风沙流中风速廓线的数值模拟与实验验证

如何描述风沙流中被风沙运动改变了的风速廓线是风沙相互作用研究中的关键问题之一.该文中将跃移风沙流视为一种颗粒拟流体,将跃移颗粒对气流产生的阻力用颗粒流的阻力系数来表达,建立了描写两场相互作用的数学模型.颗粒流的阻力系数采用了前人在液态流化床研究中得出的阻力系数表达形式,通过引入一个修正系数,使其适用于风沙流(气-固两相流).将风沙边界层划分为跃移颗粒所产生的阻力不可忽略的内边界层和跃移颗粒阻力可以忽略但受内边界层影响的外边界层,分别建立了内边界层和外边界层的风速廓线表达式.应用所建立的数学模型,根据由风洞实验测定的跃移风沙流的浓度分布和速度分布资料,计算了跃移风沙流中的风速廓线,并与风洞实测结果进行了对比.结果表明,计算风速廓线与实测风速廓线吻合得比较好,在半对数图上均为上凸的曲线,有别于无风沙运动时的直线.跃移边界层外风速分布可较好地用对数函数来描述.对风沙流中风速廓线的进一步分析证实了风沙物理学奠基人Bagnold在其早期观测风沙流中的风速廓线时提出的"结点现象"(Bagnold结),该结点的高度随风速的增大而升高,随颗粒粒径的增大而降低.根据数值模拟和模拟实验,可以认为有风沙运动的动床剪切风速是综合反映风场与跃移层以及地表之间相互作用的物理量.     

Electrostatic Force in Blowing Snow

Separation of electrostatic charge during the transport of particles by wind adds a force to the gravitational and fluid forces that determine trajectories of particles moving by saltation. Evaluating this electrostatic force requires the electric field strength very near the saltation surface, and charge-to-mass ratios for the moving particles. Field mill readings 4 cm above the surface in a moderate blizzard showed electric field strength as high as +30 kV m^-1. Another experiment gave charge-to-mass ratios of individual saltation particles in low-level drifting that ranged between +72 C kg^-1 and -208 C kg^-1. From these measurements, we estimated electrostatic forces as large as the gravitational force on some saltating particles. Including forces of this magnitude in the equations of motion significantly alters predicted saltation trajectories from those for uncharged particles. Predictions appear reasonable that for some saltating particles, the electrostatic force prevents new surface impacts. These results should help improve models of energy transfer in the planetary boundary layer during blizzards and sandstorms.     

天山及周边地区空中水资源的稳定性及可开发性研究

利用天山及周边地区大气含水量序列的方差值和降水转化率,分析了天山地区空中水资源的稳定性和可开发性,结果表明：天山山区大气含水量的稳定性与大气含水量多少有密切关系,大气含水量低的地区,水资源稳定,而大气含水量高的地区,水资源不稳定。夏季是四季中方差最大的季节,稳定性较差;冬季是大气含水量方差最低的季节,特别是山区大气含水量稳定,秋季略高于春季。天山东部和西部地区的大气含水量方差明显要小,而中部地区较大,这主要是由控制风带的强弱及水汽输送决定的。大气含水量的稳定性和海拔成反相关关系,这主要与水汽凝结的高度有关。地形高度变化和降水转化率密切相关,随海拔高度上升,降水转化率增大,降水转化率在2000m左右形成一个高值,天山山区年降水转化率最大,伊犁河谷冬季降水转化率最大。     

沙尘暴过程中气象要素响应及输沙分析

通过野外监测系统获取的试验数据,对拐子湖地区2011年4月份一次强沙尘暴过程中贴地层微气象要素和输沙进行分析,得出如下结论：大气高温干燥,地表高温低湿、气压下降,风速增大是沙尘暴来临的前兆;沙尘暴过程中风向和风速相对稳定,气压、水汽压和相对湿度都会明显下降;地温下降速度较慢,土壤湿度略有上升;输沙量主要集中于距地表50cm以内高度层,在0-20cm高度层里输沙量呈增大趋势,20cm以上随着高度升高含沙量逐渐下降;跃移沙粒输沙量的空间分布与风向频率既有相似性,又有差异性;蠕移输沙量的方向分布比较复杂,同风向分布有显著的差异。这些结果对沙尘暴预报和沙源区的防风治沙有指导意义。     

Momentum and scalar transfer coefficients over aerodynamically smooth antarctic surfaces

Vertical profiles of wind speed, temperature and humidity were used to estimate the roughness lengths for momentum (z ₀), heat (z _H ) and moisture (z _Q) over smooth ice and snow surfaces. The profile-measurements were performed in the vicinity of a blue ice field in Queen Maud Land, East Antarctica. The values ofz ₀ over ice (3·10^–6 m) seem to be the smallest ever obtained over permanent, natural surfaces. The settling of snow on the ice and the loss of momentum at saltating snow particles serve as momentum dissipating processes during snow-drift events, expressed as a strong dependence ofz ₀ on u_#.The scalar roughness lengths and surface temperature can be evaluated from the temperature and humidity profile measurements if the ratioz _H /z _Q is specified. This new method circumvents the difficult measurement of surface temperature. The scalar roughness lengths seem to be approximately equal toz0 for a large range of low roughness Reynolds numbers, despite the frequent occurrence of drifting snow. Possible reasons for this agreement with theory of non-saltating flow are discussed.     

风沙起动形式与起动假说

风沙颗粒起动是风沙物理学与沙尘释放研究的重要内容,但是,这一领域的研究很不成熟。本文根据国内外目前的主要研究成果,讨论了风沙起动的形式,将风沙起动理论归纳为风压起动说、升力起动说、冲击起动说、压差起动说、振动起动说、斜面飞升说、猝发起动说、湍流起动说、负压起动说和涡旋起动说等10种假说。进一步将风沙起动假说归纳为以接触力为主的起动学说和以非接触力(气力)为主的起动说两大类。最后认为,风沙起动的影响因素是复杂的,各种学说都有其合理的成分,反映了真理的某个侧面,但试图仅仅靠某一种学说或某一种力来解释风沙的起动是不够完善的。风沙起动过程同时受多种力的作用,只是这些力所起的作用各异,在分析时要分清主次。再者,同一种力在不同性质(如不同密度、粒径和形状等)沙粒的起动过程中所起的作用也可能是不同的,在研究中还需要具体问题具体分析。风沙起动机制尚需全面、深入和科学的研究。     

Crop residue effects on aerodynamic processes and wind erosion

Summary This study focuses on both the mechanisms and degree of wind erosion control that various residue levels provide. First, scale parameters of Weibull wind-speed distributions at meteorological stations were modified to predict friction velocity distributions at eroding field sites. Simplified erosion prediction equations then were used to evaluate wind erosion on highly erodible, loose, sandy soils. Parameters for the erosion prediction equations were developed from wind tunnel data on soil loss and threshold friction velocities at various residue levels. Erosion-control mechanisms of flat residue include restricting soil emission from the surface and increasing threshold wind speeds. A minimum of 30 to 60 percent flat cover is needed to provide adequate control on highly erodible sands. The control level by flat residue can be increased by using short fields. Erosion-control mechanisms of standing residue include reducing the soil-surface friction velocity and intercepting saltating soil. Standing residue is more effective than flat residue, and 5 percent vertical silhouette area of standing residue per unit horizontal area provides adequate erosion-control in low and moderate wind regimes.Contribution from USDA, ARS in cooperation with Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station, Contribution Number 95-41-J.With 6 Figures     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地一次风蚀起沙观测试验

风蚀起沙对生态环境、人类健康及社会经济等具有很大的负面效应。利用美国Sensit公司生产的H11-LIN型风蚀传感器及贴地层风速梯度探测仪,对塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地塔中地区一次风蚀起沙过程进行了监测。结果表明：（1）风蚀起沙与微气象是一个互相影响互相制约的变化过程;（2）在此次观测试验过程中,我们观测到的最小起沙风速为6.0 m/s左右,同时发现起沙风速是一个变化的值,随着时间的延续呈现逐步增大的趋势,最小的起沙风速出现在风蚀开始发生的时候;（3）近地表风速廓线受沙粒运动影响明显,随着起沙量的增加,风速随高度变化的幅度增大,此时的风速廓线已不再遵循对数分布规律;（4）利用风蚀传感器测得塔中地区沙粒的临界起动摩擦速度为0.25 m/s,该值与经验公式估算的0.24 m/s非常接近,表明风蚀传感器在塔中地区具有较好的适用性;夏季塔中地区地表土壤湿度对风蚀起沙的阻碍作用可以忽略不计。 ?     

应用ATOVS资料反演大气温湿廓线

本文用牛顿迭代的方法反演NOAA-15极轨气象卫星ATOVS资料，求解大气温度廓线和水汽廓线，本文利用一阶变分原理从辐射传输方程中得到了大气温度、水汽权重函数的解析形式，并改进了传统使用的线性迭代方法，利用牛顿非线性迭代方法求解大气表层温度，大气温度廓线及大气水汽廓线，并根据大气参量的自相关性，将大气温度廓线、大气水汽廓线用经验正交函数（EOF）的线性组合表示，减少了要反演的参数，提高了反演稳定性和迭代速度。     

有云时大气红外遥感及其反演问题 I. 理论研究

我们已经研究了晴空情况下的大气红外遥感及其反演问题。本文对有云情况下的大气红外遥感及其反演问题进行了研究，首先指出国际上通用的处理有云反演的晴空订正法存在误差放大问题，然后提出了3×3相邻视场同步反演法，在该方法中，假定3×3相邻视场具有共同的大气温度廓线和大气水汽廓线，从而使求解方程数增加到9倍，而反演参数只增加有限的几个，大大提高了有云情况下反演的稳定性。     

A Roughness Sublayer Wind Profile Above A Non-Uniform Surface

In atmospheric models for different scales the underlying surface consists of patches of bare soil and plant communities with different morphological parameters. Experimental evidence indicates that there is a significant departure of the wind profile above a vegetative surface from that predicted by the logarithmic relationship, which gives values that are greater than those observed. This situation can seriously disturb the physical picture concerning the transfers of momentum, heat and water vapour from the surface into the atmosphere.The intention of this paper is to generalise the calculation of exchange of momentum between the atmosphere and a non-homogenous vegetative surface, and to derive a general equation for the wind speed profile in a roughness sublayer under neutral conditions. Furthermore, these results are extended to non-neutral cases. The suggested expression for the wind profile is compared with some earlier approaches and the observations obtained above a broad range of plant communities.     

一个陆面过程参数化模式与 MM5的耦合

在法国陆面过程模式的基础上,为了表示冠层叶片遮挡对水分蒸发阻抗的影响,在植被覆盖部分引入了遮盖因子,然后将这个修正的陆面过程参数化模式耦合到MM5模式中。耦合后的模式模拟出了因为降水造成土壤湿度变化和植被覆盖动态作用对地面通量的影响,而原MM5模式模拟结果则没有反映上述动态变化对地面通量的作用。原MM5模式和耦合模式模拟了1993年8月17日到20日以内蒙古半干旱草原为中心的中尺度区域的气象场,模拟结果和IMGRASS预观测资料进行了对比,对比说明新的陆面过程模式提高了MM5模式对地面通量和边界层各物理量（风、温、湿）的模拟精度。     

山丘地形的陆面过程及边界层特征的模拟

将模式NP-89的陆面过程参数化方法应用到北京大学的三维复杂地形中尺度数值模式中, 得到了一个较理想的三维陆面过程及边界层模式, 利用这个改进的三维模式对20 km×20 km范围的山丘地形的陆面过程及边界层特征进行了数值模拟。模拟结果表明, 由于地形阻挡所造成山后的湍流较山前强, 进而造成近地面温度梯度和感热支出小, 最终造成山后的温度比山前的温度明显偏高; 而且随着山高的增加, 这种现象更加明显, 即该模式对山丘地形条件下的陆面过程和大气边界层特征具有较强的模拟能力; 模拟结果合理, 对研究过山气流形成机制、起伏地形大气边界层物理特征和污染物的扩散具有理论和应用价值。     

风廓线与测风塔资料在地面风场预报中的应用研究

运用四维同化方法将风廓线雷达和测风塔资料应用到WRF模式中,通过对比资料同化前后模式对地面风场的预报效果可知,加入风廓线雷达和测风塔资料后模式对风速的预报效果有明显提高,对风向的预报也有一定程度的改善;资料同化结束后,模式预报在49h内对地面风场预报效果仍有明显改善,但随着模式预报时间的增加,在模式积分49h以后,同化资料前后模式对地面风场的预报效果无明显变化。另外,通过对资料同化前后模式对风速预报误差的分析可知,在对模式风场预报的改进中风廓线雷达资料的贡献大于测风塔资料的贡献。     

The influence of sea waves on the wind profile

From wind profile and wave measurements performed during the JONSWAP II experiment, relations between the dimensionless profile slope and the significant wave height are derived. It is shown that the wind profile is distorted by the waves especially in the vicinity of the water surface. The wave influence on the profile seems to be restricted to heights below about three wave heights. Above this level, the dimensionless profile slope is an approximately constant value corresponding to a drag coefficient of about 1.15 × 10^–3.     

Direct Measurement Of Shear Stress During Snow Saltation

Wind-tunnel experiments were carried out to measure the shear stressduring snow saltation. Shear stress acting on the snow surface, measured directly with a newly developed drag meter system, revealedthat the shear stress increased with the development ofsaltation. This result supports Owen's hypothesis that the saltationlayer acts as an increased roughness to the flow above the saltationlayer, leading to an increase in surface shear stress. To investigate the contribution of the grain borne shear stress_g and the fluid shear stress _f to the increment of the total shear stress _total, _g was calculated from the loss of horizontal momentum of saltating snowparticles. Since _g is the largest contribution to theincrement of _total, the collision of thesaltating particles is dominant for the shear stressmodification. The results qualitatively support the numericalsimulation reported by McEwan and Willetts.     

An Inverse Method for Determining Source Characteristics for Emergency Response Applications

Turbulence above and within canopies has characteristics distinct from that over rough surfaces. The vertical transport of momentum and scalars is dominated by coherent structures whose origin is now thought to be the result of the unstable inflexion in the profile of the mean wind speed established by the application of canopy drag. This distinctive property leads to the failure of the standard Monin–Obukhov flux–profile relationships over homogeneous canopies, relationships that are assumed in many surface exchange schemes within numerical weather prediction and general circulation models. A modification of the flux–profile relationships is presented that incorporates the effects of the canopy turbulence. The subsequent impacts on the evolution of the surface energy balance and boundary-layer state are investigated within a simple numerical model for the evolution of the boundary layer and canopy state. By comparing cases with and without the modification it is shown that canopy-generated turbulence can lead, not only to the alteration of the flux–profile relationships above the canopy, but also to a different evolution of the surface energy balance and differences in near-surface conditions that would be significant in numerical weather prediction. More fundamentally, the modifications to the flux–profile relationships imply that parameters such as the roughness length and displacement height for canopies should not be considered as invariant properties, but rather as properties that depend on the flow and hence vary systematically with the diabatic stability of the boundary layer.     

临近绿洲的沙漠上空近地面层内水汽输送特征

1991年7月在HEIFE实验区沙漠站进行了一次水汽输送观测实验。观测发现近地面层内比湿廓线常常出现极小值，该极小值高度为零水汽通量面的高度。这个高度以上水汽向下输送，廓线呈逆湿特征，这个高度以下水汽向上输送，廓线呈蒸发特征。沙漠上空近地面层内水汽不是常通量，在一个固定高度上观测到的水汽通量和“潜热通量”不能代表地面的蒸发量和潜热通量。     

Determining surface roughness and displacement height

Vertical flux densities of momentum and sensible heat, obtained from simultaneous wind speed and air temperature profiles in the surface layer, depend on the displacement height of the profile system and the surface roughness. A criterion for selecting the displacement height and the surface roughness is introduced, which requires a minimum value for the error squares between the observed and a calculated wind speed profile as determined by diabatic surface layer theory. Values of displacement height and surface roughness, which provide a minimum error squares fit within a desired tolerance, are selected by the rule of false position. The method is programmed for digital computer solution and applied to a total number of 628 profiles obtained during a 7-day period at a micrometeorological test site near Davis, California, using five measurement levels to 160 cm height.     

Wind profile development above a locally adjusted sea surface

Results are presented from a numerical experiment of wind and shear stress profile development away from a shore line; the water surface is assumed to obey the Charnock-Ellison relation between surface roughness and friction velocity. In typical cases the upwind, land surface is rough relative to the sea and the velocity and shear stress results are qualitatively similar to those for flows from relatively rough to relatively smooth solid surfaces. In the present case, however, the downwind surface roughness and friction velocity vary with position and we find that wind profile development may play a significant role in the relationship between sea surface roughness and fetch.