻的了解，研究这种从几十年到几百年时间尺度的全球变化，依赖于观测系统和观测技术的发展。因此有必要建立一个对地球整体的观测系统，利用空间优势，获取有关地球体系及其各个组成部分的详细数据或信息。 近50年来，世界对地观测技术得到了迅猛的发展。NASA针对全球变化研究对建立长期的数据采集系统的实际需求，于20世纪80年代初开始规划地球观测系统（EOS）计划，并于90年代初实施。它包括一系列卫星、自然科学知识组成和一个数据系统，支持一系列极地轨道和低倾角卫星对地球的陆地表面、生物圈、大气和海洋进行长期观测。地球观测卫星系列是EOS计划的最基本和最重要的环节。EOS卫星系列计划在今后的10年内陆续发射一系列的太阳轨道环境遥感卫星，构成连续15年的数据采集系统，其规模在地球观测卫星发展史上是空前的。在EOS计划的基础上NASA规划了ESE战略计划，将继续发展国际新一代对地观测系统。迄今为止，Terra、Aqua和Arua卫星已经发射成功，引起地球遥感科学界的瞩目，为地球科学研究提供重要的数据资源。     

科学大洋钻探：成就与展望

在回顾ODP学术目标的发展历史的基础上，按照地球环境动力学和地球内部动力学两大科学主题，对ODP在地球环境变化、作为环境变化营力的沉积物、流体和细菌、地球内部物质和能量的传递、岩石圈变形和地震作用等前沿领域所取得的主要科学成就进行了简单的介绍。IODP将以地球系统科学的思想为指导，利用多个钻探平台，以更为广泛的钻探领域和更深的钻探深度，对全球海底进行学术目标更为庞大、系统的科学钻探，并进一步加强与石油工业以及其它国际地学研究计划的合作。     

Talkoot: software tool to create collaboratories for earth science

“Open science,” where researchers share and publish every element of their research process in addition to the final results, can foster novel ways of collaboration among researchers and has the potential to spontaneously create new virtual research collaborations. Based on scientific interest, these new virtual research collaborations can cut across traditional boundaries such as institutions and organizations. Advances in technology allow for software tools that can be used by different research groups and institutions to build and support virtual collaborations and infuse open science. This paper describes Talkoot, a software toolkit designed and developed by the authors to provide Earth Science researchers a ready-to-use knowledge management environment and an online platform for collaboration. Talkoot allows Earth Science researchers a means to systematically gather, tag and share their data, analysis workflows and research notes. These Talkoot features are designed to foster rapid knowledge sharing within a virtual community. Talkoot can be utilized by small to medium sized groups and research centers, as well as large enterprises such a national laboratories and federal agencies.     

区域研究：全球变化研究的重要途径

区域研究是全球变化研究的重要途径。国际上南部非洲、南亚、东亚、东南亚4个地区及若干重大区域研究项目如 LBA、AMMA、MAIRS及ProMed等典型案例研究表明：区域研究是全球变化研究的基础，区域的实验、模拟、分析是全球环境变化研究的有效方法。区域研究应关注：陆地表面过程、海岸带的陆—海相互作用过程、区域气候变化过程等关键过程对全球变化的响应及作用；区域边缘现象、阈值与突变问题；区域人类活动对全球变化的有序适应等。有必要制订国际区域研究计划，实施地球系统的区域观测，建立区域研究的集成新方法、区域实验与尺度转换方法，建立基于数理基础的区域地球系统模型和数值模拟等新方法。     

面向三极科学的三维可视化系统应用研究

南极、北极和青藏高原作为地球的"三极"是全球变化的敏感区和研究热点.随着天空地一体化对地观测技术的快速发展,三极时空信息呈现出海量、高时效、多维度的大数据特征.但由于缺乏有效的可视化手段,这些数据很难被非科研人员理解和认知.如何面向不同人群,快速直观地展示三极最新科学发现所产生的时空数据,已成为数据可视化研究迫切需要解...     

浅议学科交叉与地球系统科学

以整体系统的观念认识地球 ,强化学科间的交叉与渗透 ,是 2 1世纪初地球科学发展的主题。各国都十分重视推动学科交叉研究 ,并将学科交叉分为Modidisciplinary、Interdisciplinary、Transdiscipli nary三个层次。地球系统科学的两大前沿为“地球系统的联系”和“地球系统的演化” ,2 1世纪地球科学的突破在于地球系统变化理论的形成。笔者指出 :目前 ,我们的观念还跟不上地球科学的发展 ,尤其是“学科交叉”的理念不强 ,缺乏地球系统科学的思维 ,但我们有开展地球系统科学研究的有利条件     

Canadian Inuit,digital Qanuqtuurunnarniq,and emerging geographic imaginations

Using the Canadian Arctic as a case study this paper explores how Internet-based research can be used to advance area studies in an era of rapid global change. Regions of the world are rapidly changing due to social, technological, and environmental processes, and traditionally marginalized groups are increasingly using digital tools to help shape new geographical imaginations of these regions. Digital research is uniquely capable of analyzing these political uses of digital technologies, to produce a better understanding of how many different stakeholders are shaping emerging geographical imaginations. The Canadian Arctic offers a particularly powerful case study to understand these processes both because it represents a geographic region that is complex, multi-scalar, and rapidly evolving, and also because it is a region in which traditionally marginalized indigenous groups are using the Internet to increase the visibility of their perspectives. This paper develops an innovative methodology, combining computational analysis of ‘big data’ along with traditional forms of qualitative analysis, to analyze representations of the Arctic across the websites of five different organizations. These organizational websites were chosen because each of the organizations has a different relationship to the Arctic, operates at a different geographic scale, has some relevance to areas of the Canadian Arctic in which Inuit live, and has a large website. The analysis successfully reveals how these different organizations use the web to shape different types of geographic imaginations of the Arctic, as well as the types of discursive politics being used by the organizations to push forward their own political goals. The result is a powerful form of area studies capable of highlighting the geographic imaginations and re-imaginations of a complex set of actors operating at many different scales.     

Earth System Science: Conception and Misconception——To the Third Conference on Earth System Science,Shanghai

Earth system science should not be understood as an all embracing term that combines various disciplines studying the planet Earth. Rather, it is a new approach to consider interaction between its various subsystems, and seeks to integrate various research fields to understand the Earth as a system. Earth system science has developed from global changes studies, then extended into the deep geological past and now is facing a new challenge connecting the surface processes with those in the Earth’s interior.     

美国国家大气研究中心优先研究领域新特点

美国国家大气研究中心于2005年11月提出了新的战略计划。该计划突出的新特点在于无论科学研究活动还是教育、观测设施等方面的战略目标和优先领域,都是以地球系统研究为中心。如在科学研究方面的战略目标确定为：认识地球系统的作用、准确预报地球系统的演变。相应的优先研究领域则为：研究和了解地球和太阳的自然变率;地球系统各分量的相互作用;地球系统预报;人类活动与地球系统的演变等。鉴于NCAR在国际大气科学界的地位,这种以地球系统为中心的优先研究领域对我国大气科学及地球科学研究有一定的借鉴意义,同时也将促使大气科学工作者摆脱传统天气、气候概念的束缚,站在更高的高度来科学审视学科的发展。     

Influence of numerical precision on the calibration of AEM-based groundwater flow models

Groundwater modelers have embraced the use of automated calibration tools based on classical nonlinear regression techniques. While clearly an improvement over trial-and-error calibration, it is not clear to what extent these popular inverse modeling tools yield accurate parameter sets for groundwater flow models. The impact of model configuration and precision upon automated parameter estimation is also unclear. An extensive set of numerical experiments was performed to explore the influence of model configuration on the calibration of a regional groundwater flow model developed using the analytic element method. The results provided insight into the manner in which the specified level of model precision and the location of observation points influence the results of inverse modeling based on nonlinear regression. While the importance of these issues is application-specific, obtaining an accurate model calibration for the case study required both a careful placement of test observations and a greater-than-anticipated level of model precision. The required level of model precision for calibration was more than necessary to produce an acceptable flow solution.     

地球内部流体系统科学统一理论

从当前人类面临的重大而紧迫的全球性资源、环境、减灾问题的挑战出发，论述了地球内部流体研究在三大领域中的地位和作用。地球内部流体系统科学统一理论从科学系统观出发，在研究思路上坚持多门学科间大跨度交叉，立足于层次性、全球性和统一性的整体观，并以地球系统科学为理论基础，从而具有在更高层次上进行综合学科研究的特点和时空有序多层结构的研究领域。最后，阐述了从定性到定量的系统学、非线性科学的方法学和方法论。同时，地球内部流体与成矿作用，与环境、灾害及全球变化，地球内部流体的实验研究和动力学研究以及地球内部流体的探测，是统一理论研究的主题。     

Characterization of the Biodiversity of Modern Sea Ice in the North Pole Region

Doklady Earth Sciences - The aim of this work was to analyze the observation data on the dynamics of the species composition of ice flora and fauna in the polar region of the Arctic Ocean. The...     

恐龙相关数据库的发展现状与数据驱动下的研究实例剖析

恐龙是知名度最高的古生物类群之一,在中生代处于陆地优势生态位,这对研究地球生命演化具有重要意义。近年来,随着恐龙学数据的激增以及统计分析手段的进步,全球涌现出多种类型的恐龙相关数据库。文章对这些数据库进行了调研和分析,并将其分成纯科普型、特定目标型和全面型三种类型。但严格来说,它们都不是真正意义上的系统、全面的恐龙学数据库,分别存在着数据涵盖不全、结构体系不合理、缺乏长期可持续性等缺点。因此,在深时数字地球(Deeptime Digital Earth,简称DDE)大科学计划的助力下,搭建起兼具科学性与科普性的恐龙学数据库,不仅能够促进深时地球生命演化的研究,还能提升大众对DDE的了解。     

“地球系统探测新原理与新技术”优先领域与地球系统科学

地球系统科学是研究组成地球系统的子系统之间相互联系、相互作用的机制，研究地球整体结构、特征、功能和行为，研究地球系统变化的规律和控制这些变化机理的科学。对地观测、探测与分析技术的发展是地球科学创新思维来源的技术保障，同时对地球科学基础理论研究水平的提高起着重要的作用。21世纪地球科学的发展将更加重视发展地球系统科学的理论、方法与技术体系。“地球系统观测、探测新原理与新技术”被列入国家自然科学基金委员会地球科学部“十五”优先资助领域。回顾“十五”期间的资助情况，探讨该领域和地球系统科学的关系，将有利于“十一五”对该领域资助工作的调整与完善。     

Accessing Australian geodynamic information: The AGCRC website

The Australian Geodynamics Cooperative Research Centre (AGCRC) website <http://www.agcrc. csiro.au/> provides the main integrated presentation of the results of AGCRC research. It hosts a systematic presentation of project summaries, publication abstracts, regionally organised geodynamic syntheses and a GIS database containing a large number of broad‐scale earth science datasets from the Australian region, which are presented through an interactive map viewer. Effective interfaces are required to make the variety of content accessible to users. In particular, maintaining effective hyperlinking for a large and growing set of pages was a significant challenge. We found that by developing effective indexing tools we were able to apply a uniform technology to attack these problems. The index included both the full text of the pages from the website and also specific index terms of metadata. The metadata schema was designed to support both generalised discovery through a search interface and also to allow hyperlinks to be included automatically in pages by the server, so that the user could browse in a richly cross‐linked framework. It was necessary to manage textual and numeric data within the same framework because even the textual documents were generally tied to geospatial locations identified by their geographical coordinates. This required extensions to standard index and search tools, including the development of complete new indexing software. To assist the user in accessing the index, we provided a variety of user interfaces specialised for different themes in the website. For example, publication lists are generated in a conventional layout, and geospatial datasets are presented through an interactive map viewer and query system. The latter also demonstrated how visualisation tools for geospatial data can be provided in the web‐browser interface.     

The empirical Melchior laws and parametric excitation of the Chandler wobble

Models of the motion of the terrestrial reference frame with respect to an inertial frame can describe the motions of the Earth-Moon system, which are traditionally separated into precession, nutation, the polar motion, and rotation about the Earth’s axis. Existing theoretical models do not describe variations in the Earth-orientation parameters with the required accuracy, so that the current polar coordinates and duration of the day must be determined from observations. To improve theoretical models for the time dependence of the coordinates of the Earth’s pole, we examine the possible excitation of the Chandler wobble due to internal properties of the Earth-Moon system. A differential equation describing the parametric resonance in the Earth-Moon system is obtained for the first region of the parametric excitation. The solution of this equation analytically describes the finite amplitudes of the nonlinear conservative system. The theoretical results are compared with the empirical laws of Melchior deduced from observational data on the coordinates of the Earth’s pole.     

从第三极到北极： 气候与冰冻圈变化及其影响

第三极和北极地区对于区域和全球环境、 社会经济以及国家战略的重要性日益凸现。通过对第三极和北极气候与冰冻圈研究的现状、 趋势进行梳理总结, 为未来的系统研究提供借鉴。结果显示, 第三极和北极气候系统与冰冻圈正在发生显著变化并预计将持续下去。第三极和北极地区气温在以全球平均升温速度两倍的速率变暖, 且在20世纪70年代以来, 变化总体趋势高度一致; 降水变化总体呈增加趋势, 但变率和不确定性较大; 极端事件（尤其是极端降水）的频率增加; 积雪范围总体上呈现减少趋势, 雪水当量、 积雪天数的变化存在区域和周期性差异; 多年冻土温度升高, 活动层厚度增加, 亦呈现较大的区域差异。这些变化不仅对生态、 水文、 碳循环产生重要影响, 而且对基础设施、 社会经济以及人类健康产生不可忽视的影响, 包括重金属污染、 食品安全等。气候及冰冻圈快速变化会通过反照率反馈、 水汽反馈等机制被放大, 并通过一系列大气及海洋环流过程, 对周边乃至全球气候系统产生广泛影响。目前第三极和北极研究中面临的重要共同问题包括极度稀疏的地面观测资料、 模型物理机制和精细化描述不足以及缺少与周边地区乃至全球系统关联的量化研究和可靠证据。这些问题的解决都需要依赖地面监测网络的扩展以及对冰冻圈和气候系统物理过程理解的提升。从第三极到北极, 不仅是研究视角的扩大, 更是全面理解第三极和北极在地球系统中作用的必经之路。