预压层叠式钻齿型孕镶金刚石钻头的研制

分析了高品质钻头的应用需求,指明了高品质钻头的研究方向。设计了一种层叠式结构钻齿,采用预冷压工艺进行压制后,再经过装模热压烧结的新型孕镶金刚石钻头。给出了此类钻头的原材料选择和制作工艺参数,分析了钻探试验结果。结果表明：预压层叠式钻齿型孕镶金刚石钻头,有利于改善钻进条件,提高钻进效率,有效地实现钻头制造过程中节能降耗,是一种广谱性应用前景的孕镶金刚石钻头新型式。     

孕镶金刚石钻头优化设计及其在甘青隧道应用

孕镶金刚石钻头是通过胎体超前磨损,促使金刚石出露形成微切削刃,在钻压和扭矩的作用下对岩石进行磨削碎岩,可广泛应用于硬地层和复杂地层钻进。然而,常规金刚石钻头存在坚硬地层钻速低、进尺慢、费用高等问题。本研究首先采取甘青隧道S2Z-45钻孔相邻孔不同深度的岩石样品,对其硬度、矿物组成及可钻性进行测试分析,确定了岩层大部分以闪长岩为主,岩石可钻性等级为8级;然后针对甘青隧道的地质特点对孕镶金刚石的胎体硬度和底唇面形状进行了优化设计,并进行了现场试验,通过分析钻头的实际使用情况研究了孕镶金刚石钻头性能的影响因素。试验结果表明：胎体硬度为HRC 15～20、金刚石粒度40～50目、金刚石体积分数为20%、底唇面为环槽尖齿型的孕镶金刚石钻头性能最佳,寿命达到321 m,钻速为1.17 m/h;在相同金刚石参数下,胎体硬度为HRC 10～15的滚齿型孕镶金刚石钻头在钻速方面具有优势,最大钻速能够达到1.44 m/h。环槽尖齿型底唇面和高胎体硬度有助于提高钻头寿命,滚齿型底唇面和低胎体硬度有利于提高钻进效率,但钻头寿命偏低。     

人造金刚石孕镶钻头唇面状态与钻井的关系

本文以金刚石在孕镶钻头中均匀分布为基础，从理论上推导出唇面径向不同位置的金刚石切深、受力。结果表明，在正常钻井情况下，金刚石切深约为其出刃的１／１０，且距钻头中心越近，金刚石工深、受力越大；并由此解释了实钻较微钻钻进能力更强以及随着钻压（Ｐ）、每转井尺（ｈ）的增大，碎岩效果，即单位钻压每转进尺（ｈ／ｐ）下降的现象。     

孕镶金刚石钻头工作温升的实验研究

在实验室钻进条件下,通过采用热电偶测定孕镶金刚石钻头胎休内距唇面2.0-0.25mm处工作温升,确定了胎体内沿高度方向温度分布;描述了钻头唇面温升特点;研究了钻压与转速对温升的不同影响;测出了烧钻时钻头胎体温升变化情况;最后还讨论了高温对钻头中金刚石造成的损害.     

仿生自补偿一体式高胎体孕镶金刚石取心钻头研究

针对孕镶金刚石钻头齿间相互独立,在坚硬地层中钻进极易产生打滑和单齿受力太大导致钻头损坏的难题,引入仿生爪趾结构原理和自补偿理念,研制了仿生自补偿一体式高胎体孕镶金刚石取心钻头。钻头的一体式切削齿设计,主要在单齿的齿单元间采用加强筋方式强化单齿强度,单齿与单齿间设置齿间加强筋加强,使得钻头相邻齿单元、相邻单齿间相互连接形成一个整体,在钻进过程中,钻头齿的工作唇面会产生多个超过岩石极限破坏强度但远低于钻头胎体强度的应力集中区域,不容易出现少数几个接近或超过钻头胎体强度的应力集中区域的情况。如此,钻头的整体性更好,受力均匀,切削岩石的效率更高,寿命更长,尤其对于坚硬地层,防打滑效果更好。经现场试验表明：仿生自补偿一体式高胎体孕镶金刚石取心钻头较常规钻头具有更高的碎岩效率和更长的使用寿命。     

孕镶金刚石钻头磨损机理研究

孕镶金刚石钻头通过钻头胎体的持续磨损实现金刚石的自锐和高效破岩。因此,研究金刚石钻头磨损的影响因素及其影响程度和影响机理,对孕镶金刚石钻头的设计和使用非常重要。本次研究探讨了岩石物理力学性质、钻头胎体性能和钻进工艺参数等因素对孕镶金刚石钻头磨损过程和磨损机理的影响。分析表明,对钻头磨损最为显著的影响因素是岩石中的硬质颗粒导致的磨粒磨损,其次是钻头胎体与岩粉之间的粘着磨损,以及冲洗液中岩粉颗粒导致的冲蚀磨损。在此基础上,以不同硬度的钻头胎体摩擦磨损试验结果为例,探讨了钻头胎体性能及其内部硬质点对钻头磨损的影响机理。该研究成果可为科学设计与合理使用孕镶金刚石钻头提供依据。     

孕镶金刚石钻头的局部体积破碎研究

针对孕镶金刚石钻头在坚硬岩石中的低钻速、高能耗问题,提出以体积破碎的碎岩方式来提高钻进效率的方法。为了进一步探究孕镶金刚石钻头的体积破碎形式,首先设计了单颗金刚石压入岩石全过程的室内实验。通过分析试验数据发现,金刚石压入岩石发生首次局部体积破碎即为金刚石钻头的体积破碎类型。然后,建立了金刚石压入岩石发生首次体积破碎时钻头的钻压和钻速计算模型,并通过对比理论值和实际值,进一步验证了单颗金刚石压入岩石试验结果以及计算模型的正确性。最后,通过分析计算结果,提出了在小粒径金刚石钻头中添加大颗粒金刚石来实现部分体积破碎的方法,并推导出钻头中应添加大颗粒金刚石的制品浓度,确定了大小粒径金刚石的添加量,并对大颗粒金刚石在钻头中的分布情况以及碎岩方式进行了探讨,可为实际中钻头参数设计提供参考依据。      

基于微钻试验金刚石钻头钻进速度的研究

利用结构相同、胎体配方与金刚石参数不同的孕镶金刚石钻头对花岗岩进行微钻试验获得的数据,并对数据进行了分析;基于孕镶金刚石钻头破碎岩石机理,根据单粒金刚石与岩石相互作用的力学模型,结合钻头结构、岩石性质和回转速度,推导出钻头钻速的理论模型,经验证,钻速理论计算值与实测值具有较好的吻合度;分析得出增加钻头唇面与岩石之间的摩擦系数,利于提高在坚硬岩石钻进中的钻进效率。     

金刚石岩心钻探压力的探讨

从孕镶钻头金刚石出刃与分布、岩石抗压强度和压入硬度及碎岩机理等方面对孕镶金刚石钻头给进压力的确定方法进行了分析探讨，提出综合碎岩机理，确定钻进行压力的计算方法和公式。     

孕镶金刚石钻头钻进控制新方法的研究

在分析了目前常用钻进控制方法的基础上提出了钻进中应采用控每转进尺的钻进控制方式，并对部分孕镶金刚石大钻头和做钻头进行了室内钻进试验，由每转进尺ｈ和单位钻压每转进尺ｈ／ｐ得出不同岩石中不同钻头的合理每转进尺范围，且由ｈ／ｐ值对不同岩石进行的最佳钻头的选择。     

电镀热压人造金刚石孕镶块嵌齿薄壁钻头的研制

采用低温电镀工艺（室温）产生热压刚石孕镶块钻头,或者说把金刚石孕镶块镶嵌在钻头钢体上,然后在其表面镀覆一层金刚石复合镀层使其与钢体相结合从而使其避免银焊对金刚石的二次热损伤,使这种钻头具有胎体性能可调性好和内外保径强的优点。经探索性试验,取得了较好的效果,受到了用户好评。     

高胎体金刚石钻头设计制造中的几个关键技术

为满足深部钻探需求,市场上出现了多种高胎体金刚石钻头。在野外钻进中,与普通金刚石钻头相比,高胎体金刚石钻头的使用寿命虽有提高,但并没有取得预期的理想效果。通过分析国内外几种高胎体金刚石钻头的优缺点,找出了影响高胎体钻头寿命的关键技术,并对这几点关键技术作了进一步的分析与研究。     

沅江辰溪地区河流碎屑石榴子石地球化学特征及其对湖南原生金刚石找矿的启示

湖南沅江是我国砂矿金刚石的重要产地,石榴子石和金刚石是砂矿中常见的重矿物,与金刚石相关的石榴子石特征研究,对揭示湖南砂矿金刚石的来源与形成条件有重要意义。本文随机选取湖南沅江辰溪地区金刚石砂矿中160粒碎屑石榴子石和5粒金刚石包裹体中的石榴子石,采用矿物学、地球化学并借鉴统计学方法对它们进行了分析比较。结果显示,碎屑石榴子石主要为铁铝-锰铝榴石系列,其中个别石榴子石含有金刚石包裹体。聚类分析、线性判别、逻辑回归分析计算显示,部分G3榴辉岩型石榴子石与金刚石可能具有成生联系。同时,两个采集地点的石榴子石类型、主微量元素具有一定的差异,其中一个地点的石榴子石样品DJZ-7-1具有与金刚石更强的亲缘性。基于本文碎屑石榴子石Si值大于3.02以及前人对湖南金刚石限定的温压条件进行分析,认为湖南金刚石可能形成于深度小于220 km的橄榄岩-榴辉岩混杂区,该区域系钾镁煌斑岩型金刚石来源的优势区域。据此,建议可在辰溪赤岩村河段上游区域进一步寻找幔源G3型石榴子石以及钾镁煌斑岩,以期发现原生金刚石矿床。     

新型钻石仿制品——合成碳化硅

合成SiC是新型钻石仿制品,其硬度、折光率、色散值、热导系数均与钻石极其相近,用常规钻石检测方法难以鉴定;但合成SiC为非均质体,具较高双折射率,内含物及颜色也具特殊性,且其可见光吸收光谱、红外线吸收光谱、X射线荧光能谱均与钻石不同,依据这些特征可准确鉴定.     

天然金刚石结构中氢的赋存状态

利用振动光谱（IR、RAMAM）研究金刚石结构中的含氢物相，发现金刚石结构中存在晶格氢和间隙氢两种。其中HF的存在为首次提出。同时不同的含氢物相在金刚石结构中的赋存状态不尽相同。     

Geodynamic controls on diamond deposits: Implications for Australian occurrences

Conventional diamond exploration guidelines predict that economic diamond occurrences will be restricted to Archaean cratons, where the lithosphere is thick and cool, and diamond is the stable form of carbon in the lower portions of the lithosphere. However, Australia's current economic diamond deposits are not well predicted by these conventional exploration guidelines. Tomographic images show that Australia's economic diamond deposits lie at step changes in lithospheric thickness within dominantly cratonized Proterozoic provinces with thick (≥ 200 km) lithosphere. The thickest portions of the seismic lithosphere in Australia occur not under the major Archaean cratons, rather the central Proterozoic regions of the continent. We use a numerical code to show that such features are stable, and that the longevity of the diamond stability field is dependent on distance to the continent–ocean boundary, local depth of the chemical boundary layer (CBL), and proximity to changes in CBL depth. We also show that abrupt changes in lithospheric thickness focus lithospheric stress gradients, affecting melt migration paths, and that continental melt production is enhanced in regions adjacent to major cratons. Diamond pipes occur where conditions conducive to diamond stability and deep-seated alkaline volcanism (kimberlite or lamproite) occur simultaneously, and the common confluence of these factors at abrupt changes in lithospheric thickness marks them as potential exploration targets.     

Effect of oil and gas deposits on dynamic characteristics of reflected waves

ABSTRACT

The preservation of metastable diamond in ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic (UHPM) complexes challenges our understanding of the processes taking place during exhumation of these subduction zone complexes. The presence of diamonds in UHPM rocks implies that diamonds remained metastable during exhumation, and within thermodynamic stability of graphite for an extended period. This work studies the influence of pressure on the surface graphitization rate of diamond monocrystals in carbonate systems to understand the preservation of microdiamond during exhumation of UHP subduction complexes. Experiments were performed with 2–3 mm synthetic diamond monocrystals at 2–4 GPa in СаСО₃ (1550°С) and К₂СО₃ (1450°С) melts using a high-pressure multi-anvil apparatus. The highest rate of surface graphitization took place at 2 GPa; diamond crystals were almost completely enveloped by a graphite coating. At 4 GPa, only octahedron-shaped pits formed on flat {111} diamond crystal faces. Our results demonstrate that the surface graphitization rate of diamonds in the presence of carbonate melts at 1450–1550°C increases with decreasing pressure. Decreased pressure alone can graphitize diamond regardless of exhumation rate. Metastable diamond inclusions survive exhumation with little or no graphitization because of excess pressure up to 2 GPa acting on them, and because inclusions are protected from interaction with C-O-H fluid.     

山东省平邑县大井头钾镁煌斑岩地质特征及金刚石含矿性

平邑县大井头岩体发现以来,其岩性界定和金刚石含矿性始终悬而未解。近期针对其深部施工2个钻孔,在钻孔人工重砂样中选获原生金刚石3颗。结合岩矿鉴定、岩石地球化学和重砂矿物特征,认为大井头岩体为含金刚石的钾镁煌斑岩管,岩体下游的金刚石及其重砂矿物异常应由该岩体引起。结合周边存在的金刚石指示矿物异常和多处尚未查明的疑似岩体,认为该地区具有广阔的金刚石原生矿找矿前景。     

Electron-microscope study of micromorphology of picroilmenite from the kimberlite pipes of Yakutia

The many varied shapes in microsculpture of the mineral (fig. 1-8) are very much like those in pyrope, olivine, other associates of diamond, and in sheared surfaces of diamond itself. The electron-microscopic evidence suggests abrupt and radical changes in conditions of crystallization of all of them, including the picroilmenitic aggregate, which led to cataclasm, partial solution, etching recrystallization, etc. -- V .P . Sokoloff.     

Mineral inclusions in fibrous diamonds: constraints on cratonic mantle refertilization and diamond formation

We analyzed mineral microinclusions in fibrous diamonds from the Wawa metaconglomerate (Superior craton) and Diavik kimberlites (Slave craton) and compared them with published compositions of large mineral inclusions in non-fibrous diamonds from these localities. The comparison, together with similar datasets available for Ekati and Koffiefontein kimberlites, suggest a general pattern of metasomatic alteration imposed on the ambient mantle by formation of fibrous diamond. Calcium and Fe enrichment of peridotitic garnet and pyroxenes and Fe enrichment of olivine associated with fibrous diamond-forming fluids contributes to refertilization of the cratonic mantle. Saline—carbonatitic—silicic fluid trapped by fibrous diamonds may represent one of the elusive agents of mantle refertilization. Calcium enrichment of peridotitic garnet and pyroxenes is expected in local mantle segments during fibrous diamond production, as Ca in the carbonatitic fluids is deposited into the surrounding mantle when oxidized carbon is reduced to diamond. Harzburgitic garnet evolves towards Ca-rich compositions even when it interacts with Ca-poor saline fluids. An unusual trend of Mg enrichment to Fo_95–98 is observed in some olivine inclusions in Wawa fibrous diamonds. The trend may result from the carbonatitic composition of the fluid that promotes crystallization of magnesian olivine and preferentially oxidizes the fayalite component. We propose a generic model of fibrous and non-fibrous diamond formation from carbonatitic fluids that explains enrichment of the mantle in mafic magmaphile and incompatible elements and accounts for locally metasomatized compositions of diamond inclusions.