均匀半空间瞬变电磁场直接时域响应数值分析

近源时域电磁场具有信号强、探测深度大和精度高等优点,但传统瞬变电磁场理论中偶极子近似在近源区会引起较大误差,推导瞬变电磁场直接时域解析式是解决这一问题的关键.本文在点电荷微元假设下通过时域格林函数,采用分离变量等方法推导出了上半空间一次有源波动场和反射波的时域解析式和下半空间二次无源波动场的时域解析式,结合均匀半空间瞬变电磁场的边界条件给出了均匀半空间瞬变电磁场的直接时域解析式,进而利用第一型曲线积分,通过沿回线源叠加推导出圆回线源在瞬变电磁场中的直接时域解析式.然后在半空间表面上,与传统的电偶极源假设下的表达式作了比较.数值结果表明两者在远源区的计算结果相差甚微,而近源区则存在很大误差.本文利用真正点元（点电荷）严密推导给出的均匀半空间表面上瞬变电磁场的直接时域解析式适用于全场区探测,克服了偶极子假设下只适用远场区的不足,为瞬变电磁法的进一步发展和实际勘探提供了新的理论基础.     

单一层面高频电偶极子场的近似计算

本文对一个倾斜平面界面的高频电磁波场近似计算问题做了解答。这是钻井高频电磁波勘探方法中的基本问题。文中写出了问题的严格解,并用鞍点法对φ=0的条件,得出其近似计算式和数值结果.这个结果具有便于计算和明确的物理意义。根据计算结果,指出了特别在高导介质中,界面附近的干涉异常,必须予以充分重视。     

Electromagnetic induction in a half-space with a cylindrical inhomogeneity

Summary The problem of electromagnetic induction in a half-space with a cylindrical inhomogeneity is treated. Solutions for TE and TM polarization of the exciting electromagnetic field are given, which can be used for computing sounding and profiling curves. The anisotropy of the surface impedance is pointed out, as well as a whole series of other interesting properties of the magnetotelluric field in this model; some of them are also demonstrated on the computed theoretical curves.     

瞬变电磁场时域格林函数解

近源时间域电磁场具有信号强、探测深度大、精度高等优点,但传统勘探电磁场理论中偶极子近似在近源会引起较大误差,导致这一优势的发挥受到了制约.开展直接时间域电磁场解析式研究,是解决这一问题的途径之一.本文提出在点电荷微元假设下,引入时域格林函数,求取瞬变电磁场时间域解析解.采用积分运算法,把电磁场阻尼波动方程的求解问题转化为求其格林函数积分形式解的问题;建立辅助路径解决奇点问题,利用复分析中的约当引理、留数定理和广义函数等理论和方法,推导计算出时间域格林函数的时空四重广义积分.得到达朗贝尔方程的直接时域格林函数精确解析式,与传统方法“比拟”出的公式具有相同的形式,验证了本文推导的时域格林函数解析公式的正确性;推导出扩散方程的直接时间域解析解.通过与时变点电荷源时间域的电磁响应近似表达式进行对比,得出本文所推导的公式计算精度较高的结论;建立了全空间回线源瞬变电磁场问题的直接时间域求解公式.为解决全场区瞬变电磁场精细探测直接时域解析问题提供了基础理论.     

地磁Z分量低值时间位移与震源孕育体的可能联系

地震的孕育是一复杂的物理和力学过程。对于一球型震源体,则会有裂隙由核向外而后液体由外向核的双重扩散过程;与此同时,介质的电磁性质亦相应地发生扩散运动。本从定解问题入手,求得ε、μ、σ的扩散解。根据麦克韦电场理论、求得震源体各向异性介质中麦克斯韦的等价方程与电磁场的基本方程。由此得出震源体介质的似异体性质。对球型导体电磁感应的定解问题,对其频域解分离,得到在外源场作用下震源体中的分量解,即感应场、     

全波形时间域航空电磁响应三维有限差分数值计算

全波形时域航空电磁测量具有解释精度高、分辨率高等优点,已成为新一代时域航空电磁探测发展的趋势.为此,本文基于无源有限差分法,将发射电流离散为若干梯形脉冲元,将脉冲元在时间上产生的电磁场转换为空间初始场,在差分迭代过程中分时引入差分方程,逐步将有源有限差分方程转换为无源有限差分方程,最终实现了发射电流为任意波形时,全波形时间域航空电磁响应的三维数值计算.计算结果表明:在梯形波发射时,对于典型地电模型的航空时间域电磁响应,计算稳定时间大于10 ms;与积分方程法相比,发射线圈中心点二次场响应平均误差小于1%.任意源三维全波形数值计算的实现为全波形三维反演和仪器设计奠定了基础.     

回线源瞬变电磁成像的理论分析及数值计算

进一步提高瞬变电磁法对地探测的解释精度,提出了回线源瞬变电磁成像原理及数值计算方法. 讨论了频率域中水平层状介质中瞬变电磁响应,得到一个以波阻抗为积分核的双重积分式;然后对水平层介质下电磁场的解进行上、下行波分离,得到含有以反射系数序列为未知的线性方程组,并给出了求取波阻抗和反射系数的数值解法：对实测磁场值进行域的变换,以均匀半空间下的等效波阻抗代替积分核函数,经过线性数字滤波后,在频率域求出等效波阻抗;把频率域中的波阻抗转换到时间域,以此为参数,构建方程组,在时间域用线性规划法求出反射系数序列. 最终以反射系数为参数进行成像. 对理论模型的数值计算结果表明,用本文提出的成像方法可以增强瞬变电磁法识别地下电性分界面的能力.     

基于二次场电导率分块连续变化的三维可控源电磁有限元数值模拟

从电偶源三维地电断面可控源电磁法的二次电场边值问题及其变分问题出发,采用任意六面体单元对研究区域进行剖分,并且在单元分析中同时对电导率及二次电场进行三线性插值,实现电导率分块连续变化情况下,基于二次场的可控源电磁三维有限元数值模拟.这个新的可控源电磁三维正演方法可以模拟实际勘探中地下任意形状及电性参数连续变化的复杂模型.理论模型的计算结果表明,均匀大地计算的视电阻率误差和相位误差分别为0.002%和0.0005°.分层连续变化模型的有限元计算结果表明,其与对应的分层均匀模型解析结果有明显差异.三维异常体组合模型以及倾斜异常体等复杂模型的有限元计算结果也有效地反映了异常形态.     

Three‐dimensional controlled‐source electromagnetic modelling with a well casing as a grounded source: a hybrid method of moments and finite element scheme

Steel well casings in or near a hydrocarbon reservoir can be used as source electrodes in time‐lapse monitoring using grounded line electromagnetic methods. A requisite component of carrying out such monitoring is the capability to numerically model the electromagnetic response of a set of source electrodes of finite length. We present a modelling algorithm using the finite‐element method for calculating the electromagnetic response of a three‐dimensional conductivity model excited using a vertical steel‐cased borehole as a source. The method is based on a combination of the method of moments and the Coulomb‐gauged primary–secondary potential formulation. Using the method of moments, we obtain the primary field in a half‐space due to an energized vertical steel casing by dividing the casing into a set of segments, each assumed to carry a piecewise constant alternating current density. The primary field is then substituted into the primary–secondary potential finite‐element formulation of the three‐dimensional problem to obtain the secondary field. To validate the algorithm, we compare our numerical results with: (i) the analytical solution for an infinite length casing in a whole space, excited by a line source, and (ii) a three‐layered Earth model without a casing. The agreement between the numerical and analytical solutions demonstrates the effectiveness of our algorithm. As an illustration, we also present the time‐lapse electromagnetic response of a synthetic model representing a gas reservoir undergoing water flooding.     

A study on the discrete image method for calculation of transient electromagnetic fields in geological media

We conducted a study on the numerical calculation and response analysis of a transient electromagnetic field generated by a ground source in geological media. One solution method, the traditional discrete image method, involves complex operation, and its digital filtering algorithm requires a large number of calculations. To solve these problems, we proposed an improved discrete image method, where the following are realized: the real number of the electromagnetic field solution based on the Gaver–Stehfest algorithm for approximate inversion, the exponential approximation of the objective kernel function using the Prony method, the transient electromagnetic field according to discrete image theory, and closed-form solution of the approximate coefficients. To verify the method, we tentatively calculated the transient electromagnetic field in a homogeneous model and compared it with the results obtained from the Hankel transform digital filtering method. The results show that the method has considerable accuracy and good applicability. We then used this method to calculate the transient electromagnetic field generated by a ground magnetic dipole source in a typical geoelectric model and analyzed the horizontal component response of the induced magnetic field obtained from the “ground excitation–stratum measurement” method. We reached the conclusion that the horizontal component response of a transient field is related to the geoelectric structure, observation time, spatial location, and others. The horizontal component response of the induced magnetic field reflects the eddy current field distribution and its vertical gradient variation. During the detection of abnormal objects, positions with a zero or comparatively large offset were selected for the drillhole measurements or a comparatively long observation delay was adopted to reduce the influence of the ambient field on the survey results. The discrete image method and forward calculation results in this paper can be used as references for relevant research.     

用传播矩阵法研究层状正交各向异性地层中多分量感应测井响应

本文采用传播矩阵技术研究并建立了层状正交各向异性地层中多分量感应测井响应的有效算法.首先通过Fourier变换将频率空间域中的Maxwell方程组求解问题转化为频率波数域中关于电磁场水平分量常微分方程组的定解问题.利用该方程组系数矩阵的本征值和归一化本征向量将电磁场分解成上行波和下行波模式的组合,推导出均匀正交各向异性介质中由任意方向磁偶极子产生的电磁波模式解析表达式;在此基础上,利用叠加原理和边界条件研究了电磁波在层状正交各向异性地层中的反射和透射,给出各个界面上的广义反射系数和不同地层中电磁波振幅的递推公式,进而得到电磁波模式的解析解.为了有效确定频率空间域中的电磁场,采用二维Patterson自适应求积算法结合有限连分式展开技术计算傅氏逆变换.最后通过数值模拟结果证明了该算法的有效性,考察了不同各向异性系数、不同井眼倾角以及仪器长度和工作频率变化等情况下的多分量感应测井响应特征.     

空间尘埃等离子体电磁散射特性研究

基于尘埃等离子体Mie-Debye散射模型,研究平衡态下尘埃等离子体中带电尘埃的电磁散射特性.根据输运理论计算高层大气环境中尘埃等离子体层的电磁散射场,给出电磁波垂直入射时尘埃等离子体层的反射函数,同时分析不同浓度、不同粒径分布状态下尘埃等离子体层对电磁波传播的影响.结果表明:尘埃粒子尺度对其电磁散射特性影响非常大;在对数正态分布情况下,当入射波长远大于Debye半径时,尘埃等离子体的散射主要表现为Debye散射,而入射波长远小于Debye半径时,Mie散射占主要部分;并且尘埃等离子体层对电磁波的衰减随尘埃粒子浓度以及尘埃粒子半径的增大而明显增强.     

导电率随时间变化的导电球的电磁响应问题

本文采用非齐次麦克斯韦方程组,给出了导电率随时间变化时均匀的和非均匀的导电球,在均匀的和非均匀的外激励场的作用下的电磁响应问题的解析解。并简单讨论了这类电磁响应问题在地球物理学中的可能应用。     

The electromagnetic response of a horizontal electric dipole buried in a multi‐layered earth

The electromagnetic response of a horizontal electric dipole transmitter in the presence of a conductive, layered earth is important in a number of geophysical applications, ranging from controlled‐source audio‐frequency magnetotellurics to borehole geophysics to marine electromagnetics. The problem has been thoroughly studied for more than a century, starting from a dipole resting on the surface of a half‐space and subsequently advancing all the way to a transmitter buried within a stack of anisotropic layers. The solution is still relevant today. For example, it is useful for one‐dimensional modelling and interpretation, as well as to provide background fields for two‐ and three‐dimensional modelling methods such as integral equation or primary–secondary field formulations. This tutorial borrows elements from the many texts and papers on the topic and combines them into what we believe is a helpful guide to performing layered earth electromagnetic field calculations. It is not intended to replace any of the existing work on the subject. However, we have found that this combination of elements is particularly effective in teaching electromagnetic theory and providing a basis for algorithmic development. Readers will be able to calculate electric and magnetic fields at any point in or above the earth, produced by a transmitter at any location. As an illustrative example, we calculate the fields of a dipole buried in a multi‐layered anisotropic earth to demonstrate how the theory that developed in this tutorial can be implemented in practice; we then use the example to examine the diffusion of volume charge density within anisotropic media—a rarely visualised process. The algorithm is internally validated by comparing the response of many thin layers with alternating high and low conductivity values to the theoretically equivalent (yet algorithmically simpler) anisotropic solution, as well as externally validated against an independent algorithm.     

2.5维起伏地表条件下频率域地空电磁正演模拟

频率域地空电磁探测方法是指在地面布设人工场源,在空中测量电磁场的一种高效的地球物理勘探技术.该方法具有大范围、高通过性、快速测量的优势,尤其适合崎岖山地、沙漠、沼泽、海陆交互带等复杂地貌区域的资源勘查.但是这些地区的地形起伏通常较大,因此分析地形对地空电磁响应的影响具有重要意义.本文利用有限元法对频率域地空电磁响应进行了正演计算,分析了起伏地表条件下的频率域地空电磁响应特征.首先利用傅里叶变换将2.5维问题转化成二维问题,利用伽辽金加权余量法推导了相应的离散有限元方程组.采用任意四边形单元对区域进行不均匀网格剖分,源和异常体附近网格加密处理,保证计算精度,远离目标区域网格逐渐稀疏,模拟无穷远边界,降低对计算资源的要求.在单元内进行插值,将有限元方程组变换为线性方程组,采用总场算法,利用具有一定面积的伪δ函数表达源电流分布,源项近似为分布在以电偶极源为中心的25个节点上.通过求解线性方程组得到波数域电磁响应,再对波数域电磁场响应进行反傅里叶变换从而获得空间域2.5维频率域电磁场值.通过对比2.5维正演结果与均匀半空间解析解,验证了本文算法的精度,同时本文还对地空电磁场与地面电磁场的响应特...     

Determination of the Cole-Cole parameters in polarizable media from logging data

The paper presents the solution to an axially symmetric problem of the electromagnetic field excited by an electric dipole and a current in a half-infinite cable in a cylindrically layered polarizable medium. The polarization of the medium is described by the Cole-Cole formula, including such parameters as the conductance, polarizability, response time, and attenuation coefficient. The spatiotemporal structures of the field in polarizable and nonpolarizable homogeneous media are compared. The apparent Cole-Cole parameters are defined and determined for a model problem of a cylindrically layered medium.     

A mathematical structure for a theory of electromagnetic induction in the Earth in low latitude

Summary In low latitude the spatial distribution functions of the source field over the surface and the dimensions of the source, are important in any theory of electromagnetic induction developed for studying the conductivity structure of the Earth. The author has built up a mathematical structure for a theory of electromagnetic induction in anyn-layered earth model in low latitude. No simple solution is assumed for the horizontal distribution function of the source field and no assumption is made about the horizontal gradients of the source. The mathematical structure involves the concept of downward continuity of the field equations inside then-layered earth model. The resulting mathematical functions derived for anyn-layered earth model are complex. Hence a new matrix algebra of complex numbers is introduced by the author and this is built into the theory. From the upward continuity of the field equations, an inequality equation is derived in order to determine the heighth ₀ at which the induction field of the earth becomes negligible compared with the source field. The comparison of such heights at two or more stations under the same influence of the source field can be used for the resolution of the lateral distribution of the earch conductivity structure at these stations. The application of the theory will follow in a subsequent paper.     

多源频率域地空系统三维电磁响应分析

地空电磁法已经成为深部资源勘探的重要地球物理方法,但对频率域地空系统的三维多源电磁响应特征研究较少.本文设计了多种激励源组合方式,采用非结构化有限元数值模拟方法,对三维地电模型的空中垂直磁场的响应特征进行了研究.首先推导了基于电场的双旋度公式及其变分形式,加入罚项以减少伪解的影响.接着把有限元稀疏矩阵方程转换为频率的函数,采用Krylov子空间投影方法,通过模型降阶算法降低稀疏矩阵的阶数,实现多频点的快速计算.建立了三维低阻体模型、高阻体模型以及两个相邻低阻体模型,分别采用单源、双源、三源和四源激励模式,从垂直磁场的总场、二次场响应和全域视电阻率等方面进行分析比较.结果表明:多源地空电磁法不仅可以增加总场的强度,而且可以改变异常体的二次电磁响应分布规律.各电偶源延长线呈正三角形分布的三源和矩形分布的四源激励模式在增强信号强度以及削弱异常体的边界效应方面具有一定的优势,是一种优化的多源激励方式.     

可控源电磁三维频率域有限元模拟

本文采用电磁场的磁矢量位和电标量势,将Maxwell方程组化为位势的类似于Helmholtz型方程,并引入罚项及稳定化方法克服了电磁三维有限元算法中的伪解及数值不稳定性;采用人工边界把计算区域局域化,将均匀半空间中水平电偶极子源产生的位势值作为人工边界上的第一类边界条件以表示源的作用,减少了实际的计算区域.理论模型和复杂模型的计算结果均表明,可控源电磁三维有限元数值模拟给出了稳定、可靠的电磁场分布.     

海洋电磁低时钟漂移及自动增益采集技术研究

作为地震探测的有效补充,电磁法在海洋油气资源勘探中发挥着越来越重要的作用.本文针对海洋电磁法中极低时钟误差、大动态范围采集等要求,提出使用GPS和高精度原子钟解决低时钟漂移问题;采集电路中设计增益可调的放大电路,MCU通过对采集到的信号进行实时分析,实现增益动态调整,解决海洋电磁信号大动态范围采集问题;研制的海洋电磁信号数据记录单元每天时间误差小于0.3 ms、电场通道动态范围可以达到160 dB、磁场通道动态范围可以达到134 dB.通过在室内指标测试、室外试验,表明设计的数据记录单元能够稳定可靠工作.为证明数据纪录单元的有效性,将数据记录单元和国外商用MT仪器进行野外一致性对比实验,数据记录单元与商用仪器结果基本一致;在水深100 m海域进行了海底MT信号采集,得到了有效的结果.该研究为海洋电磁信号低时钟漂移、大动态范围采集提供了一种有效解决方案.