Stratosphere-troposphere exchange and its specific features at extratropical latitudes

A review of the papers dealing with various aspects of stratosphere-troposphere exchange (STE) is presented. The development of STE concepts is described and quantitative estimates of STE obtained by different authors are given. Typical time scales and geographic features of STE are described. Special attention is given to the specific features of STE at extratropical latitudes where active vertical air transport is observed in both directions. The air ascent through the tropopause occurs there in the zones of warm conveyor belts, and the air descent takes place in the zones of stratospheric intrusions. Exchange processes in the key region including the upper troposphere and the lowermost stratosphere are described. The mechanisms of large-scale stratospheric intrusions in the systems of tropopause folds or cut-off lows are presented as well as the mechanisms of the mixing of the stratospheric air with the tropospheric one. Specific features of deep stratospheric intrusions are discussed which are based on the analysis of such indicators of stratospheric air as high concentrations of ozone and stratospheric radionuclide 7Be. Some aspects of stratosphere-troposphere energy exchange are considered.     

2014年11月上旬西北太平洋一次极端强度爆发气旋的数值模拟和分片位涡反演分析

基于NCEP 6 h一次,0.5°（纬度）×0.5°（经度）水平分辨率的GFS（Global Forecasting System）再分析数据,利用数值模式WRF（Weather Research and Forecasting）,对2014年11月上旬西北太平洋一次极端强度的爆发气旋事件进行了模拟。在成功复制爆发气旋主要特征的基础上,较详细的分析了本次爆发气旋快速发展的有利环境条件,并利用分片位涡反演的方法,对此次爆发气旋的快速发展过程进行了研究,主要结论如下:（1）本次爆发气旋的爆发性发展阶段维持了约27 h,其最大加深率约为3.98 Bergeron（气旋加深率单位）,最低中心气压约为919.2 hPa。（2）爆发气旋的快速发展与对流层高层高空急流对热量的输送,对流层中层西风带短波槽槽前暖平流和正涡度平流的有利准地转强迫,以及对流层低层暖锋伴随的暖平流过程密切相关。（3）分片位涡反演的结果表明,对流层顶皱褶对应的平流层大值位涡下传和降水凝结潜热过程造成的正位涡异常是本次爆发气旋快速发展的主导因子,而对流层低层的斜压过程贡献相对较小。在气旋爆发期的前期和强盛期,降水凝结潜热释放是爆发气旋发展的最重要因子,而在爆发期后期,随着降水的减弱和爆发气旋的东北向移动,对流层顶皱褶作用所造成的正位涡异常成为维持气旋快速发展的最有利因子。     

东北冷涡的结构及其演变特征的个例综合分析

利用NCEP再分析资料、FY-2C、CloudSat云探测卫星和实况观测等资料对2009年6月27—30日出现的东北冷涡的热力动力结构、三维流场和云系演变特征进行了分析,并初步探讨了冷涡的发生、发展机理。结果表明:该冷涡冷心结构最初始于高层,随后逐渐向下伸展。成熟阶段的冷涡,对流层整层为冷心结构,冷中心位于对流层中高层,其上即平流层低层为暖心结构,中心东西两侧上升气流随高度向外倾斜,经向风趋于对称。发展初期温度槽落后于高度槽,且轴线向西倾斜,斜压性特征明显;至成熟阶段,温度中心与高度中心趋于重合,轴线近于竖直,显示出正压的特征;到减弱阶段,由于低层偏北风减弱明显,轴线又略向西倾斜。冷涡云带的产生与低层辐合带密切相关。CloudSat云探测卫星资料分析结果表明,冷涡环流内多中小尺度对流云团发展,且分布极不均匀。此次个例的研究结果揭示出冷涡的形成和发展跟对流层中上层切断低压的生成发展与对应的地面低压逐步耦合的动力学过程紧密相关,其中,冷暖气流呈旋转式下沉和上升,在冷涡中心形成偶极;对流层高层的干冷空气总是沿着等熵面从高层穿越等压面向下侵入到冷涡中心附近,干侵入使冷涡加强发展并维持其冷心结构。干侵入机制实际就是高位涡的侵入和下传,对预报冷涡的发展演变具有重要指示意义。     

INVERSION OF TEMPERATURE FROM AMSU-A AND ITS APPLICATION ON WARM-CORE OF TROPICAL DEPRESSION OVER THE SOUTH CHINA SEA

The linear regression and horizontally stepwise correction are conducted on the observational data from AMSU-A L1 B of NOAA polar orbit satellite to invert a 40-layers(from 1,000 h Pa to 0.1 h Pa) dataset of atmospheric temperature with a horizontal resolution of 0.5°×0.5° after the correction of satellite antenna pattern and limb adjustment. Case study shows that the inversion data of temperature can reveal the detail structure of warm core in tropical cyclone. We choose two categories of tropical depressions(TDs) over the South China Sea, including the non-developing TDs and developing TDs. Both of them are developed downward from the middle and upper level to the lower level. Comparison between the evolutions of warm core in the two categories of TDs indicates that the warm core is developed downward from the middle and upper troposphere to the sea surface in all the downward-developing TDs. The difference is that in the group of further developing TDs, the warm core in the upper troposphere is intensified suddenly when it is extending to the sea surface. The warm core in the upper and lower troposphere is strengthened in a meantime. But the similar feature is not observed in the non-developing TDs. Then it may be helpful to judge the TD development by monitoring the change in its warm-core structure.     

Potential vorticity diagnosis of tropical cyclone Usagi (2001) genesis induced by a mid-level vortex over the South China Sea

In this study, we first show that tropical cyclone (TC) Usagi evolved from a mid-level vortex over the South China Sea (SCS) in August 2001. The initial disturbance of TC Usagi had a maximum potential vorticity (PV) near 500 hPa, and an anticyclonic circulation with a cold core near the surface. The cyclonic circulation and its warm core of the mid-level vortex developed gradually downward toward the surface when environmental easterly and dry air intruded from the upper troposphere; finally, the mid-level vortex evolved into TC Usagi under favorable environment conditions such as weak vertical wind shear, deep moist layer, etc. To investigate the dynamic and thermodynamic processes during TC Usagi genesis, the technique of piecewise PV inversion is employed. The results show that the actions of upper-layer PV and potential temperature anomalies were not important in TC Usagi genesis. Surface-layer thermal anomalies mainly produced negative disturbances of temperature at the vortex center below 800 hPa, which was unfavorable to the genesis of a cyclonic circulation near the surface. Middle-to-lower-layer latent heat played a key role in TC Usagi genesis and downward development of dynamic and thermodynamic processes. The actions of dry air intrusion from the upper troposphere, environmental westerly changing into easterly in the middle and lower troposphere, and baroclinic structure of the vortex were also important. The cyclonic circulation of the mid-level vortex could develop downward quickly from the middle troposphere toward the surface. However, whether the warm core of the vortex developed near the surface depended on the combined actions of surface-layer thermal anomaly and middle-to-lower-layer latent heat. Finally, we present a conceptual model of TC Usagi genesis induced by a mid-level vortex over the SCS.     

2004年云南秋季强降水位涡诊断分析

利用NCEP格点资料和常规观测资料对2004年云南秋季强降水进行位涡诊断分析，结果表明，干湿位涡均能较好地反映天气系统的演变特征，干位涡能很好地反映滇黔辐合强弱和地面冷空气的移动路径。湿位涡则能反映暖湿气流活动特征。强降水发生期间，中高层强干湿位涡向低层传送，低层负湿位涡向上伸展。对流层中高层的干湿位涡强中心向低层传送方向和强度变化与强降水雨带移动方向及雨强变化一致。此次强降水对流层中层的强干位涡源位于川东，表明该过程与9月2—6日川东大暴雨有关。     

“98.7”武汉及其附近地区特大暴雨中若干观测事实的分析

利用高空和地面加密观测资料、常规观测报告及每小时GMS IR卫星云图, 分析了1998年7月20~23日出现在长江中下游各省的暴雨过程, 重点揭示发生在武汉及其附近地区特大暴雨的若干观测事实。研究指出, 造成该地区特大暴雨的直接影响系统是对流层中低层的中α尺度辐合中心, 该系统具有冷心结构特征, 它的上空对流层上部为暖心, 出现强烈的增温。高层扰动、地面流场的中小尺度扰动与暴雨增幅紧密关联。     

位涡分析在新疆暴雨预报中的应用

根据位涡理论,选取2004年7月18~20日的一次由中亚低涡造成的盛夏暴雨过程做个例分析,对位涡与新疆地区降水和暴雨的关系进行了初步研究。结果表明:对流层高层干位涡能较好地反映冷暖空气的活动及天气系统的演变特征,位涡场比温度场、高度场能更清楚地示踪冷空气,这为研究冷空气的活动,特别是冷空气在触发暴雨中的作用提供了新的思路;对流层低层湿位涡与降水的强弱有良好的对应关系,当eθ线陡立时,易导致倾斜涡度发展,出现降水;当湿位涡MPV<0时,在eθ线陡峭密集区内易出现暴雨。     

“7.20”华北特大暴雨过程中低涡发展演变机制研究

利用中国地面加密自动站观测资料、北京地区雷达探测资料、NCEP （1°×1°） FNL资料、ECMWF ERA Interim （0.125°×0.125°）逐日再分析资料等,对造成2016年7月19-20日华北极端暴雨中的低涡系统发展演变的结构特征和加强机制进行了研究。华北地区这次特大暴雨过程出现了3个阶段降水,其中与低涡系统强烈发展对应的第2阶段降水是本次华北暴雨过程的主要降水阶段。针对该低涡的分析表明：（1）850 hPa以西南低涡为中心的低压带中,在河南西北部新生低涡系统,并且其在向华北地区移动过程中显著加强,该低涡系统在空间结构上,从倾斜涡柱逐渐发展成近乎直立的、贯穿整个对流层的深厚低涡系统;（2）中低层低涡系统快速发展过程与高低空系统构成耦合作用有关：低层低涡系统显著加强之前,对流层上层（300-200 hPa）首先出现高空槽异常加深并向南发展,该高空槽发展的开始阶段与其本身冷暖平流造成的斜压发展过程对应;而后,随着高纬度平流层高位涡沿等熵面向南运动,造成华北地区对流层上层涡度增强,形成正位涡异常区;当这一正位涡异常区叠加在对流层中低层锋区上空时,造成对流层中低层气旋快速发展并向下伸展,诱发河南西北部的新生气旋;低涡系统的发展进一步强化了低空暖平流,促使低空气旋向东北方向发展"移动"（本质上是暖平流前端造成的气旋发展）,这一动力学过程反过来使高层的涡度增强;这一正反馈过程形成的耦合环流不仅造成了整个涡度柱强度增强,而且垂直结构上逐渐由倾斜涡柱演变为近乎于直立的涡柱;（3）随着低涡系统增强,极大地加强了垂直上升运动并触发了对流,形成大范围的强降水,大量的凝结潜热释放,造成了低层低涡系统在强降水开始阶段的快速发展和增强;20日00时（世界时）以后,虽然对流活动显著减弱,但低涡系统的加深维持了大范围强降水过程的持续。强降水与低涡发展的正反馈过程是这次华北暴雨得以长时间维持的重要机制之一,这一过程形成的持续性潜热释放也是对流层中上层低涡系统热力结构发生改变的重要原因。     

中国东北及邻近地区夏半年极端暖事件的时空和环流特征分析

夏半年（5—10月）是我国东北农作物生长的关键期,但偏高的气温尤其是大范围极端偏暖事件会对农业生产造成不良影响。基于强度、范围和持续时间等指标,对1980—2019年夏半年发生在我国东北及其邻近地区的16个极端暖事件进行分析。结果表明,东北及邻近地区的极端暖事件的强度和频率呈明显增加的趋势,夏初（5—6月）和秋初（9—10月）发生的暖事件频次较多。地面极端增暖事件发生时,东北区域的西北侧大陆地面低压异常和东侧西北太平洋海上高压异常导致东北地区出现异常偏南风及暖平流;对流层至平流层呈现出准正压的结构,最大位势高度异常中心多出现在250 hPa附近,其下方的正温度异常（暖气柱）会延伸到地面,有利于地面异常增温。暖事件发生时,地面增暖区位于对流层上层急流入口区的左侧,利于下沉气流出现。上述大气温压场扰动结构和环流特征通过影响短波辐射和绝热增温过程,共同导致地面极端暖事件的发生。在预报意义上,有90%以上的东北极端暖事件可以在250 hPa上至少提前10天追踪到位势高度的扰动信号。      

AIRS-observed warm core structures of tropical cyclones over the western North Pacific

Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) temperature profiles during the period 2003–2013 are used to examine the warm core structures and evolution characteristics associated with the formation and development of western North Pacific (WNP) tropical cyclones (TCs). The warm core with a steady 1.5-K warming in the layer of 500–300 hPa occurs 24 h prior to tropical storm formation. Apparent eye warming extends upward to upper troposphere and downward to near surface after tropical storm formation. TC intensity shows a robust positive correlation with the warm core strength and has a weaker but still significant positive correlation with the warm core height (the weaker correlation is primarily attributed to the scattered warm core heights of weak TCs). Future 24-h intensity change of TCs has little correlation with the warm core height while it has a significant negative correlation with the warm core strength. Weak to moderate warm core at 500–200 hPa may be a necessary but not sufficient initial condition for TC rapid intensification. AIRS-observed warm core structures, in combination with other environmental factors, have the potential to improve the prediction of tropical storm formation and rapid intensification of WNP TCs.     

引发东北极端暴雪的黄渤海气旋爆发性发展机制

利用高分辨率观测资料和ERA5再分析资料, 分析造成2021年11月7—8日东北极端暴雪的温带气旋结构特征及爆发性发展机制, 结果表明:温带气旋发生在高空冷涡背景下, 地面气旋在黄海形成后出现爆发性快速增强并沿东北地区东部北上。地面降雪区主要分布在气旋西侧, 且降雪强度与气旋的发生发展密切相关;地面气旋在爆发性发展后由叶状云系演变为逗点涡旋云系, 并表现出明显的锋面断裂和暖锋包卷;其垂直结构也先后出现高空锋区断裂、干暖核形成和中性锢囚锋区加强;西伯利亚高压脊、华北高空槽和东北高压脊3个异常中心构成Rossby波列, 随着高度异常中心不断东移及波能量向下游地区频散, 华北高空槽区的波作用通量明显增大导致华北冷涡快速增强, 涡度因子的急剧增大有利于地面气旋爆发性发展;随着平流层位涡高值区沿等熵面不断向南发展和向下传播, 导致中层冷涡快速发展并向下伸展, 诱发地面气旋爆发性增强。     

影响东北的两个罕见气旋发展机制对比

2007年3月3—5日和2016年5月2—3日有两个气旋（简称C304和C502）在江淮流域生成后,以相似路径影响东北地区,但发展强度不同。利用常规观测资料和NCEP FNL分析资料,通过对涡度平流、温度平流、湿位势涡度及锋生函数等物理量进行诊断并结合高、低空环流形势对两个气旋发展动力机制进行对比分析,结果表明：C304低空温度平流在气旋发展初期起主要作用,高空正涡度平流为地面气旋发展提供高空辐散场,地面气旋中心上空垂直上升运动增强,对流层低层斜压性明显,气旋性涡度增加主要在对流层下层,低空斜压强迫是主要发展机制;C502低空温度平流弱,斜压性不明显,高空正涡度平流促使高空闭合环流发展,对流层上层有高湿位涡舌发展下垂并与对流层下层正湿位涡柱耦合贯通,垂直上升运动分布在地面气旋中心两侧,高空位涡下传是主要发展机制。两个气旋发生发展在对流层上层两支急流共存、急流非纬向性反气旋性弯曲环流形势下,对流层低层为气旋式环流背景。     

陆地气旋爆发性发展的动力学分析和数值试验

利用中国地面加密自动站观测资料、北京地区雷达探测资料、NCEP（1°×1°）FNL资料、ECMWF ERA Interim（0.125°×0.125°）逐日再分析资料等,对造成2016年7月19-20日华北极端暴雨中的低涡系统发展演变的结构特征和加强机制进行了研究。华北地区这次特大暴雨过程出现了3个阶段降水,其中与低涡系统强烈发展对应的第2阶段降水是本次华北暴雨过程的主要降水阶段。针对该低涡的分析表明：（1）850 hPa以西南低涡为中心的低压带中,在河南西北部新生低涡系统,并且其在向华北地区移动过程中显著加强,该低涡系统在空间结构上,从倾斜涡柱逐渐发展成近乎直立的、贯穿整个对流层的深厚低涡系统;（2）中低层低涡系统快速发展过程与高低空系统构成耦合作用有关：低层低涡系统显著加强之前,对流层上层（300-200 hPa）首先出现高空槽异常加深并向南发展,该高空槽发展的开始阶段与其本身冷暖平流造成的斜压发展过程对应;而后,随着高纬度平流层高位涡沿等熵面向南运动,造成华北地区对流层上层涡度增强,形成正位涡异常区;当这一正位涡异常区叠加在对流层中低层锋区上空时,造成对流层中低层气旋快速发展并向下伸展,诱发河南西北部的新生气旋;低涡系统的发展进一步强化了低空暖平流,促使低空气旋向东北方向发展\     

Climate Simulation and Future Projection of Precipitation and the Water Vapor Budget in the Haihe River Basin

The climatological characteristics of precipitation and the water vapor budget in the Haihe River basin (HRB) are analyzed using daily observations at 740 stations in China in 1951-2007 and the 4-time daily ERA40 reanalysis data in 1958-2001. The results show that precipitation and surface air temperature present significant interannual and interdecadal variability, with cold and wet conditions before the 1970s but warm and dry conditions after the 1980s. Precipitation has reduced substantially since the 1990s, with a continued increase of surface air temperature. The total column water vapor has also reduced remarkably since the late 1970s. The multi-model ensemble from the Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has capably simulated the 20th century climate features and successfully reproduced the spatial patterns of precipitation and temperature. Unfortunately, the models do not reproduce the interdecadal changes. Based on these results, future projections of the climate in the HRB are discussed under the IPCC Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) B1, A1B, and A2. The results show that precipitation is expected to increase in the 21st century, with substantial interannual fluctuations relative to the models’ baseline climatology. A weak increasing trend in precipitation is projected before the 2040s, followed by an abrupt increase after the 2040s, especially in winter. Precipitation is projected to increase by 10%-18% by the end of the 21st century. Due to the persistent warming of surface air temperature, water vapor content in the lower troposphere is projected to increase. Relative humidity will decrease in the mid-lower troposphere but increase in the upper troposphere. On the other hand, precipitation minus evaporation remains positive throughout the 21st century. Based on these projection results, the HRB region is expected to get wetter in the 21st century due to global warming.     

一次黄海之滨中尺度对流复合体多尺度结构特征观测研究

2006年7月3日傍晚到4日凌晨,苏北到黄海的一个中尺度对流复合体(MCC)产生了系列龙卷、直线型对流大风和强降水,利用常规高空地面观测、区域自动气象站、卫星云图以及多普勒天气雷达资料,详细分析此次中尺度对流复合体的结构和产生的天气背景。主要结论如下:(1)该中尺度对流复合体高层为对应分离背景场的强辐散,中层在副热带高压西北侧和500 hPa东移的短波槽前,地面位于锋面气旋暖区内;该中尺度对流复合体发生在中等到强的对流有效位能、强的深层(0—6 km)和低层(0—1 km)风垂直切变环境下;(2)该中尺度对流复合体主要垂直环流特征为:近地层东南气流和其上的中低层西南暖湿气流从对流复合体南部流入到复合体中心,复合体后部对流层中低层和中层为较干冷的西北气流夹卷进入中尺度对流复合体,导致降水蒸发冷却形成强烈下沉气流,产生带有西北风动量的下沉气流,到地面形成β中尺度冷池,冷池与周边暖湿气流的交界处为β中尺度阵风锋,同时中尺度对流复合体位于对流层低层到地面部分形成深厚冷池导致的雷暴高压,阵风锋前部有β中尺度暖低压;中尺度对流复合体中高层由于水汽凝结潜热释放加热形成暖心结构,位于对流层中层的主要特征为β中尺度气旋性涡旋对应的中尺度低压,对流层高层存在β中尺度辐散反气旋环流;(3)多普勒天气雷达探测揭示该中尺度对流复合体成熟阶段主要呈现为线性结构,主要构成是一条尺度在150—200 km的活跃弓形飑线,还有数条较弱的呈气旋性弯曲的对流雨带,雨带旋入共同的涡旋中心,该涡旋中心与地面锋面气旋的中心相对应(重合),同时也是相应中尺度对流复合体的β中尺度气旋的中心,直径为40—60 km;(4)在上述活跃弓形飑线的前侧出现多个中尺度涡旋,4个EF2级龙卷和3个EF1级龙卷都发生在这些中尺度涡旋内,导致龙卷的中尺度涡旋水平尺度为4—5 km,旋转速度接近超级单体的强中气旋旋转速度,垂直伸展比超级单体中气旋浅薄,形成机制也与超级单体中气旋有明显差异;(5)该中尺度对流复合体成熟阶段的云系尺度为1000 km,其中低于220 K (-52℃)冷云盖的尺度在400 km左右,其内部结构的主要构成是一条150—200 km长的活跃弓形飑线,地面β中尺度冷池和阵风锋,沿着弓形飑线前侧出现多个尺度为4—5 km的中尺度涡旋,其中部分中尺度涡旋导致尺度只有几十至几百米的EF1和EF2级龙卷,呈现出明显的多尺度结构特征。      

The Uncertainty of Tropical Cyclone Intensity and Structure Based on Different Parameterization Schemes of Planetary Boundary Layer

Based on different parameterization schemes of planetary boundary layer (PBL), the uncertainty of intensity and structure of the Super-strong Typhoon Rammasun (1409) is investigated using the WRF model (v3.4) with six PBL parameterization schemes. Results indicate that PBL uncertainty leads to the uncertainty in tropical cyclone (TC) prediction, which increases with forecast time. The uncertainty in TC prediction is mainly reflected in the uncertainty in TC intensity, with significant differences in the TC intensity forecasts using various PBL schemes. The uncertainty in TC prediction is also reflected in the uncertainty in TC structures. Greater intensity is accompanied by smaller vortex width, tighter vortex structure, stronger wind in the near-surface layer and middle and lower troposphere, stronger inflow (outflow) wind at the lower (upper) levels, stronger vertical upward wind, smaller thickness of the eye wall, smaller outward extension of the eye wall, and warmer warm core at the upper levels of eye. PBL height, surface upward heat flux and water vapor flux are important factors that cause the uncertainty in TC intensity and structure. The more surface upward heat flux and water vapor flux and the lower PBL height, the faster TC development and the stronger TC intensity.     

爆发性气旋研究的回顾

2022年2月中旬,北大西洋冬季风暴“尤尼斯”（Eunice）给欧洲中、西部带来严重自然灾害。以卫星观测数据为主,研究了“尤尼斯”发生的环境场、卫星水汽图像干侵入特征、对流层中高层位涡强迫对爆发性发展的影响等。结果表明：“尤尼斯”活动期间,北半球高纬度西半球偏冷、东半球偏暖,极涡偏向北美大陆,北美极区附近平均气温偏低。“尤尼斯”的生成和北美极区附近极涡分裂南下的冷空气沿着西风带东传有关。爆发性发展期间,海平面气压下降率约40 hPa/（24 h）,远超爆发性发展指标（24 hPa/（24 h））,且出现在海温正距平区。格陵兰岛南部气旋提供的极区冷空气对爆发性发展尤为重要,该冷空气在北大西洋洋面形成强西北风转偏西风,表现为排列整齐的大范围细胞状积云一直延伸至风暴中心附近,卫星水汽图像上表现为快速增强的干侵入特征,并伴有高位涡异常。发展至最强阶段,高位涡向下伸展,400 hPa最强高位涡区位于风暴中心的正上方,500 hPa以下高位涡向东南方向倾斜,并伴随着对流层中、下层强下沉运动,下沉运动为低空风速增强提供了一定的高空能量来源,高位涡侵入的下方也有利于低层气旋式环流发展。

     

GATE A/B‐scale budget analysis

Abstract

Using GATE A/B‐scale U.S.S.R. ship data, heat and moisture budget analyses have been carried out for the three‐day period: 0000 GMT, 7 September to 2400 GMT, 9 September, 1974. The period has been subdivided into an undisturbed period (0000 GMT, 7 September ‐1800 GMT, 8 September) and a disturbed period (1800 GMT, 8 September ‐ 2400 GMT, 9 September) based on surface precipitation and satellite cloud observations. During the undisturbed period, precipitation was very light (1–3 mm day^‐1). On the other hand, the precipitation rate became well over 10 mm day^‐1 during the disturbed period. A/B‐scale heat and moisture budget results for both periods are presented.

It is found that during the undisturbed period, cumulus clouds have heating and moistening effects in the lower troposphere below 700 mb, and cooling and moistening effects in the upper troposphere above 600mb. In the disturbed period, clouds have strong heating and drying effects throughout the entire cloud layer.

Using the diagnostic scheme developed by Cho (1977), the collective properties of cumulus clouds for both the undisturbed and the disturbed periods are also determined. During the undisturbed period, some clouds reached as high as the 300‐mb level, however, little precipitation was produced. The total cloud mass flux is found to be negative in the upper troposphere and can be attributed to downdrafts induced by the evaporation of cloud liquid water. On the other hand, total cloud mass flux for the disturbed period is positive throughout the entire troposphere.     

一次辽宁秋季暴雨天气的诊断分析

使用1.0°×1.0°NCEP再分析资料,对2006年10月21—22日深秋暴雨在天气形势分析的基础上,进行物理量诊断。结果表明:在有利的环境背景形势下,高位涡从对流层高层向低层伸展并形成湿位涡柱,引起气旋性环流与低涡环流叠加。对流层低层的湿斜压性增强,引起低层的锋区加强及垂直涡度发展,高空入侵干冷空气锲入底层,低层暖湿空气强迫抬升,使地面发展为气旋;高低空急流耦合产生上升气流,同时较强的补偿下沉运动激发上升运动加强,使次级环流加强,触发不稳定能量的释放;低空急流和超低空急流向辽宁输送暖湿空气及能量,对流层中低层形成湿柱并积聚高不稳定能量;中尺度气旋、高低空急流、湿位涡柱、次级环流上升支、地面高水汽含量湿区、高假相当位温出现的时间、强度、位置和结构决定了暴雨的时间和落区。