Response of soil media due to impulse loads and isolation using trenches

This paper examines the effectiveness of open and filled trenches for screening Rayleigh waves due to impulse loads for 3D problems. The effects of the geometric parameters of trench reducing ground displacements are studied in detail. The computational scheme involves the use of finite element method to discretize a large computational domain and the resulting integration dynamic equilibrium equations are integrated to get the response using Newmark's β method. Soil has been idealized as linear, isotropic continuum.     

Simple inversion procedure for shallow seismic refraction in continuously nonhomogeneous soils

Seismic refraction analysis is presented for uniformly deposited shallow soil strata with wave velocity increasing continuously with depth due to differential compaction effects. Closed form solutions of the surface-to-surface travel time as well as for the depth to maximum penetration are derived for realistic velocity-depth functions. An inversion procedure based on simple formulas is presented and its applicability is demonstrated and discussed. The method takes into account the information along the entire refraction line in one step, in contrast to the discrete ray-tracing technique and is, therefore, less sensitive to the natural scatter of the data.     

An experimental study of the isolation performance of trenches on ground-borne vibration from underground tunnels

This paper presents a study of the isolation performance of trenches on train-induced ground-bore vibration from underground tunnels. A series of model tests was conducted to perform the study. Both train loads and sinusoidal sweep loads were applied to the model tunnel invert by a shaker. The response of the soil at the surface of the ground was measured by accelerometers. Three types of isolation trenches, i.e., an open trench, an expanded Polystyrene(EPS)-filled trench, and a Duxseal-filled trench, were modelled in the experiment. The results showed that the open trench and the EPS-filled trench increased the dynamic response of the surface soil in front of the trench, but the Duxseal-filled trench had little effect on the dynamic response of the soil on the surface in this area. Although all three types of isolation trenches reduced the response of the soil behind the trench, the open trench and the Duxseal-filled trench were clearly more effective. The test results also showed that, as the excitation frequency increased, the vibration isolation trench was more effective in the near field. The effects of the width, depth, and position of an open trench on isolation performance also were examined in the tests.     

Seismic isolation by rubber–soil mixtures for developing countries

This paper proposes a promising seismic isolation method particularly suitable for developing countries, which makes use of rubber–soil mixtures. Apart from reducing the level of shaking in the horizontal direction, the distinctive advantage of the proposed method is that it can also significantly reduce the shaking level of vertical ground motion, to which an increasing attention has been paid in the earthquake engineering community. On the other hand, the use of scrap tires as the rubber material can provide an alternative way to consume the huge stockpile of scrap tires all over the world. Moreover, the low cost of this proposed seismic protection scheme can greatly benefit those developing countries where resources and technology are not adequate for earthquake mitigation with well‐developed, yet expensive, techniques. The proposed method has been demonstrated through a series of numerical simulations and a parametric study has also been carried out. Lastly, five important issues regarding the concept and feasibility have been discussed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Wave propagation in layered media by time domain BEM

A time domain boundary element in a cylindrical co-ordinate system is developed for the analysis of wave propagation in a layered half-space. The field quantities (displacements and tractions) are expressed as products of Fourier series in the circumferential direction and as linear polynomials in the other spatial directions. An integral equation is written for each layer as an independent domain, and these equations are then assembled into a general equation by virtue of compatibility and equilibrium conditions between the interfaces. Examples of three-dimensional wave propagation in the layered half-spaces due to various forms of surface and inner-domain excitations are reported to demonstrate the accuracy and versatility of the method.     

饱和地基中空沟近场隔振的现场试验与二维半解析边界元分析

动力机器运行和车辆行驶等会产生振动污染,危及邻近建筑物安全和干扰精密仪器设备正常运行等。这些振动污染可通过在地基中设置空沟的方式来降低或消除。针对饱和地基上明置动力机器基础的环境振动影响及空沟近场隔振问题,进行了饱和地基上空沟近场隔振的现场试验,并对试验结果进行了无量纲化分析;基于饱和土半解析边界元法,分别推导了动力机器基础环境振动影响和空沟近场隔振的边界元方程;在此基础上,详细研究了空沟对动力机器基础振动影响的隔振效果,分析了空沟深度、宽度和距振源距离对其隔振效果的影响。结果表明:空沟能够有效的降低动力机器基础的环境振动影响;空沟宽度对其隔振效果影响相对较小,而空沟深度对其隔振效果影响较大,为获得较好的隔振效果,空沟深度建议取1倍Rayleigh波波长;空沟距振源距离对其隔振效果也有较大影响,距离越远则隔振效果也越好,当被保护建筑距振源较远时,建议空沟在被保护建筑附近设置。此外,在某些特殊情况下,空沟隔振系统会由于共振现象而出现隔振效果劣化的现象,在工程设计中应予以注意。     

Time domain BEM analysis of dynamic response of a cylinder embedded in soil with frictional slip at the interface

A 2D time domain boundary element method (BEM) is developed to study the dynamic response of a cylinder embedded in soil. The interface is assumed in contact with Coulomb friction. For the incident wave strong enough, local slip may occur along the interface. We suppose a pressure enough high is applied on the interface so that separation is impossible. The present problem is indeed a nonlinear boundary value problem since the mixed boundary conditions involve unknown intervals (slip and stick regions). In order to determine the unknown intervals, an iterative technique is developed. As an example, we consider the scattering of a circular cylinder embedded in an infinite solid. Numerical results for the near field solutions are presented. The nonlinear nature of the system is discussed.     

Noble gas elemental and isotopic abundances in deep-sea trenches in the western Pacific

Noble gas elemental and isotopic abundances were measured in seven deep-sea water samples from five different sampling sites in the Nankai Trough, the Japan Trench and the Kuril Trench. The samples were obtained by the manned submersible “Nautile”. Most of the sampling sites are associated with clam colonies and/or fluid venting. Excesses both in³He/⁴He ratio and He concentration are observed in a seawater sample collected a few kilometers off the clam colonies which were found at a depth of 3830 m at the mouth of the Tenryu Canyon. Concentrations of noble gases (Ne, Ar, Kr and Xe) in this sample show progressive depletion from Ne to Xe relative to those in 1°C air-saturated seawater, which can be attributed to mixing of hot water ( 15°C) with cold ambient water ( 1°C). Isotopic compositions of Ne, Ar, Kr and Xe in this sample are atmospheric. These observations may reflect venting of hot pore water around the Tenryu Canyon. All the other samples show a significant excess in concentration of all noble gases relative to 1°C air-saturated seawater and the isotopic compositions are atmospheric. This excess of noble gas concentrations may appear to be air contamination in the samples. However, results of hydrocarbon analyses of the Kaiko samples imply that such large amount of air contamination is improbable. Decomposition of gas hydrate in deep-sea sediments is a more likely explanation for the observed excess of noble gas concentration.     

A numerical investigation on the seismic isolation potential of rubber/soil mixtures

This study examines the use of granular soils mixed with tire derived aggregates(TDA) as an underlying soil layer for surface foundations. The benefit of this geotechnical seismic isolation(GSI) scheme is threefold: the seismic force and displacement are significantly reduced; the construction is similar to that of a regular compacted granular fill and the re-use of scrap tires has an assertive environmental impact. These features highlight the rubber/soil mixtures(RSM) as a promising seismic isolation technique for infrastructure and large-scale structures. The seismic isolation capabilities of a rubber-soil foundation layer are investigated, using well defined material properties, and the direct analysis method of the soil-structure system, in the form of a simple oscillator on a soil profile. The influence of the RSM layer on the fundamental variables of the seismic response, namely the base shear and the total drift displacement of the structure on deformable soil, is examined. The structure′s overall stability is studied by means of monotonic lateral load analysis and incremental dynamic analysis, varying the slenderness of the structure and the synthesis of the mixture. The effectiveness and capabilities of the RSM isolation scheme are presented and discussed.     

Effects of isolation on the seismic response of bridges designed for two different soil types

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of lead rubber isolators on the seismic response of bridges designed according to current codes for two different soil conditions: hard and medium type soils, in order to assess their applicability for the design of new bridges or retrofit of existing ones. The study was conducted for two levels of earthquake, one corresponding to a return period of 50 years and a service limit state, the other with a return period of 1,000 years and a failure limit state. Twenty one subduction earthquake records on the two types of soil were used to evaluate the linear and nonlinear dynamic response of a set of bridges designed for this purpose with and without base isolation. The response parameters evaluated are the maximum relative displacement on top of the piers, the maximum pier distortion, the maximum shear forces in the piers and the ductility demands for the isolators. The results presented are the average of these maxima for the various earthquakes. This study is an expansion of a previous one in which the seismic response of 36 bridges considering models with and without base isolators, structures with linear base isolators and bridges with nonlinear isolators. The results of this study confirm the conclusions previously obtained and show that the isolation can have beneficial effects even for bridges located in medium soil types.     

分层土地基中几何参数对单排混凝土桩隔振效果的影响

为了研究分层土地基（上层为粘土层,下层为砂层）条件下几何参数对单排混凝土桩的隔振效果,该试验通过缩尺比例为1∶15的缩尺模型试验,以激振器作为点振源产生振动波向四周扩散,通过对比单排桩前后两侧振动加速度极值,清晰地展现出了单排桩对振动波的的影响区域,并得到了几何参数的隔振影响作用。在该试验条件下得出结论:相对于其他影响因素,桩长是影响隔振效果的重要参数,当桩长参数由0.28增至0.57时可提高约9％的隔振面积,同时增加桩长和隔振区长度可使隔振区域振幅大幅度减小与有效隔振面积大幅增加,但同时会造成桩前一侧振动增强;对于低频振动,单排桩隔振屏障对中频和高频有更好的隔振作用,该试验条件下隔振效果可相差约3％,且频率越高,穿透性越强,且将在桩后形成一个振动加强区;增加振源距可有效提高隔振效果,但当频率较低时,中远振源的隔振效果相近。     

Measurements of free radicals in the atmosphere by matrix isolation and electron paramagnetic resonance

With some special adaptations the technique of matrix isolation followed by detection through electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) can also be used for the measurement of atmospheric radical concentrations. A light weight cryogenic sampling device has been constructed. It uses condensation of atmospheric CO₂ or H₂O at 77 K for matrix formation and trapping of the radicals. The sampler has been flown on a balloon for stratospheric sampling. First data on stratospheric, HO₂ and NO₂ at 32 km altitude have been obtained on a flight on 8 August 1976 and will be reported.     

高速列车运行引起的地基振动测试与分析

为分析高速列车运行引起的地表处振动峰值加速度随距轨道中心线距离的变化特征,选择8个不同场地类型及路基形式的工程场地进行高速列车运行引起的地表振动加速度测试。研究结果表明,高速列车引起的地表振动加速度随距轨道中心线距离的变化特征因场地条件和路基形式的不同存在显著差异;Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ类场地条件下,高速列车引起的地表三分量振动加速度均随距轨道中心线距离的增加而减小,且距轨道近距离处峰值加速度衰减较快,远距离处衰减较慢,Ⅰ类场地条件下,高速列车引起的地表振动加速度随距轨道中心线距离的增加呈先增大后减小的趋势;对于相同路基形式的高速铁路,Ⅲ类场地条件下地表振动峰值加速度随距轨道中心线距离的增加减小速度最快,Ⅱ类场地次之,Ⅳ类场地衰减最慢。     

高层分段隔震结构的动力响应分析

本文提出了一种基于叠层橡胶支座的大高宽比高层建筑分段隔震结构形式,并对同一高层建筑结构分别采用基础隔震、层间隔震和分段隔震三种不同形式时进行了数值模拟对比分析。结果表明,采用分段隔震形式可明显减小高层建筑结构的顶层侧向位移、中间隔震层的相对位移和下支柱端应力,使结构的侧向位移集中于两个隔震层上,耗散了大部分地震输入能量,保障了与隔震层相连的构件的安全性,防止了由于支座受拉或剪压破坏导致上部结构倾覆倒塌现象的发生。     

Effects of biological soil crusts on soil detachment process by overland flow in the Loess Plateau of China

Biological soil crusts (BSCs) cover up to 60 to 70% of the soil surface in grasslands after the ‘Grain for Green’ project was implemented in 1999 to rehabilitate the Loess Plateau. However, few studies exist that quantify the effects of BSCs on the soil detachment process by overland flow in the Loess Plateau. This study investigated the potential effects of BSCs on the soil detachment capacity (D_c), and soil resistance to flowing water erosion reflected by rill erodibility and critical shear stress. Two dominant BSC types that developed in the Loess Plateau (the later successional moss and the early successional cyanobacteria mixed with moss) were tested against natural soil samples collected from two abandoned farmland areas. The samples were subjected to flow scouring under six different shear stresses ranging from 7.15 to 24.08 Pa. The results showed that D_c decreased significantly with crust coverage under both moss and mixed crusts. The mean D_c of bare soil (0.823 kg m^?2 s^?1) was 2.9 to 48.4 times greater than those of moss covered soil (0.017–0.284 kg m^?2 s^?1), while it (3.142 kg m^?2 s^?1) was 4.9 to 149.6 times greater than those of mixed covered soil (0.021–0.641 kg m^?2 s^?1). The relative detachment rate of BSCs compared with bare soils decreased exponentially with increasing BSC coverage for both types of BSCs. The D_c value can be simulated by flow shear stress, cohesion, and BSC coverage using a power function (NSE ≥ 0.59). Rill erodibility also decreased with coverage of both crust types. Rill erodibility of bare soil was 3 to 74 times greater than those of moss covered soil and was 2 to 165 times greater than those of mixed covered soil. Rill erodibility could also be estimated by BSC coverage in the Loess Plateau (NSE ≥ 0.91). The effect of crust coverage on critical shear stress was not significant. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Considering dynamic soil structure interaction (SSI) effects on seismic isolation retrofit efficiency and the importance of natural frequency ratio

This paper utilizes and expands on existing coupled BEM–FEM (finite element method) methods for the investigation of the effects of soil structure interaction (SSI) on both an un-retrofitted and seismically isolated typical bridge structure. A simple numerical model of the bridge and surrounding soil is formulated and excited by an earthquake excitation. Utilizing Newmark's β FEM solution method along with the closed form B-spline BIRF method, the structural damped period, composite damping ratio, pier relative displacement, and base shear demand are monitored. From these results, the effects of SSI on this structure are identified. Additionally, the importance of the relative rigidity between the soil-foundation system and the bridge structure is also investigated. The results of the studies indicate that the response of the complete structure system considered is affected by the inclusion of SSI effects. Furthermore, the efficiency of the isolation measures designed using fixed base conditions is decreased by considering SSI over a certain relative rigidity range that is quantified using the structure to soil-foundation natural frequency ratio.     

安泽县地震动异常的调查落实

对2007年9月安泽县出现的地震动异常现象进行了宏观调查和仪器加密观测,对观测数据进行了分析,结果认为,此地震动现象非地震前兆的异常现象,其原因是由于上游连续多日降雨,沁河水流量大增,河水溢出水坝冲击坝底产生共振引起的.     

移动车辆荷载环境微振动的排桩隔振参数分析

为满足精密仪器振速控制要求,提出"群桩基础+隔振排桩"与空气弹簧的两级组合隔振措施.主要研究路面移动车辆荷载经过时,第一级隔振中排桩的隔振效果.实测土体小应变动力参数,通过编写车辆-路面耦合单元(VRI)子程序引入路面不平顺,并基于三维有限元法建立了道路-排桩-地基动力模型.将模拟振速经1/3倍频程滤波与实测进行对比,...