Holocene climate variations from Zhuyeze terminal lake records in East Asian monsoon margin in arid northern China

Zhuyeze palaeolake is a terminal lake situated in the arid northern China in the East Asian monsoon margin. In order to examine the Holocene palaeoclimatic change in the East Asian monsoon margin, Qingtu Lake section (QTL) from Zhuyeze palaeolake is sampled in high resolution. Palaeoclimatic proxies such as grain size, carbonate, TOC, C/N and δ¹³C of organic matter, were analyzed; eleven ¹⁴C samples and six optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) samples were dated to provide chronological control. We also investigated the geomorphic features of lake shorelines in this area. The results show that the climate was warm and dry in early-Holocene (9.5-7.0 cal ka BP), cool and humid in mid-Holocene (7.0-4.8 cal ka BP), and increasingly drier in late-Holocene (since 4.8 cal ka BP). Comparisons of our records with other records in adjacent areas, as well as with the records in the Asian monsoon areas, suggested that changes in effective moisture was synchronous in East Asian monsoon marginal zone (i.e. the pattern of dry early-Holocene, humid mid-Holocene, and aridity-increasing late-Holocene), and that the moisture optimum during the Holocene was out-of-phase between Asian monsoon margin and Asian monsoonal dominated region, possibly due to the high temperature at that time.     

Late Holocene Asian monsoon variations recorded in Lake Rara sediment,western Nepal

The Himalayas are a key location for understanding centennial‐ to millennial‐scale variations in the Asian monsoon, yet few studies of the late Holocene have been conducted in this sensitive area. Direct evidence for shifts in monsoonal wind strength is often limited to marine proxy records, while terrestrial reconstructions (e.g. lake levels and spleothems) focus on precipitation. Here, we present the first evidence of terrestrial summer monsoon wind strength changes from Lake Rara, western Nepal, based on Mn/Ti ratios, a proxy for lake stratification. These data indicate a link between the Arabian Sea and the Himalayas, suggesting that centennial‐ to millennial‐scale changes in wind strength occurred synchronously. Distinct similarity is also observed between Lake Rara and the southern part of China, which may support previous suggestions that the southern part of China is influenced by Indian summer monsoon. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Palynological records of Holocene monsoon change from the Gulf of Tonkin (Beibuwan), northwestern South China Sea

Palynological records in cores C4 and B106 from the Gulf of Tonkin reveal signals of paleo-monsoon and paleoenvironmental change during the late Pleistocene and Holocene. Before ∼ 13.4 cal kyr BP, the Gulf of Tonkin was exposed to the atmosphere and covered by grassland. Starting at ∼ 11.7 cal kyr BP, the Gulf of Tonkin was inundated by brackish water, indicated by the appearance of the brackish algae Cleistosphaeridium, Sentusidinium and Spiniferites, a decrease of herb content, and an increase of Pinus. After Hainan Island was completely separated from the Leizhou Peninsula by Qiongzhou Strait at ∼ 8.5 cal kyr BP, a continuous marine sedimentary environment was found. The current patterns were similar to those of the present, with a general trend of current homogenization reflected by gradually decreasing quantities of Quercus pollen and a narrowing gap between the palynological concentrations of the southern and northern parts of the region. The data suggest that three short periods of strengthened winter monsoons and currents were centered at ∼ 6.0 cal kyr BP, ∼ 2.7 cal kyr BP and ∼ 0.2 cal kyr BP and that two short periods of strengthened summer monsoons and currents were centered at ∼ 7.5 cal kyr BP and ∼ 3.4 cal kyr BP.     

基于石笋记录的晚全新世太平洋东西两岸季风区气候事件对比研究

研究晚全新世季风气候演变有助于进一步认识与预测未来季风区气候变化。太平洋东西两岸是全球季风集中分布的地区,已经有大量的古气候记录发表,但是缺乏对各个季风区气候突变事件以及整体变化趋势的对比研究。针对这一问题,选取亚洲季风区、印澳季风区、北美季风区、南美季风区11个洞穴石笋δ18O和1个湖泊Ti含量,对比研究各个记录在3.5~0.5 ka B.P.期间指示的夏季风变化特征。通过对比发现四大季风区的石笋δ18O在晚全新世整体上呈现偏正趋势,指示夏季风减弱;2次重要的气候突变事件1.5 ka B.P.和2.7 ka B.P.弱夏季风事件在各个季风区内均有表现;同时也记录了一系列十年际-百年际尺度的弱夏季风事件,表明太平洋东西两岸和南北半球的夏季风都有减弱的趋势,这与先前研究认为的南北半球呈现"see-saw"模式表现出不一样的特征。晚全新世以来ENSO（El Niño-Southern Oscillation）活动的增强对太平洋东西两岸南北半球夏季风减弱具有重要影响。在El Niño事件发生时,Walker环流减弱,而且它的上升支向东移动远离西太平洋暖池,西太平洋副热带高压增强并向西移动,导致亚洲夏季风减弱。Walker环流的东移也会使得印度尼西亚-太平洋暖池（Indo-Pacific Warm Pool,简称IPWP）海温下降,热带季节内震荡减弱致使印澳夏季风减弱;此外,El Niño事件发生时,赤道东太平洋海水温度上升导致东西太平洋海水温度梯度减弱,在此状态下南美季风区低空急流（Low Level Jet,简称LLJ）减弱,导致南美夏季风减弱;同时,北美洲加勒比海低空急流增强,使得该季风区下沉气流增强,导致北美夏季风减弱。我们的研究表明,在晚全新世ENSO活动增强的状态下,太平洋东西两岸南北半球夏季风变化可能都呈现减弱趋势。     

2万年来南亚季风演化历史

文章综合中国西南部位于不同纬度、不同海拔,代表不同地貌、气候和植被单元的星云湖、腾冲青海湖、泸沽湖和伍须海这4个湖泊2万年以来的孢粉、硅藻记录,揭示了中国西南部2万年来的气候变化与南亚季风演化历史。结果表明,在中国西南地区,冰盛期后首次开始升温的时间发生在19.0~18.0 ka（1 ka=1000 cal.a B.P.）之间。自冰消期首次开始升温以后,中国西南地区气候具有区域差异,即在中国西南部偏西偏南、受较单一南亚季风影响的区域,冰后期都存在H1冷事件、B/A暖期和YD冷事件,并于11.5 ka左右进入全新世,开始是缓慢增温增湿,随后在10.0 ka左右进入明显变暖湿的时期;全新世适宜期都出现在中全新世,然后进入晚全新世降温期,并逐步开始受到人类活动的影响。在中国西南部偏东、偏北的区域,还兼受东亚季风影响,导致气候效应更加复杂。中国西南地区2万年来的气候变化揭示南亚季风从19.0 ka左右开始逐渐增强,在季风逐渐增强的过程中,出现两次明显的季风减弱期,分别对应H1和YD时期;在11.5 ka左右,南亚季风进一步增强,并在中全新世达到最强,随后又逐渐减弱。对其机制探讨认为,冰盛期后首次升温及此后逐渐增温的趋势主要受夏季太阳辐射的控制,同时,温室气体浓度的变化也起了重要的调制作用。而增温过程中存在的H1和YD突然变冷事件与大西洋温盐环流减弱有关;南亚季风区的全新世适宜期发生在中全新世可能是受海平面上升、海表温度、冰量范围、9月太阳辐射量等多种因素的共同影响。

     

滇西北格贡错那卡湖沉积记录揭示的晚全新世气候变化

云南省西北部高山湖泊格贡错那卡湖（海拔4214 m）地处西南季风区,对气候变化十分敏感。文章以在格贡错那卡湖湖心钻取的1.84 m长的沉积岩芯为研究对象,对粒度、磁化率和总有机碳（TOC）含量等环境指标进行了高分辨率的分析,在精确测年的基础上（²¹⁰Pb测年结合陆生植物残体的AMS ¹⁴C测年建立年代序列）,重建了研究区距今约3570年来的气候与环境变化。结果表明,格贡错那卡湖所在地区近3570年来的气候与环境变化经历了5个较明显的演化阶段：1）在3570~3490 cal.a B.P.期间,气候明显降温、减湿;2）3490~1710 cal.a B.P.期间,气候总体偏冷、较干,其中3490~2860 cal.a B.P.期间气候处于较稳定的最冷干时期,随后在2860~1710 cal.a B.P.期间气候波动地有所增温、增湿;3）1710~930 cal.a B.P.（即240~1020A.D.）期间,为较稳定的暖湿期,年均温较高,温差较小;4）930~80 cal.a B.P.（即1020~1870A.D.）期间,气候总体偏冷较湿,但存在多次短暂变暖;降水总量或冰雪融水可能有所减少,但降水强度或冰雪融水强度变化较大;5）自80 cal.a B.P.（即1870 A.D.）以来,温度明显增加,可能是过去3570年以来温度最高的时期;降水有所减少,气候总体为暖偏湿。该气候特征与相邻地区泸沽湖的乔木花粉含量反映的气候变化非常一致,揭示了研究区气候变化的区域性。

     

Sensitive grain-size records of Holocene East Asian summer monsoon in sediments of northern South China Sea slope

Changes in paleoenvironments over the last 17,500 yr have been documented by a high-resolution clay mineralogy and grain–size records of Core KNG5 from the northern slope of the South China Sea. Our results indicate that clay minerals are mainly from the Pearl River from 17,500 to12,500 cal yr BP, and the South China Sea modern current system began to form since 12,500 cal yr BP, as a result, Taiwan turns to be the major contributor of clay minerals after 12,500 cal yr BP. Two grain-size populations with high variability through time were identified in the 13–28 μm and 1–2.2 μm grain-size intervals. The 1–2.2 μm grain-size population are mainly controlled by provenance supply and current transport. The 13–28 μm grain-size fraction could be controlled mainly by the sea-level change. The 1–2.2 μm grain-size population record demonstrates that East Asian Summer Monsoon intensity generally follows changes in insolation and that the response is similar for a large area of China and other northern low-latitude records, implying the globality of the monsoon evolution since Holocene. The anomalous environmental conditions in the northern South China Sea may imply intensified ENSO activity during the late Holocene.     

南海第四纪东亚季风演化的粘土矿物指标

南海作为西太平洋最大的边缘海,记录着东亚季风的演化历史。本文在过去十多年研究积累的基础上,综述粘土矿物是记录南海东亚季风演化历史的良好指标。大量表层样品和多个沉积岩芯的研究显示,南海第四纪以来的蒙脱石主要是形成于周边岛屿火山岩的快速化学风化作用,记录了同时期的东亚夏季风气候条件;伊利石和绿泥石形成于周边大陆和岛屿的机械侵蚀作用,与强烈降雨引发的侵蚀能力或东亚冬季风相对寒冷的气候条件有关;而高岭石形成于周边陆地表面的强烈化学风化作用,指示地质历史时期累积的或第四纪同时期的温暖潮湿气候条件,但由于强烈的差异沉降作用,高岭石在南海主要沉积在近海陆架区域,在深海记录中多指示海平面变化的古环境特征。因此,我们提出蒙脱石/（伊利石+绿泥石）比值是南海第四纪东亚夏季风演化的良好指标,比值高代表夏季风温暖潮湿气候条件下增强的化学风化作用,比值低指示冬季风相对寒冷气候条件下减弱的化学风化作用,或是强烈降雨气候条件下增强的机械侵蚀作用。南海东亚夏季风演化的强弱与北半球夏季日射量基本呈线性关系,表明东亚季风演化的天文驱动机制,第四纪以来的长期演化显示南海在1200~400ka期间盛行夏季风,可能是受到赤道太平洋厄尔尼诺-南方涛动（ENSO）的影响。

     

贵州西部晚全新世植被演替、气候变化与火灾历史

贵州西部位于北亚热带云贵高原山地湿润-半湿润气候区,西南季风是该区域水汽来源的主要气候系统。贵州六盘水娘娘山有连片分布的垫状泥炭沼泽沉积,较完整记录了过去的植被和气候历史,是研究气候-植被-火灾-人类活动变化的理想场所。本研究以六盘水娘娘山1999 m海拔的一处泥炭湿地钻孔上部52 cm岩芯为研究材料,通过AMS ¹⁴C测年获得年代框架,采用孢粉和炭屑分析,重建了该地区晚全新世气候变化和人类活动叠加影响下的植被演替及火灾活动历史。结果表明：3500~3100 cal.a B.P. 期间,当地亚热带常绿阔叶林繁盛,火灾活动为气候控制为主的森林火灾,但火灾活动并未改变阔叶林的总体面貌;3100~600 cal.a B.P. 期间,气候呈变干趋势,阔叶类木本植物显著减少,当地植被从亚热带常绿阔叶林转变为疏林草地和针叶类疏林,极可能是趋于冷干的气候环境的结果;大约600 cal.a B.P. 之后,当地植被演变为开阔林,同时,出现大颗粒炭屑(>125 μm)以及伴人花粉的明显增加,表明人类农业活动高强度的刀耕火种已经扩张到较高海拔山区。区域对比显示,西南地区在3500 cal.a B.P. 以来,主要以区域性火灾为主,而3100 cal.a B.P. 以后的火灾活动受到气候变干和人类活动的双重影响,特别是600 cal.a B.P. 以来,人类活动(刀耕火种)成为局地火灾和植被更替的主要因素。

     

东亚和南亚夏季风对中国季风区径流深影响

为揭示中国东部季风区径流深对东亚和南亚夏季风变化的响应规律,建立了八大流域VIC(Variable Infiltration Capacity)水文模型以及应用了Mann-Kendall和局部加权回归分析(Locally Weighted Scatter Plot Smoothing, LOWESS)相关性检验方法,并分析了径流深系数空间变化情况。结果表明:东亚夏季风与径流深显著性相关范围要明显大于南亚夏季风,主要位于长江流域以北和松花江流域以南的广大地区以及华南部分地区,并分别成正相关和负相关;而南亚夏季风与径流深显著性正负相关的区域则分别位于华南地区及长江流域上游部分地区。此外,季风区径流深系数空间差异明显,易产流区主要位于长江流域及东南沿海地区,而黄河及海河流域则产流较难。因此,对东亚及南亚夏季风的研究可为预测中国东部不同地区的水文过程及水资源变化提供重要的科学参考。     

Late Holocene paleoenvironment in northern New Caledonia, southwestern Pacific, from a multiproxy analysis of lake sediments

Lithostratigraphic and palynological analysis of two cores recovered from the ‘Grand Lac’ (New Caledonia), combined with 35 ¹⁴C AMS dates, yields a paleoenvironmental record spanning the last 2000 yr. The lithology is represented mainly by clayey or laminated layers. A catastrophic event, which is marked by very coarse deposits, occurred probably between ca 1070-960 cal yr B.P. and possibly is associated with an unusually severe La Niña event. Before and after this event, a similar combination of the two main sediment types is recorded. The repeated alternation of laminated and clayey layers is interpreted as the response to local hydrologic forcing, which may reflect a shift from relatively wet to relatively drier conditions, respectively. Variable amount of micro-charcoal is detected all along the profile. Without additional evidence, notwithstanding the initial local human settlement documented since ca 2900 ¹⁴C yr B.P., micro-charcoal occurrence and variability cannot be linked directly to an anthropogenic origin. No distinct palynological zonations in relation to the lithology are observed, and the vegetation changes may only represent minor transitions across environmental limits.     

全新世中期中国气候和东亚季风:PMIP4模式结果

利用国际古气候模拟比较计划(PMIP)最新第四阶段(PMIP4)中14个气候模式的试验数据,集中研究了距今约6 000年的全新世中期中国气候和东亚季风。与早期PMIP第三阶段(PMIP3)多模式结果类似,全新世中期中国年、冬季和春季地表气温较工业革命前期偏冷,而夏季和秋季偏暖,其中年和冬季模拟偏冷与大部分地质记录显示的偏暖不符;所有14个PMIP4模式集合的中国区域平均年和季节温度变化绝对值为0.08~1.69 ℃,较PMIP3多模式平均结果额外偏小0.01~0.45 ℃,这部分源于大气二氧化碳浓度的减少。在用于分析的11个PMIP4模式平均结果中,全新世中期中国年平均降水、蒸发和有效降水(即降水量减蒸发量)相对于工业革命前期分别增加2%、减少1%和增加7%,所有3个物理量在季节上均表现为冬春季减少,夏秋季增加。对比PMIP4模式和PMIP3多模式平均结果,上述3个物理量的中国区域平均值和区域变化差异均在夏、秋季大于年和冬、春季;相比于PMIP3模式,PMIP4模式模拟的年有效降水变化与地质记录更为接近。全新世中期东亚冬、夏季风在14个PMIP4模式中均模拟加强,所有模式平均较工业革命前期分别增强11%和32%;在区域尺度上,与早期PMIP3模式相比,当前PMIP4模式模拟的季风环流增强幅度在东亚北部更强,南部偏弱。     

Millennial-scale dynamics of the winter cold tongue in the southern South China Sea over the past 26 ka and the East Asian winter monsoon

Millennial-scale variations of the East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM) remain elusive due to sparse and controversial reconstructions. By compiling a variety of alkenone-based sea surface temperature (SST) estimates, we find that the west-east SST gradient in the southern South China Sea (SCS) well documents the temporal dynamics of the winter “cold tongue” off the southern Vietnam and by inference, variations in the EAWM intensity over the past 26 ka. Our results reveal that the winter “cold tongue” SSTs were significantly colder during Heinrich event 1 and the Younger Dryas event, resulting in an increased west-east SST gradient in the southern SCS due to a strengthened EAWM. Within dating uncertainties, an intensified EAWM during cold stadials was coeval with the shutdown or a reduction in strength of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC), exhibiting a strong linkage between the AMOC and the EAWM system. The west-east SST gradient also indicates an enhanced EAWM during the early Holocene, which may be induced by postglacial ice-sheet dynamics and a strong seasonal contrast in solar insolation. Our findings suggest that the EAWM was probably modulated by a complex interplay between the AMOC, solar insolation and ice-sheet dynamics on sub-orbital time scales.     

Paleoenvironmental proxy records from Lake Hovsgol, Mongolia, and a synthesis of Holocene climate change in the Lake Baikal watershed

Here we discuss paleoenvironmental evolution in the Baikal region during the Holocene using new records of aquatic (diatom) and terrestrial vegetation changes from Hovsgol, Mongolia's largest and deepest lake. We reconcile previous contradictory Baikal timescales by constraining reservoir corrections of AMS dates on bulk sedimentary organic carbon. Synthesis of the Holocene records in the Baikal watershed reveals a northward progression in landscape/vegetation changes and an anti-phase behavior of diatom and biogenic silica proxies in neighboring rift lakes. In Lake Baikal, these proxies appear to be responsive to annual temperature increases after 6 ka, whereas in Lake Hovsgol they respond to higher precipitation/runoff from 11 to 7 ka. Unlike around Lake Baikal, warmer summers between 6 and 3.5 ka resulted in the decline, not expansion, of forest vegetation around Lake Hovsgol, apparently as a result of higher soil temperatures and lower moisture availability. The regional climatic proxy data are consistent with a series of 500-yr time slice Holocene GCM simulations for continental Eurasia. Our results allow reevaluation of the concepts of ‘the Holocene optimum’ and a ‘maximum of the Asian summer monsoon’, as applied to paleoclimate records from continental Asia.     

青藏高原东部和湄公河盆地晚第四纪风化剥蚀与东亚季风演化在南海中的记录

通过南海西南部湄公河口MD01—2393孔和MD97—2150孔的高分辨率粘土矿物和粒度分析,及铷、锶、钕同位素分析,揭示出青藏高原东部和湄公河盆地晚第四纪190ka以来的风化剥蚀和东亚季风演化历史。铷、锶、钕同位素研究证实这两个孔的陆源碎屑物质主要来源于湄公河流域的直接输入。蒙脱石／(伊利石 绿泥石)值和蒙脱石／高岭石值指示了化学风化历史,而陆源碎屑颗粒的粒径比值2．5～6．5μm／15～55μm则指示了湄公河沉积物的供给能力。相对高的比值发生在间冰期,表明强盛的夏季风降雨和减弱的冬季风环流;相对低的比值对应于冰期,表明强盛的冬季风和减弱的夏季风,揭示出东亚季风气候驱动的风化剥蚀演化历史。东亚季风演化的强弱与北半球夏季日射量基本呈线性关系,表明东亚季风演化的天文驱动机制。     

广东西樵剖面主量元素记录的全新世气候突变

以广东佛山市西樵山（22°56'15"N,112°57'16"E）全新统厚153 cm的河湖相及红土为研究对象,在11个AMS-¹⁴C测年数据和沉积物主量元素分析的基础上探讨全新世以来该剖面的化学风化特征及古环境意义,对具有明确指示化学风化意义的脱硅富铝铁化指标Al₂O₃/SiO₂和（Al₂O₃+TFeO）/SiO₂进行分析,结合孢粉指示的古生态,确定了气候旋回与化学风化旋回之间的关系,为南亚热带地区全新世环境演变提供了地球化学证据。研究结果表明,西樵山全新统共记录了13次弱风化-冬季风事件,其中发生于2000 cal.a B.P.（xc1）、2900 cal.a B.P.（xc3）、4100 cal.a B.P.（xc4）、5300 cal.a B.P.（xc5）、7800 cal.a B.P.（xc10）、9300 cal.a B.P.（xc11）、9500 cal.a B.P.（xc12）和9700 cal.a B.P.（xc13）的事件可对应北大西洋深海沉积Bond事件1~8,前6次事件与南海陆坡北部的17940孔10 ka B.P.以来的6个弱季风事件相应,且这13个冷事件几乎都可与太阳黑子活动最小值阶段相对应。这意味着西樵山剖面全新世突变事件除受北半球高纬冰量变化的影响外,可能还在相当程度上受到太阳活动的强迫。

     

Holocene climate changes in the mid-high-latitude-monsoon margin reflected by the pollen record from Hulun Lake, northeastern Inner Mongolia

Pollen-assemblage data from a sediment core from Hulun Lake in northeastern Inner Mongolia describe the changes in the vegetation and climate of the East Asian monsoon margin during the Holocene. Dry steppe dominated the lake basin from ca. 11,000 to 8000 cal yr BP, suggesting a warm and dry climate. Grasses and birch forests expanded 8000 to 6400 cal yr BP, implying a remarkable increase in the monsoon precipitation. From 6400 to 4400 cal yr BP, the climate became cooler and drier. Chenopodiaceae dominated the interval from 4400 to 3350 cal yr BP, marking extremely dry condition. Artemisia recovered 3350-2050 cal yr BP, denoting an amelioration of climatic conditions. Both temperature and precipitation decreased 2050 to 1000 cal yr BP as indicated by decreased Artemisia and the development of pine forests. During the last 1000 yr, human activities might have had a significant influence on the environment of the lake region. We suggest that the East Asian summer monsoon did not become intensified until 8000 cal yr BP due to the existence of remnant ice sheets in the Northern Hemisphere. Changes in the monsoon precipitation on millennial to centennial scales would be related to ocean-atmosphere interactions in the tropical Pacific.     

Sedimentary characteristics of terrigenous debris at site MD05-2905 in the northeastern part of the South China Sea since 36 ka and evolution of the East Asian monsoon

Sediments with high sedimentation rate at site MD05-2905 in the Northeastern slope of the South China Sea provide unique materials for a high-resolution study on the paleoenvironment. Based on precise dating of AMS ¹⁴C, grain size analysis of terrigenous debris at core MD05-2905 was conducted after organic matter, biological carbonate and biogenic opal were removed. The results show that 15.5–63.5 μm coarse grain size ingredients may indicate East Asian winter monsoon changes and that 2–9 μm fine grain size ingredients may be used as a proxy of evolution of the East Asian summer monsoon. The results of grain size analysis, which suggest East Asian monsoon intensity, reveal that a winter monsoon dominated the glacial regime and a summer monsoon dominated the Holocene regime. It was also shown that the summer monsoon increased gradually, experienced several abrupt changes and reached a culmination in the early Holocene (11200–8500 a B.P.) since 36 ka. Controlled by precession periodicity, it may be related with the amount of solar radiation at the highest stage, which needs further study. __________ Translated from Advances in Earth Science, 2007, 22(10): 1012–1018 [译自: 地球科学进展]