Evaluation of elemental enrichments in surface sediments off southwestern Taiwan

Surface slices of 20 sediment cores, off southwestern Taiwan, and bed sediment of River Kaoping were measured for major and trace elements (Al, As, Ca, Cd, Cl, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Pb, S, Si, Ti, V, and Zn) to evaluate the geochemical processes responsible for their distribution, including elemental contamination. Major element/Al ratio and mean grain size indicate quartz-dominated, coarse grained sediments that likely derived from sedimentary rocks of Taiwan and upper crust of Yangtze Craton. Bi-plot of SiO₂ versus Fe₂O₃^T suggests the possible iron enrichment in sediments of slag dumping sites. Highest concentrations of Cr, Mn, P, S, and Zn found in sediments of dumping sites support this. Correlation analysis shows dual associations, detrital and organic carbon, for Cr, P, S, and V with the latter association typical for sediments in dumping sites. Normalization of trace elements to Al indicates high enrichment factors (>2) for As, Cd, Pb, and Zn, revealing contamination. Factor analysis extracted four geochemical associations with the principal factor accounted for 25.1% of the total variance and identifies the combined effects of dumped iron and steel slag-induced C–S–Fe relationship owing to authigenic precipitation of Fe–Mn oxyhydroxides and/or metal sulfides, and organic matter complexation of Fe, Mn, Ca, Cr, P, and V. Factors 2, 3, and 4 reveal detrital association (Ti, Al, Ni, Pb, Cu, and V), effect of sea salt (Cl, Mg, Na, and K) and anthropogenic component (As and Zn)-carbonate link, respectively, in the investigated sediments.     

海底天然气水合物分解与甲烷归宿研究进展

综述了近年来天然气水合物分解与甲烷归宿等方面的研究成果。天然气水合物的汇聚与地质构造或地层圈闭有关,其溶解受物质转换控制,分解则受热转换控制。水合物释放甲烷的运移方式包括分散式、中心式和大规模排放式。缺氧氧化和耗氧氧化是甲烷在海洋环境中的2种主要转化方式。天然气水合物释放甲烷的最终归宿主要为：①重新形成天然气水合物;②形成化能自养生物群落和沉淀出碳酸盐沉积;③与氧发生氧化后转变为CO2;④直接排放进入到大气中。沉积物中的微构造、化能自养生物群落、自生碳酸盐矿物及其碳氧同位素组成是水合物释放事件的指纹记录。     

海洋环境中甲烷厌氧氧化机理及环境效应

作为全球碳循环的重要环节之一,甲烷厌氧氧化作用（Anaerobic Oxidation of Methane,AOM）不仅是微生物生态学领域最具科学魅力、充满学术争议的问题之一,也是调节地质历史时期地球环境和气候变化的重要因素之一。近年来,针对包括海洋在内的各种环境中的AOM展开了大量的研究,然而迄今为止,对该反应的运作机制仍缺乏足够了解,其中包括该作用对海洋环境和气候系统在过去、现在和未来的影响机理和程度问题,这说明对于甲烷最重要汇的了解还存在着盲区。以现代海洋地质环境中的AOM为研究对象,综述了其产生机理、反应底物、电子受体、以及涉及到其中的微生物等方面的最新研究成果,探讨了该作用对于地球环境、气候的影响意义及地质学启示,并尝试展望了需要进一步研究的几点方向,希望藉此能引起广大研究者的兴趣与重视。     

Arsenic in the groundwater of Ouro Preto (Brazil): its temporal behavior as influenced by the hydric regime and hydrogeology

In the city of Ouro Preto (MG), water catchment for public supply originates from superficial drainage, springs, old abandoned mines and some driven wells. In the rocks of the region, As is originally found in gold-enriched sulphide-bearing mineral deposits. The weathering process introduces As into the hydrological system by dissolution of this element into the leachate. Measurement of the As content in the groundwater of some catchments was carried out during 1 year and these measurements demonstrated high As content—up to 224 μg L⁻¹ of As(V)—during the rainy season (the maximum concentration limit according to World Health Organization is 10 μg L⁻¹). Lower values were observed during the dry season and in some sampling stations, As was not even detected. The As concentration variability during 1 year shows a strict and direct relationship to seasonal and hydrological conditions. For city authorities, responsible for public water supply, it is necessary to perform a complete inventory of the water sources used and constantly monitor the As content in the water.     

利用CT扫描对粗砂土中甲烷水合物形成过程中水分迁移特征的分析

多孔介质中甲烷水合物的形成及分解实验研究,对于了解多年冻土中天然气水合物的赋存有重要意义.通过X射线扫描系统对粗砂土中甲烷水合物的形成及分解过程中反应釜内水分的空间变化进行分析,结果表明:粗砂土中甲烷水合物的形成和分解过程中,CT数在反应釜内有明显的空间变化特征,且这个空间变化特征与甲烷水合物在粗砂土中形成、分解过程中水分的迁移是密切相关的.通过对不同阶段CT扫描所获得图像CT值的空间变化特征进行分析,可以看出:在甲烷水合物的生成过程中,反应釜内下半部分的水分会向上半部分迁移,以弥补上半部分水分的不足;在甲烷水合物分解过程中,分解所释放出来的水分会由反应釜上半部分向下半部分回迁,最终达到自然分布.     

气相色谱法测定油气化探样品中酸解烃的研究

本文通过改进传统制备酸解烃样品的单套脱气装置,采用多套酸解烃脱气装置,建立了自动进样-毛细管柱气相色谱法测定油气化探样品中酸解烃的分析方法,并对主要仪器分析条件及质量监控方法进行了讨论。结果表明,样品在真空40℃水浴条件下酸解反应10 min,酸解烃脱出气储存于密封瓶中供气相色谱检测,方法检出限为0.007~0.057μL/kg,精密度(RSD,n=12)为0.8%~1.1%。对105件样品2次独立测试结果的相对偏差为0.01%~19.66%,平均值为7.81%(以甲烷计算)。该方法能够满足油气化探酸解烃样品分析的质量要求,并在天然气水合物勘查中取得了较好的应用效果。     

Identification of functionally active aerobic methanotrophs and their methane oxidation potential in sediments from the Shenhu Area,South China Sea

Large amounts of gas hydrate are distributed in the northern slope of the South China Sea, which is a potential threat of methane leakage. Aerobic methane oxidation by methanotrophs, significant methane biotransformation that occurs in sediment surface and water column, can effectively reduce atmospheric emission of hydrate-decomposed methane. To identify active aerobic methanotrophs and their methane oxidation potential in sediments from the Shenhu Area in the South China Sea, multi-day enrichm...     

Possible algal origin of long chain odd n-alkanes in immature sediments as revealed by distributions and carbon isotope ratios

A Pliocene oil shale (Pula, Hungary), a C₃ plant Triticum aestivum and a C₄ plant Zea mays were compared using isotopic composition of bulk organic matter, along with distributions and individual carbon isotope ratios of n-alkanes from organic extracts. The microalga Botryococcus braunii (A race) was thus shown to be the main source of the predominant 27, 29 and 31 n-alkanes of Pula sediment Therefore, the dominance of odd carbon-numbered n-alkanes in the range C₂₅–₃₅ in extracts from immature sediments shall not be systematically assigned to higher plant contribution but algal input is also possible. In fact, the long chain n-alkanes with an odd predominance previously observed in extracts of various immature sediments are likely to be derived at least partially, from algae.     

铑作基体改进剂石墨炉原子吸收法测定海洋生物样品中的痕量砷

采用铑作基体改进剂,消除样品中共存磷酸盐基体的干扰,实现了用塞曼石墨炉原子吸收法测定贻贝、虾粉、牡蛎等海洋生物样品中痕量砷。方法的ＬＤ为２５ｐｇ（１０μＬ进样）,线性范围在０～１２５μｇ／ＬＡｓ。标准加入法测定砷的回收率为８５％～１０２％,１０－６水平Ａｓ的测定ＲＳＤ（ｎ＝６）小于７％,分析结果与标准样品的标准值和氢化物原子吸收法测定结果相符。