Petrogenesis and tectonic implications of early Paleozoic granitoids in East Kunlun belt: Evidences from geochronology,geochemistry and isotopes

The East Kunlun Orogenic Belt(EKOB) provides an important link to reconstruct the evolution of the Proto-Tethys and Paleo-Tethys realm. The EKOB is marked by widespread Early Paleozoic magmatism.Here we report the petrology, bulk geochemistry, zircon Ue Pb dating and, Lue Hf and SreN d isotopic data of the Early Paleozoic granitic rocks in Zhiyu area of the southern EKOB. Based on the zircon U-Pb dating, these granitoids, consisting of diorite, granodiorite and monzogranite, were formed during 450 -430 Ma the Late Ordovician to Middle Silurian. The diorite and granodiorite are high Sr/Y ratio as adakitic affinities, and the monzogranite belongs to highly fractionated I-type. Their(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)ivalues range from 0.7059 to 0.7085, εNd(t) values from -1.6 to -6.0 and the zircon εHf(t) values show large variations from +9.1 to -8.6 with Hf model ages(T_(DM2)) about 848 Ma and 1970 Ma. The large variations of whole-rock Nd and zircon Hf isotopes demonstrate strong isotopic heterogeneity of the source regions which probably resulted from multi-phase underplating of mantle-derived magmas. Geochemical and isotopic studies proved that the diorite and granodiorite had been derived from partial melting of heterogeneous crustal source with variable contributions from ancient continental crust and juvenile components, and the monzogranites were representing fractional crystallization and crustal contamination for arc magma. The Early Paleozoic adakitic rocks and high-K calc-alkaline granitoids in the southern EKOB were likely emplaced in a continental marginal arc setting possibly linked to the southwards subduction of the Paleo Kunlun Ocean and the magma generation is linked to partial melting of thickened continental crust induced by underplating of mantle-derived magmas.     

胶西北新城金矿床二长花岗岩岩石地球化学、锆石U-Pb年龄及Lu-Hf同位素组成

胶东是我国最重要的金矿集区,也是环太平洋中、新生代金成矿系统的重要组成部分,其内花岗质岩石分布广泛,95%以上的金资源储量赋存在晚侏罗世玲珑型花岗岩和早白垩世早期郭家岭型花岗质岩中。关于花岗岩类的成因,尤其是早白垩世花岗质岩的岩石类型及其源区仍存有争议。新城金矿床位于胶东西北部焦家断裂带北段,是迄今为止在胶东矿集区内发现的赋存在早白垩世花岗质岩中最大的金矿床,其内已探明金资源储量大于200t。该金矿床的赋矿围岩为新城花岗岩体,由中细粒石英二长岩和中粗粒似斑状二长花岗岩组成,形成于127~132Ma。进一步的地质观察表明中粗粒似斑状二长花岗岩两侧的岩石粒度逐渐变细,斑晶逐渐变小,长英质矿物增多,明显不同于中粗粒似斑状二长花岗岩,应为中细粒似斑状二长花岗岩。论文对该中细粒似斑状二长花岗岩进行了系统的岩石地球化学、锆石LA-ICP-MS定年和Lu-Hf同位素组成研究,并进一步探讨了该类岩石的地球化学类型、形成时代、岩浆源区性质及其与新城花岗岩体的关系。岩石地球化学研究表明中细粒似斑状二长花岗岩具有高的SiO2(71.18%~73.72%)、全碱(K2O+Na2O=7.07%~8.64%)、Ba(793×10-6)、Sr(729×10-6)和轻稀土含量(71.14×10-6),低的Al2O3(13.57%~15.73%)、MgO(0.22%~0.39%)、Rb(91.7×10-6)、Th(7.4×10-6)、U(4.51×10-6)、Nb(4.49×10-6)、Ta(0.26×10-6)、Y(3.67×10-6)和重稀土含量(7.47×10-6),无明显的铕异常,明显亏损Nb、Ta、P、Ti等高场强元素,显示出典型的高Ba-Sr花岗岩所具有的地球化学特征,属高BaSr花岗岩。锆石LA-ICP-MS定年结果表明中细粒似斑状二长花岗岩形成于123±1Ma,而石英二长岩和中粗粒似斑状二长花岗岩的锆石LA-ICP-MS年龄为127±2Ma~132±1Ma,3种类型岩石具有相似的主量元素组成及稀土和微量元素分布模式,表明新城花岗岩体的形成时代应为123±1Ma~132±1Ma。Lu-Hf同位素测试结果显示中细粒似斑状二长花岗岩岩浆锆石的εHf(t)为-20.76~-18.66,二阶段模式年龄tDM2为2351~2479Ma;在εHf(t)-锆石U-Pb年龄图解中,所有数据点均落在球粒陨石演化线之下的壳源区域。金矿床已有石英二长岩、中粗粒似斑状二长花岗岩和区域玲珑型花岗岩Hf同位素组成及该中细粒似斑状二长花岗岩中2个太古代(2629±14Ma、2402±18Ma)和3个中生代(150±7Ma、151±1Ma、147±1Ma)的继承锆石年龄,表明新城金矿床内中细粒似斑状二长花岗岩应来源于前寒武纪变质基底岩石,岩浆上升过程中遭受了上地壳(主要是玲珑黑云母花岗岩)的混染。     

胶西北新城金矿成矿流体与矿床成因

新城金矿是胶东招远-莱州成矿带内重要的蚀变岩型金矿.流体包裹体研究表明,新城金矿蚀变岩石和各成矿阶段金矿石中的流体包裹体主要有3种类型:H2O-CO2包裹体、富CO2包裹体和H2O溶液包裹体.早期乳白色石英中主要赋存原生的H2O-CO2包裹体;成矿期黄铁矿石英脉中的富CO2包裹体主要为原生,随机分布,常与同时期的H2O...     

胶西北新城金矿床热液蚀变作用

新城金矿床是胶西北金矿集区中典型的破碎带蚀变岩型金矿床,其矿体受控于NE-NNE向焦家断裂及其次级断裂系统,主要赋存于断裂下盘(黄铁)绢英岩与红化花岗岩体中。焦家断裂下盘分带性明显,自主断裂面向外依此发育主断裂面和断层泥、挤压片理带、构造透镜体带、密集节理带和稀疏节理带。其中,主断裂面和断层泥发育粘土化蚀变;挤压片理带发育面状黄铁绢英岩化蚀变,其内赋存黄铁绢英岩型矿体;构造透镜体带发育脉型(黄铁)绢英岩化、面状绢英岩化和硅化蚀变,其次级断裂内赋存石英硫化物脉型矿体;节理带(包括密集节理带和稀疏节理带)主要发育成红化和细脉型(黄铁)绢英岩化,沿节理面赋存细脉型矿体。碳酸盐化蚀变叠加于上述热液蚀变之上。焦家断裂带表现为以水平为主的蚀变-矿化特征,(黄铁)绢英岩化蚀变与金成矿关系最为密切。论文在厘定断裂构造分带与蚀变-矿化分带空间关系的基础上,通过对各类蚀变岩与新鲜新城花岗岩体元素地球化学分析,剖析了热液蚀变作用过程及其机制。选取TiO_2作为不活动组分,质量平衡计算表明,成矿前新城花岗岩体发生红化作用时,带入组分有Fe_2O_3、K_2O、Al_2O_3以及少量Au、Ag、Cu、Pb、Zn、Sb和Bi等,而被带出组分有SiO_2、CaO和Na_2O等;成矿期红化花岗岩体蚀变为(黄铁)绢英岩过程中,明显带入组分有SiO_2、Fe_2O_3、FeO、Al_2O_3、Mg O、K_2O、Au、Ag、As、Cu、Pb、Zn、Sb和Bi等,而被带出组分为Na_2O。稀土元素地球化学特征与REE球粒陨石标准化配分模式曲线表明,红化和(黄铁)绢英岩化热液蚀变作用影响REE迁移。REE分别在红化和(黄铁)绢英岩化蚀变中带入和带出;Eu在红化过程中呈显著带入,表现为显著Eu正异常(δ_(Eu)=1.34),而在(黄铁)绢英岩化蚀变中活化带出,表现出Eu负异常(0.89~0.95)。成矿期发生(黄铁)绢英岩化蚀变时,Eu从氧化态Eu~(3+)转变为Eu~(2+),进入流体被带走,造成Eu负异常。金主要以Au(HS)~-_2形式在变质流体中运移。成矿流体沿片理面运移时,在挤压片理带发生黄铁绢英岩化蚀变,硫化作用使得流体还原硫活度降低,导致Au(HS)~-_2络合物失稳沉淀并赋存于黄铁矿和石英等矿物裂隙或晶格中,形成黄铁绢英岩型矿化;在构造透镜体带,成矿流体沿次级断裂面和碎裂岩裂隙发生蚀变形成脉型(黄铁)绢英岩,成矿元素在次级断裂面/裂隙内沉淀并形成石英硫化物脉型矿化;在节理带,成矿流体压力瞬时降低导致流体发生不混溶现象,使得Au(HS)~-_2络合物失稳沉淀并充填节理中形成细脉型矿化。     

Crustal recycling through intraplate magmatism: Evidence from the Trans-North China Orogen

The North China Craton (NCC) preserves the history of crustal growth and craton formation during the early Precambrian followed by extensive lithospheric thinning and craton destruction in the Mesozoic. Here we present evidence for magma mixing and mingling associated with the Mesozoic tectonic processes from the Central NCC, along the Trans-North China Orogen, a paleo suture along which the Eastern and Western Blocks were amalgamated at end of Paleoproterozoic. Our investigations focus on two granitoids – the Chiwawu and the Mapeng plutons. Typical signatures for the interaction of mafic and felsic magmas are observed in these plutons such as: (1) the presence of diorite enclaves; (2) flow structures; (3) schlierens; (4) varying degrees of hybridization; and (5) macro-, and micro-textures. Porphyritic feldspar crystals show numerous mineral inclusions as well as rapakivi and anti-rapakivi textures. We present bulk chemistry, zircon U–Pb geochronology and REE data, and Lu–Hf isotopes on the granitoids, diorite enclaves, and surrounding basement rocks to constrain the timing of intraplate magmatism and processes of interaction between felsic and mafic magmas. Our LA-ICP-MS zircon U–Pb data show that the pophyritic granodiorite was emplaced at 129.7 ± 1.0 Ma. The diorite enclaves within this granodiorite show identical ages (128.2 ± 1.5 Ma). The basement TTG (tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite) gneisses formed at ca. 2.5 Ga coinciding with the major period of crustal accretion in the NCC. The 1.85 Ga age from zircons in the gabbro with positive Hf isotope signature may be related to mantle magmatism during post-collisional extension following the assembly of the Western and Eastern Blocks of the NCC along the Trans-North China Orogen. Our Hf isotope data indicate that the Neoarchean–Paleoproterozoic basement rocks were derived from complex sources of both juvenile magmas and reworked ancient crust, whereas the magma source for the Mesozoic units are dominantly reworked basement rocks. Our study provides a window to intraplate magmatism triggered by mantle upwelling beneath a paleosuture in the North China Craton.     

Early Cretaceous granitic rocks from the southern Jiaodong Peninsula,eastern China: implications for lithospheric extension

ABSTRACT

Zircon U–Pb ages, major element and trace element compositions, and Sr, Nd, and Pb isotopic compositions for late Mesozoic granites from the southern Jiaodong Peninsula (eastern China) were determined. Ages for the Wulianshan, Xiaozhushan, and Dazhushan plutons are 119.1–122.3, 114.2, and 108.9 Ma, respectively. Major and trace element characteristics show that these granitic rocks belong to alkaline, A-type granites formed in an extensional setting. Trace element compositions show strong, variable negative anomalies in Ba, K, P and Ti, and positive anomalies in Rb, Th, U, Pb, Ce, Zr, and Hf, which are typical characteristics of A-type granites. Variable Sr and Nd isotopic compositions, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr(i) = 0.70540–0.7071 and εNd(t) = ?14.5 to ?20.9. Whole-rock Pb isotopic compositions have the following ranges, (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb)t = 15.707–16.561, (²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb)t = 15.376–16.462, and (²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb)t = 36.324 to 37.064. Isotopic modelling indicates an origin that lies between mantle tapped by Cenozoic basalts around the Tan-Lu megafault and lower continental crust (LCC), and which can be explained by mixing of 11–18% mantle and 82–89% LCC. Based on new and compiled data, we suggest that the southern Jiaodong Peninsula, as well as the Laoshan area, was in a regional extensional setting of an orogenic belt during 106–126 Ma. The granitic rocks may be the result of late Mesozoic lithospheric thinning and decratonization (i.e. late Mesozoic craton destruction event occurring throughout eastern China).     

胶西北新城金矿床硫同位素地球化学

新城金矿床是胶西北金矿集区中典型的破碎带蚀变岩型金矿床,其热液成矿作用可划分为四个阶段:黄铁矿-石英-绢云母阶段(I)、石英-黄铁矿阶段(II)、石英-多金属硫化物阶段(III)和石英-方解石阶段(IV),其中金主要赋存于II和III阶段的黄铁矿内。该矿床赋矿围岩为郭家岭岩体,岩性为石英二长岩和二长花岗岩,主要为胶东群变质基底经部分熔融形成。胶东群变粒岩硫同位素较为均一(δ34S值介于6.9‰~9.4‰,均值为8.0‰);郭家岭岩体的δ34S值介于6.0‰~16.0‰,均值为8.6‰,反映了其硫同位素组成总体上继承了变粒岩的硫同位素特征;长英质脉岩的δ34S值变化范围为0.8‰~8.5‰(均值为6.7‰),其中4件样品的δ34S值变化范围为7.4‰~8.5‰,反映了其硫主要源自于郭家岭岩体,变粒岩可能提供了部分硫源;而其中1件样品的δ34S值仅为0.8‰,符合岩浆硫来源特征,表明深部岩浆可能也提供了部分硫源。新城金矿床矿石中硫化物δ34S值变化范围较大(4.3‰~10.6‰,均值为8.3‰),表明矿石硫可能源于郭家岭岩体、变粒岩和长英质脉岩,最终主要来源于胶东群变质基底。I阶段黄铁矿颗粒较小(5~600μm),晶形主要为立方体,反映其处于温度较高(300~350℃)、成矿流体的过饱和度较低、低氧逸度和硫逸度、冷却快速、物质供应不足的成矿环境;黄铁矿δ34S值变化范围为8.4‰~10.6‰,均值为9.7‰,反映了矿石硫可能源自于δ34S值较高的郭家岭岩体和变粒岩。II和III阶段黄铁矿粒径变化较大(3μm~2.5mm),晶形主要为五角十二面体,反映其处于中-低温度(200~300℃)、成矿流体过饱和度高、高氧逸度和硫逸度、缓慢冷却同时物质供应充分的成矿环境。其中,II阶段黄铁矿δ34S值变化范围为7.7‰~9.7‰,均值为8.7‰,表明矿石硫源除郭家岭岩体和变粒岩外,δ34S值较低的长英质脉岩可能也提供了部分硫源。III阶段硫化物δ34S值变化范围较大(4.3‰~9.4‰,均值为7.1‰),闪锌矿-方铅矿硫同位素热力学平衡温度范围为180~282℃,氧逸度约为10-37.3~10-36.8,反映了矿石硫源自于郭家岭岩体、变粒岩和长英质脉岩,硫化物δ34S值变化范围较大可能是硫同位素分馏达到平衡的结果。IV阶段黄铁矿粒径最小(1~5μm),为晶形完好、表面光滑的立方体晶形,表明其处于较低温度(200℃),成矿流体的过饱和度较低、氧逸度和硫逸度较低、物质供应不足的成矿环境。     

Petrogenesis and tectonic settings of the Late Carboniferous Jiamantieliek and Baogutu ore-bearing porphyry intrusions in the southern West Junggar,NW China

Porphyry Cu deposits occurred in the southern West Junggar of Xinjiang, NW China and are represented by the Baogutu and newly-discovered Jiamantieliek porphyry Cu deposits. Petrographical and geochemical studies show that both Jiamantieliek and Baogutu ore-bearing intrusions comprise main-stage diorite stock and minor late-stage diorite porphyry dikes and are the calc-alkaline intermediate intrusions. Based on U–Pb zircon SHRIMP analyses, the Jiamantieliek intrusion formed in 313 ± 4 Ma and 310 ± 5 Ma, while, based on U–Pb zircon SIMS analyses, the Baogutu intrusion formed in 313 ± 2 Ma and 312 ± 2 Ma. Rocks in the Jiamantieliek intrusion are enriched in light rare earth elements (LREE) and large ion lithophile elements (LILE) with negative Nb anomaly. Their isotopic compositions (ε_Nd(t) = +1.6 to +3.4, (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i = 0.70369–0.70401, (²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb)_i = 15.31–5.41) suggest a mixing origin from depleted to enriched mantle sources. In the Baogutu intrusion, the rocks are similar to those of the Jiamantieliek intrusion. Their Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic composition (ε_Nd(t) = +4.4 to +6.0, (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i = 0.70368–0.70385, (²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb)_i = 15.34–5.42) shows a more depleted mantle source. These features suggest generation in an island arc. The Jiamantieliek and Baogutu intrusions have similar characteristics, indicating that a relatively uniform and integrated source region has existed in the southern West Junggar since the Palaeozoic. A larger contribution of calc-alkaline magma would be required to generate the Jiamantieliek intrusion, which may reflect the development of magma arc maturation towards the western section of the southern West Junggar.     

胶东地区东部晚侏罗世花岗岩锆石U-Pb定年、Hf同位素特征及其对金成矿构造背景的限定SCIEI北大核心CSCD

胶东地区是目前我国最重要的金矿产地,已累积探明黄金储量接近5000t。金矿在胶东地区分布非常不均,主要集中在胶北地体,而胶东东部地区金矿产出较少。晚侏罗世的玲珑花岗岩是胶北金矿区最重要的赋矿围岩之一。虽然胶东东部同样有晚侏罗世花岗岩发育,但赋存金矿较少,因此前人对东部这些花岗岩体的研究相对较少。本文选取胶东东部的文登岩体和垛崮山岩体进行了锆石U-Pb定年和Hf同位素分析,同时收集整理了胶北地体的玲珑岩体数据,通过开展胶东东部及西北部同一时期岩体的差异性研究,为该区金成矿作用的研究提供重要线索。分析结果显示,文登岩体和垛崮山岩体的形成时代为晚侏罗世(~160Ma),与玲珑岩体时代一致。三个岩体均含有较多的三叠纪(~230Ma)和新元古代(~780Ma)的继承锆石,表明晚侏罗世花岗岩的岩浆源区主要为经历了超高压变质作用的扬子板块。不同的是,玲珑岩体中有更多的华北板块物源的年龄记录(~1400Ma、~1700Ma、~2500Ma),垛崮山岩体中这些年龄的继承锆石少于玲珑岩体,而文登岩体更少。文登岩体、垛崮山岩体的新生岩浆锆石ε;(t)值范围分别为-30.7~-20.3和-27.5~-17.9,玲珑岩体的新生岩浆锆石ε;(t)值的变化范围更广,在-29.3~-9.3之间,而且呈现出从文登岩体到垛崮山岩体到玲珑岩体,ε;(160Ma)值逐渐增高的现象。其原因可能是扬子板块与华北板块碰撞后,幔源岩浆底侵并诱发加厚的地壳发生部分熔融,形成花岗岩。在此过程中胶北地体深部受到幔源物质的影响,从而对金及成矿相关元素产生一定的预富集作用,而同时期胶东东部地区未受到明显的地幔物质影响,可能是该区金矿产出较少的原因之一。     

The formation and rejuvenation of continental crust in the central North China Craton: Evidence from zircon U–Pb geochronology and Hf isotope

The Trans-North China Orogen (TNCO) along the central part of the North China Craton (NCC) is considered as a Paleoproterozoic suture along which the Eastern and Western Blocks of the NCC were amalgamated. Here we investigate the Precambrian crustal evolution history in the Fuping segment of the TNCO and the subsequent reactivation associated with extensive craton destruction during Mesozoic. We present zircon LA-ICP-MS U–Pb and Lu–Hf data on TTG (tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite) gneiss, felsic orthogneiss, amphibolite and granite from the Paleoproterozoic suite which show magmatic ages in the range of 2450–1900 Ma suggesting a long-lived convergent margin. The ε_Hf(t) values of these zircons range from −11.9 to 12 and their model ages suggest magma derivation from both juvenile components and reworked Archean crust. The Mesozoic magmatic units in the Fuping area includes granite, diorite and mafic microgranular enclaves, the zircons from which define a tight range of 120–130 Ma ages suggesting a prominent Early Cretaceous magmatic event. However, the ε_Hf(t) values of these zircons show wide a range from −30.3 to 0.2, indicating that the magmatic activity involved extensive rejuvenation of the older continental crust.     

胶东旧店金矿床赋矿岩浆岩岩石成因及其地质意义

胶东地区是我国最重要、规模最大的金矿集区, 其中晚侏罗世玲珑花岗岩分布较为广泛, 是最主要的金赋矿围岩。旧店金矿床位于胶北隆起与胶莱盆地的交界处, 是招平断裂带的重要组成部分, 片麻状二长花岗岩为其主要的赋矿岩体, 对其岩石成因进行研究, 可以为探究金成矿作用提供线索和约束。本文对旧店金矿床周围两处的片麻状二长花岗岩开展LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学以及Lu-Hf同位素研究。分析结果显示, 锆石²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U年龄为160.1±1.1Ma、160.4±0.7Ma、161±0.4Ma和162.2±0.9Ma, 表明旧店金矿床区域内在晚侏罗世存在较强的岩浆作用。ε_Hf(t)值为-31.9~-20.8, 二阶段Hf模式年龄(t_DM²)为2996~2516Ma, 表明其岩浆来源于下地壳物质部分熔融, 同时二阶段Hf模式年龄(t_DM²)与地幔物质加入和新生地壳产生的岩浆热事件相对应, 因此旧店金矿床的围岩可能由古老镁铁质下地壳物质的部分熔融产生。研究认为二长花岗岩的形成过程可能促使了前寒武纪变质基底中成矿物质活化, 同时岩体发育广泛的断裂为矿床形成提供了良好的围岩条件。

     

Isotope geochemistry and geochronology of the Niujuan silver deposit,northern North China Craton: Implications for magmatism and metallogeny in an extensional tectonic setting

The Niujuan breccia-type silver deposit forms part of the North Hebei metallogenic belt along the northern margin of the North China Craton. The Hercynian Baiyingou coarse-grained granite and the Yanshanian Er’daogou fine-grained granite are the major Mesozoic intrusions exposed in this region. Here we investigate the salient characteristics of the mineralization and evaluate its genesis through zircon U-Pb and fluorite Sm-Nd age data, and Pb, S, O, H, He and Ar isotope data. The orebodies of the Niujuan silver deposit are hosted in breccias, which contain angular fragments of the Baiyingou and Er’daogou granitoids. The δ³⁴S values of pyrite from the silver mineralized veins range from 2.4‰ to 5.3‰. The ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb ratios of the sulfide minerals show ranges of 16.837–16.932, 15.420–15.501 and 37.599–37.950, respectively. The ³He/⁴He and ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar ratios of the fluids trapped in pyrite are 0.921–4.81Ra and 299.34–303.84, respectively. The δ¹⁸O and δ¹⁸D_w values of the ore-forming fluids range from 0.6‰ to −4.15‰ and from −119.4‰ to −98.7‰, respectively. Our isotopic data suggest that the ore-forming fluids were originally derived from the subvolcanic plutons and evolved into a mixture of magmatic and meteoric water during the main hydrothermal stage. The ore-forming materials were primarily derived from the lower crust with limited incorporation of mantle materials. The emplacement time of the Er’daogou granite is constrained by LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb geochronology at 145.5 ± 2.1 Ma. Five fluorite samples from the last hydrothermal stage yielded a Sm-Nd isochron age of 139.2 ± 3.8 Ma, indicating the upper age limit for the silver mineralization. These ages correlate with the formation of the Niujuan deposit in an extensional setting associated with the closure of the Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean and the subduction of the Paleo-Pacific oceanic plate beneath the North China Craton.     

Petrogenesis of a Palaeoproterozoic S-type granite,central Wuyishan terrane,SE China: implications for early crustal evolution of the Cathaysia Block

We present zircon U–Pb ages, Hf isotopes, and whole-rock geochemistry of the Xiaochuan gneissic granite intrusion, SE China, to constrain its petrogenesis and provide insights into early crustal evolution of the Cathaysia Block. LA-ICP-MS zircon U–Pb dating of a representative sample yields a weighted mean ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb age of 1839 ±16 Ma, interpreted as the emplacement age of the Xiaochuan granite. Zircons have ?_Hf(t) values ranging from –8.1 to 2.7 and T _DM2 model ages from 2.23 to 3.03 Ga. The granites are strongly peraluminious (A/CNK = 1.14–1.41), with relatively high FeO^t, TiO₂, and CaO/Na₂O, and low CaO, Al₂O₃/TiO₂, and Rb/Sr values. In addition, they show strongly negative Ba, Sr, Nb, and Ta and positive Th and Pb anomalies in the primitive mantle-normalized spider diagram, similar to other Cathaysia Palaeoproterozoic S-type granites. The geochemical and Hf isotopic signatures suggest that the Xiaochuan gneissic granites were generated by partial melting of Archaean crustal materials in an intraplate extensional setting. Our results, combined with existing geochronological data, further demonstrate that the Wuyishan terrane is underlain by Palaeoproterozoic crystalline basement.     

The giant tin polymetallic mineralization in southwest China:Integrated geochemical and isotopic constraints and implications for Cretaceous tectonomagmatic event

The Gejiu-Bozushan-Laojunshan W-Sn polymetallic metallogenic belt(GBLB) in southeast Yunnan Province is an important part of the southwestern Yangtze Block in South China.Tin polymetallic mineralization in this belt includes the Niusipo,Malage,Songshujiao,Laochang and Kafang ore fields in the Gejiu area which are spatially and temporally associated with the Kafang-Laochang and Songshujiao granite plutons.These granites are characterized by variable A/CNK values(mostly 1.1,except for two samples with 1.09),high contents of SiO_2(74.38-76.84 wt.%) and Al_2 O_3(12.46-14.05 wt.%) and variable CaO/Na_2 O ratios(0.2-0.65) as well as high zircon δ~(18)O values(7.74‰-9.86‰),indicative of S-type affinities.These rocks are depleted in Rb,Th,U,Ti,LREE[(La/Yb)N=1.4-20.51],Ba,Nb,Sr,and Ti and display strong negative Eu and Ba anomalies.The rocks possess high Rb/Sr and Rb/Ba ratios,relatively low initial ~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr ratios(0.6917-0.7101),and less radiogenic εNd(t)values(-8.0 to-9.1).The zircon grains from these rocks show negative ε_(Hf)(t) values in the range of-3.7 to-9.9 with mean T_(DM2)(Nd) and T_(DM2)(Hf) values of 1.57 Ga and 1.55 Ga.They show initial ~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb ranging from15.69 to 15.71 and ~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb from 18.36 to 18.70.Monazite from Songshujiao granites exhibits higher U and lower Th/U ratios,lower δ~(18)O values and higher ε_(Hf)(t) values than those of the zircon grains in the KafangLaochang granites.The geochemical and isotopic features indicate that the Laochang-Kafang granites originated by partial melting of Mesoproterozoic crustal components including biotite-rich metapelite and metagraywacke,whereas the Songshujiao granites were derived from Mesoproterozoic muscovite-rich metapelite crustal source.Most zircon grains from the Songshujiao,Laochang and Kafang granites have high-U concentrations and their SIMS U-Pb ages show age scatter from 81.6 Ma to 88.6 Ma,80.7 Ma to 86.1 Ma and 82.3 Ma to 87.0 Ma,suggesting formation earlier than the monazite and cassiterite.Monazite SIMS U-Pb ages and Th-Pb ages of three same granite samples are consistent and show yielded 206 Pb/~(238)U ages of 83.7 ± 0.6 Ma,83.7±0.6 Ma,and 83.4±0.6 Ma,and ~(208)Pb/~(232)Th ages of 83.2 ± 0.5 Ma,83.8 ± 0.4 Ma,and 83.5±0.9 Ma,which are within the range of the SIMS zircon U-Pb ages from these rocks.The data constrain the crystallization of the granites at ca.83 Ma.In situ U-Pb dating of two cassiterite samples from the cassiterite-sulfide ore in the Songshujiao ore field and Kafang ore field,and two from the cassiterite-oxide+cassiterite bearing dolomite in the Laochang ore field yielded weighted mean 206 Pb/~(238)U ages of 83.5±0.4 Ma(MSWD=0.6),83.5 ± 0.4 Ma(MSWD=0.5),83.6 ±0.4 Ma(MSWD=0.6) and 83.2 ±0.7 Ma(MSWD=0.6),respectively.Combined with geological characteristics,the new geochronological data indicate that the formation of the granites and Sn polymetallic deposits are coeval.We correlate the magmatic and metallogenic event with lithospheric thinning and asthenosphere upwelling in continental extension setting in relation to the eastward subduction of the Neo-Tethys beneath the Sanjiang tectonic domain during Late Cretaceous.     

Origin of the Cretaceous ore-bearing granitoids in the Beihuaiyang Zone,northern margin of the Dabie Orogen,Eastern China

ABSTRACT

The Beihuaiyang Zone (BHY) is one of the most important Mo–Pb–Zn polymetallic metallogenic belts in China, and the BHY deposits are genetically and geographically associated with Cretaceous magmatic rocks. In this article, we present new zircon U–Pb ages and Hf isotope data, whole-rock major and trace-element analytical results, and Sr–Nd–Pb isotope data for the granite porphyry of the Shapinggou (SPG) Mo deposit and the quartz monzonite porphyry of the Gongdongchong (GDC) Pb–Zn deposit. The high contents of SiO₂, crust-like rare-earth-element and trace element patterns, and the enriched Sr–Nd–Pb–Hf isotopic compositions indicate that both porphyries originated from crustal melting. Inherited Neoproterozoic zircons are common in both porphyries, which implies that their crustal sources were the South China Block rather than the North China Block. Whole-rock ε_Nd(t) values (?10.8 to ?9.8 for the GDC deposit, ?12.9 to ?12.4 for the SPG deposit) and zircon ε_Hf(t) values (?14.3 to ?11.1 for the GDC deposit, ?18.4 to ?13.3 for the SPG deposit) for the ore-bearing rocks are significantly higher than the values found in the widespread and older ore-barren rocks, indicating that the magma sources of the ore-bearing rocks were younger than those of the ore-barren rocks. An integrated study of the Sr–Nd–Pb–Hf isotope contents shows that these younger source rocks are similar to the gneisses found in the South and Central Dabie units, which represent the upper crust of the subducted South China Block. Given the geochemical behaviour of molybdenum, a surface enrichment process would have been an essential prerequisite for the formation of the large Mo deposit. The early Paleozoic Mo–Pb–Zn-enriched black shales, which are widespread in the upper layers of the South China Block, might have been scraped off during Triassic subduction and then transported to deep-crustal levels below the BHY, thus forming an ideal source for the ore-bearing porphyries. An upper-crustal origin for the ore-bearing magmatic rocks is also consistent with the data for most other deposits distributed in the BHY of the Dabie Orogen.     

Geochronology and geochemistry of the late Neoproterozoic A-type granitic clasts in the southwestern Tarim Craton: petrogenesis and tectonic implications

ABSTRACT

Due to sparse data for deciphering the late Neoproterozoic tectonic history, there is still considerable debate on whether long-lasting superplume-related or long-duration subduction-related dynamics dominated the Tarim Craton. In this contribution, our field investigations detail the late Neoproterozoic siliciclastic successions, and we report the first granitic conglomerates with zircon U–Pb ages of 753.9 ± 3.7 Ma in the SW Tarim Craton. Importantly, detrital zircons from the thick Cryogenian sedimentary basin also contain a major zircon population at ca. 750 Ma. Together with seismic data, this suggests a large ca. 750 Ma magmatic event in the SW Tarim Craton. Geochemically, the granitic clasts exhibit A-type granite features with high SiO₂, high alkali but extremely low K, high FeO^T/MgO and Ga/Al, and high high-field strength elements (HFSEs) (i.e. Nb, Hf, and Ta) with significant depletion in Rb, K, Sr, P, Eu, and Ti, and significant negative Eu anomalies (Eu* = 0.13–0.36), showing ferroan granite affinities. Including the detrital zircons, the ca. 750 Ma zircons have a large range of negative εHf(t) values (?19.46 to ?1.16). Elemental and zircon Hf isotope data suggest that the granites were derived from Palaeoproterozoic reworked continental crust and are probably related to crustal thinning and extension. By comparison with previous studies, we conclude that Rodinia breakup was diachronous in the outer parts of the supercontinent.     

胶东石城金矿床成矿流体特征及成矿作用

石城金矿位于胶东牟平-乳山成矿带南端,为多金属硫化物型金矿床。其成矿流体阶段可分为3个,相应的流体包裹体特征为:(1)成矿早期(第1阶段)富CO2包裹体;(2)主成矿期(第2阶段)H2O包裹体和含CO2包裹体;(3)成矿后期(第3阶段)H2O包裹体。第1阶段均一温度为256～360℃,盐度3.71%～6.88%NaCl,第2阶段均一温度为168～270℃,盐度4.49%～10.24%NaCl,第3阶段均一温度为123～178℃,盐度0.35%～7.59%NaCl。其中主成矿期为中低温、低盐度的CO2-H2O-NaCl流体体系。H、O同位素表明石城金矿成矿流体为岩浆水与大气水形成的混合热液,C、O同位素则反映了地幔富CO2流体参与了成矿作用,而S同位素进一步揭示了金矿的成矿物质来源为壳幔相互作用的结果。石城金矿的出现表明研究区至少存在两期成矿事件,早期成矿时代约120Ma,主要为石英+黄铁矿型矿石,晚期成矿时代小于111Ma,主要为多金属硫化物型矿石,以石城金矿为代表。     

Genesis of the Yuanlingzhai porphyry molybdenum deposit,Jiangxi province,South China: Constraints from petrochemistry and geochronology

The newly discovered Yuanlingzhai porphyry molybdenum (Mo) deposit in southern Jiangxi province belongs to the group of Mo-only deposits in the Nanling region. The mineralization developed at contact zones between the Yuanlingzhai granite porphyry and Neoproterozoic metamorphic rocks of the Xunwu Formation. Precise LA–MC–ICPMS zircon U–Pb dating of the Yuanlingzhai porphyry, as well as the adjacent western Keshubei and eastern Keshubei granites, yielded ages of 165.49 ± 0.59 Ma, 159.68 ± 0.43 Ma, and 185.13 ± 0.52–195.14 ± 0.63 Ma, respectively. Molybdenite Re–Os isochron ages of the ores are 160 ± 1–162.7 ± 1.1 Ma, which is consistent with the age of large-scale W–Sn deposits in South China. The Yuanlingzhai porphyry is characterized by high K₂O, P₂O₅, and A/CNK (1.33–1.59), and low CaO and Na₂O. The rock shows relatively enriched LREE without significant Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu^* = 0.80–0.90). Geochemical and mineralogical characteristics indicate that the ore-hosting porphyry is a typical S-type granite generated from the partial melting of crustal material with only minor mantle contribution. Both Harker and evolutionary discrimination diagrams indicate that the Yuanlangzhai and western Keshubei granites are not products of co-magmatic evolution. The Keshubei granites and Xunwu Formation were not significant sources for the components in the porphyry mineralization, but the Yuanlangzhai granite may have supplied some ore-forming material. However, the main ore-forming material was carried by fluids from deep sources, as demonstrated by fluid inclusion and stable isotope data from the molybdenum deposit. The Mo porphyry deposit formed in an extensional setting, and was possibly associated with Jurassic subduction of the Izanagi Plate.     

Geochronology of the Xingshan molybdenum deposit,Jilin Province,NE China,and its Hf isotope significance

The Xingshan porphyry Mo deposit is located in the Lesser Xing’an Range–Zhangguangcai Range metallogenic belt, NE China. Mineralization occurred in granodioritic porphyry and monzogranite, which have zircon U–Pb ages of 171.7 ± 2.2 Ma and 170.9 ± 4.6 Ma, respectively. Molybdenite Re–Os dating indicates that Mo mineralization occurred at 167.3 ± 2.5 Ma. These geochronological data suggest that the magmatic and hydrothermal activities of the Xingshan Mo deposit happened during the Middle Jurassic in Mesozoic. Positive ε_Hf values (6.2–11.6) and young T_DM2 (473–826 Ma) of the monzogranite (XS-3) and granodioritic porphyry (XS-5) indicate that the source materials of Xingshan ore-bearing rocks are the juvenile crust, which mainly accreted on the Songnen block during the Meso-Neoproterozoic. Xingshan porphyry Mo deposits resulted from the magmatism and tectonism induced by the subduction of Paleo-Pacific Ocean.     

Petrogenesis of early Silurian intrusions in the Sanchakou area of Eastern Tianshan,Northwest China,and tectonic implications: geochronological,geochemical, and Hf isotopic evidence

ABSTRACT

Palaeozoic intrusions in Eastern Tianshan are important for understanding the evolution of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB). The Sanchakou intrusions situated in Eastern Tianshan (southern CAOB), are mainly quartz diorite and granodiorite. A comprehensive study of zircon U–Pb ages, zircon trace elements, whole-rock geochemistry, and Lu–Hf isotopes were carried out for the Sanchakou intrusive rocks. LA-ICP-MS zircon U–Pb dating yielded crystallization ages of 439.7 ± 2.5 Ma (MSWD = 0.63, n = 21) for the quartz diorite, and 430.9 ± 2.5 Ma (MSWD = 0.21, n = 21) and 425.5 ± 2.7 Ma (MSWD = 0.04; n = 20) for the granodiorites. These data, in combination with other Silurian ages reported for the intrusive suites from Eastern Tianshan, indicate an early Palaeozoic magmatic event in the orogen. In situ zircon Hf isotope data for the Sanchakou quartz diorite shows ε_Hf(t) values of +11.2 to +19.6, and the two granodioritic samples exhibit similar ε_Hf(t) values from +13.0 to +19.5. The Sanchakou plutons show metaluminous to weakly peraluminous, arc-type geochemical and low-K tholeiite affinities, and display trace element patterns characterized by enrichment in K, Ba, Sr, and Sm, and depletion in Nb, Ta, Pb, and Ti. The geochemical and isotopic signatures indicate that the Sanchakou dioritic and granodioritic magmas were sourced from a subducted oceanic slab, and subsequently underwent some interaction with peridotite in the mantle wedge. Combined with the regional geological history, we suggest the Sanchakou intrusions formed due to the northward subduction of the Palaeo-Tianshan Ocean beneath the Dananhu–Tousuquan arc during early Silurian time.