The major-element chemistry of suspended matter in the Amazon Estuary

Suspended matter from the surface waters of the Amazon Estuary were collected during May and June 1976 on the ‘R/V Alpha Helix’, and their major-element compositions (Al, Si, Ti, K, Mg, Ca, P, Fe and Mn) were measured.Between salinities of 0 and 10%. the suspended material, predominantly terrigenous in derivation, decreases in load from 500 to 3 mg/l, but has a chemical composition which remains essentially constant. With the onset of a large amount of biological productivity at approximately 10%. salinity, there are large increases in the ratios of $\text{Si}\text{Al}$, $\text{P}\text{Al}$, $\text{Ca}\text{Al}$, $\text{Mg}\text{Al}$, $\text{Ti}\text{Al}$ and $\text{Mn}\text{Al}$ which are maintained at higher salinities. Calculations of “excess” concentrations of elements held in the non-terrigenous components of the suspended material further support our main conclusion that Si, P, Ca, Mg, Ti and Mn are incorporated into the skeletal and organic phases of marine phytoplankton (predominately diatoms) of the Amazon Estuary. The data suggest, but with less certainty, that Fe and K follow the above elements.This study has demonstrated that the chemical composition of river-introduced suspended matter can be significantly altered by biological activity within estuarine waters as can be the geochemical cycle of inorganic elements.     

Crystal chemistry of suspended matter in a tropical hydrosystem, Nyong basin (Cameroon, Africa)

Suspended matter (SM) from the Nyong basin (Cameroon, Africa), a tropical watershed, was collected by tangential flow ultrafiltration to separate particulate (>0.45 μm) and colloidal (<0.45 μm; >20 kDa) fractions. In this basin, two distinctive systems in a selected small catchment (Nsimi–Zoétélé) of the Nyong river basin have been considered: (i) colourless water (groundwater and spring) with a low suspended load (<3 mg/l) and a low total organic carbon content (TOC<1 mg/l) and (ii) coloured water (Mengong brook and Nyong river), which is organic rich (TOC>10 mg/l) and contains higher amounts of SM (10–20 mg/l) than the colourless water. Freeze-dried samples of SM have been analysed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR), and visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS).

Colourless water mainly contains mineral phases, such as poorly ordered kaolinite, plus quartz and goethite in the particulate fraction, and euhedral kaolinite plus amorphous iron oxyhydroxides in the colloidal fraction. In contrast, the SM in coloured water is mainly organic in nature. The mineral phases in the particulate fraction are similar to those from clear water, but with additional phytoliths and diatom frustules composed of biogenic opal. In the colloidal fraction, complexation of Fe³⁺ and Mn²⁺ with organic matter is evidenced by EPR, together with significant occurrence of Fe oxyhydroxides associated with organic matter.

The sites of Al, Si, Fe, Mn in colloidal fractions derived from spectroscopic analyses are discussed with reference to chemical analyses performed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Most of the observed solid phases or species correspond to those expected from published thermodynamic calculations for the same hydrosystem, except the colloidal iron oxyhydroxides in the coloured water. The presence of such iron phases is emphasised since they are expected to have large sorption capacities for numerous trace elements.

The crystal chemistry of SM is used to discuss the origin of the mineral particles transported from the soil to the main rivers in terms of mechanical and chemical erosion processes.     

The elemental composition of suspended particles from the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers

The elemental composition of suspended particles from the Yellow River is similar to those of the loess terraces and the world's average soils. The contents of Zn, Cu, Ni, Co and Pb in the suspended particles are higher in the Yangtze River than in the Yellow River, indicating pollution inputs or the high-side of natural variability.     

Aspects of dinantian sedimentation in the edale basin,north derbyshire

The Dinantian Edale Basin is located to the north of the Derbyshire carbonate platform and underlies the Upper Carboniferous of the central Pennines. The Edale Basin was thought to be part of a large basin which extended from the Derbyshire carbonate platform to the Askrigg Block. The presence of aggregate grains and ooids in the Alport Borehole suggests that a carbonate platform, possibly located on the Holme structural high, was present underneath the central Pennines. This platform is called the Holme Platform. The Arundian to early Asbian section of the Alport Borehole represents deposition of resedimented shallow-water carbonates with occasional bioturbated periplatform carbonates and basinal shales on the middle part of a carbonate ramp. Volcaniclastic sediments may have been derived from a volcanic centre within the Edale Basin. A change in sedimentation during the mid-Asbian to the deposition of basinal shales and distal carbonate turbidites is attributed to starvation of the basin. This may have been caused by a combination of the development of accretionary rimmed carbonate shelves and the repeated emergence of shelf carbonates deposited on surrounding carbonate platforms. The late Asbian/early Brigantian section of the Edale Borehole is interpreted as a distal equivalent of the ‘Beach Beds’ which outcrop at the north margin of the Derbyshire carbonate platform. The ‘Beach Beds’ represent bioclastic turbidites derived from the Derbyshire carbonate platform. Throughout the Brigantian, sedimentation in the Edale Basin was dominated by the deposition of distal carbonate turbidites and basinal shales. Variation of dip through the Alport Borehole indicates the common occurrence of slumps throughout the sequence and the presence of either an angular unconformity or a fault within the early Brigantian section.     

Size distributions of hydrocarbons in suspended particles from the Yellow River

Suspended particle samples from the Yellow River estuary were sorted into five grain size fractions to explore the effect of grain size distribution on organic matter content and composition. The n-alkanes and PAHs were determined for each size fraction. PAHs and n-alkanes were more abundant in the finer fractions and the loading decreases steadily with increasing of grain size. However, the total n-alkanes or PAHs normalized to organic C were lower in the smaller size fractions than those in the larger size fractions, suggesting n-alkanes or PAHs may be diluted by the addition of organic matter or gradually decreased by degradation in the smaller size fractions. The particulate n-alkanes in the Yellow River estuary consist of a mixture of compounds from terrigenous and riverine biogenic n-alkanes and more biogenic n-alkanes accumulate in finer particles. Particulate PAHs are related to combustion/pyrolysis processes of coal/wood, and the relative contribution of petrogenic PAHs increase with increasing grain size. The total particulate n-alkane and PAH discharges passing the Lijin Station are about 3.94 t d⁻¹ and 0.52 t d⁻¹, respectively. Fine particles (<32 μm) play a significant role in organic matter transfer.     

Geochemistry of suspended particles in a mine-affected mountain stream

The particles in a mine drainage and the creek into which it drains were examined using microbeam and filtration methods. The composition of the particles in the drainage and creek were distinctly different, though both carried a chemical signal from the mine. High concentrations of particles made up of Fe and S were seen in the drainage, especially during low flow. The molar Fe:S ratio of these suspended particles was 3.5:1. The influx of the mine drainage into the creek increased the relative number of aggregates and particles with associated Fe. However, few discrete Fe–S particles were seen in the creek, where solid-phase Fe and S were consistently associated with aluminosilicate minerals. Instream precipitation is predicted and appears to be an important additional source of Fe and Al oxyhydroxides to the particles. Some of the Fe and Al associated with particles in the creek was acid-soluble, but most of the acid-soluble Zn, Mn, Cu, Ca, Mg and Si were transported in the <0.45 μm fraction at a site downstream of the mine drainage. One third of the suspended particles had associated P. These suspended particles take part in the complex geochemistry of this system, and represent an important pool as a potential sink and source of metals and other elements.     

新疆北部石炭纪盆地构造演化与油气成藏

根据油田近期勘探资料及前人研究成果,在新疆北部地区石炭系沉积前构造背景分析的基础上,对石炭纪盆地沉积构造演化进行了研究,该区具有微地块、多拼合、弱固结、构造活跃等盆地形成背景,经历了早石炭世、晚石炭世两期盆地的形成、发展与消亡过程,二叠纪—新生代是石炭纪盆地的改造演化期。石炭纪火山岩广泛发育,结合前人研究成果,通过盆地覆盖区钻井样品的地球化学综合分析,认为该区石炭纪整体处于拉张的构造环境。通过石炭系的沉积与分布特征,认为早石炭世和晚石炭世盆地演化受早期构造的控制,具有继承性、方向性和新生性的特点。石炭纪末期的构造事件基本结束了该区的海相盆地的演化,进入陆内盆地演化期,石炭纪盆地遭受埋藏或隆升改造,经历了海西晚期、印支期、燕山期以及喜马拉雅期的构造改造作用,存在埋藏、隆升剥蚀、岩浆热改造、断裂、褶皱变形等多类型的改造作用,各地区的改造特点存在差异。油气勘探成果证实,石炭系是新疆北部重要的勘探层系,在早石炭世和晚石炭世盆地演化期都形成了优质的烃源岩,火山岩系既是油气的储集层,也是重要的盖层,盆地的多期改造事件不仅有利于火山岩储层物性改善,也形成了石炭系有利的油气圈闭,目前已经发现了石炭系自生自储和上生下储的油气藏类型,油气的分布特征显示了石炭系自生自储油气藏具有近源分布特征。因此,加强盆地形成演化研究,圈定沉降中心和烃源岩的分布对于油气勘探具有重要意义。     

Theory of the sedimentation of suspended particles from fluvial plumes

A two-layer model for the flow and sedimentation within a salt wedge or highly stratified hypopycnal fluvial plume emptying into a fiord is developed from basic principles. From this model, it is found that the amount of suspended sediment of a particular grain size decreases as an exponential function of distance, and that the velocity and depth of the plume converge to constant values. The model is consistent with measurements from the plume of the Homathko River in Bute Inlet, British Columbia, Canada, and suggests that certain aspects of current empirical models of plume sedimentation are based upon sound principles.     

Partition of radiotracers between suspended particles and seawater

Distinctive uptake mechanisms of different radiotracers by red clays in seawater are elucidated from the magnitude and change of distribution coefficients (K_d) for up to 17 γ-emitting radiotracers as functions of equilibration time, suspended particle concentration and compositions of solids and seawaters. The adsorption of ionic metals onto colloids and subsequent coagulation of colloids onto larger particles are the dominant removal processes of metals in the aquatic environments of low suspended particle concentration.     

悬移质颗粒运动的脉动强度

应用图象处理技术,量测了直径d=0.1～1.5mm的塑料颗粒和d=0.1～0.3mm的玻璃球颗粒在明槽恒定均匀水流中运动的脉动强度.试验发现:(1)靠近床面处,粗颗粒的脉动强度大于细颗粒的脉动强度,在靠近水面处,规律则相反;(2)细颗粒的脉动强度只是相对水深y/h的函数,而粒径较大颗粒的脉动强度和y/h及摩阻流速都有关;(3)重颗粒的脉动强度小于相同粒径的轻质颗粒的脉动强度.     

Diagenesis of organic matter in suspended particles and sediments in the Cariaco Trench

Suspended particulate materials and bottom sediments from the Cariaco Trench were analysed for lipid content to investigate the diagenesis of organic matter in an anoxic water column and sediment. Distributions of fatty acids, sterols, and the acyclic isoprenoid hydrocarbons, lycopane and 2,6,10,15,19-pentamethyleicosane, support the hypothesis that alteration of organic matter usually attributed to sedimentary diagenesis occurs in the water column. Typical indicators of diagenetic processes, including preferential loss of unsaturated fatty acids, increased abundances of branched fatty acids, stenol-to-stanol conversion, and abundant acyclic isoprenoids, were observed in the water column across the oxic/anoxic interface in the Cariaco Trench. Lipid distributions in the sediment were remarkably uniform with depth. We conclude that organic material delivered to the sediment has been extensively altered in the water column, but that which is buried is preserved without much additional alteration.     

阿尔金山索尔库里北盆地沉积与构造演化

索尔库里北盆地位于阿尔金山中段，盆地的形成和演化与阿尔金断裂的走滑作用密切相关。根据野外地质填图的结果，通过沉积相、沉积环境的研究，在盆地内部划分出早第四纪七个泉组砾岩层，并将盆地新生代的沉积划分为两大序列：下部为渐新世下干柴沟组、中新世上干柴沟组、油砂山组序列，沉积相从底部的冲积扇、洪积扇向上逐渐变化为断陷湖盆相，再变化为冲积扇、洪积扇相，为一个完整的断陷湖盆的发生—发展—消亡的序列；上部为早第四纪七个泉组序列，为冲积扇、洪积扇沉积。结合盆地沉积充填过程和构造变形分析，建立了盆地多阶段的构造演化模式，进而探讨了盆地的形成演化与新生代阿尔金断裂带走滑作用过程之间的动力学联系。     

Major element chemistry of the Huai River basin, China

The chemistry of major ions (Ca, Mg, Na, K, HCO₃, SO₄, Cl and Si) in the water of the Huai River basin was studied, based on samples from 52 sites from nine different water bodies in July 2008. Ions and total dissolved solids (TDS) displayed clear spatial patterns with lower concentrations in the south and higher in the north of the basin; the same conditions were also found in the East Line of South-North Water Transfer Project (SNWTP) in this region. The Huai River main channel and Hongze Lake have moderate ion concentrations relative to the whole basin. TDS concentrations versus the weight ratios of Na/(Na + Ca) and ternary ions demonstrate that the southern rivers (Shi R. and Pi R.) are mainly controlled by the weathering of carbonates, whereas the northern water systems (Guo R., Shaying R., Nansi Lake and its tributaries) are dominated by the weathering of evaporites. The Huai River main channel, Hongze Lake and the East Line of SNWTP are synergistically influenced by weathering of evaporites and carbonates, yet Hongze Lake and the East Line of SNWTP are mainly controlled by evaporation and crystallization processes. This study also confirmed that the Huai River is the geographic division between southern and northern China. Most rivers of this basin have very high ionic composition relative to the global median and other world rivers. The spatial patterns and ionic composition also suggest that intensive anthropogenic activities in northern areas of this basin are well characterized. A comparison with WHO and Chinese standards for drinking water indicates that the northern water systems of this basin are not suitable for use as drinking water sources, and pollution control should be improved and enhanced in northern areas of the basin.     

Characteristics of alkenone distributions in suspended and sinking particles in the northwestern North Pacific

We investigated alkenones recorded in suspended particles and a settling particle time series collected at three stations, 40N (40°N, 165°E), KNOT (44°N, 155°E), and 50N (50°N, 165°E), in the northwestern North Pacific from December 1997 to May 1999. Emiliania huxleyi, the most abundant alkenone producer in this area, is present in surface to subsurface (to ∼50 m depth) waters. The alkenone concentrations recorded in the suspended particles indicated that the seasonal alkenone particle distribution differed significantly interannually. Alkenone export fluxes at the three sediment-trap stations ranged from 0.16 to 49.3 μg m⁻² day⁻¹, and the maximum export flux, which occurred in summer to fall (July-November), was associated with a high organic carbon export flux. The amount of alkenone produced during the maximum export season accounted for 60-80% of the total annual amount of alkenone, and the alkenones accumulated in the sediment below the traps had characteristics corresponding to subsurface waters during the summer-autumn season. Alkenone-derived temperatures recorded in suspended particles corresponded to the in situ temperature within ∼2 °C. Although alkenone-derived temperatures corresponded approximately to the temperatures observed in the stratified subsurface waters at the three trap stations during the high-export season, large differences were observed during the low-export (winter-spring) period. For example, the alkenone-derived temperatures observed at stations KNOT and 50N were much higher than the in situ subsurface temperatures reported in the World Ocean Atlas 2001. Relatively large differences between alkenone-derived temperatures and in situ temperatures in the subarctic might be due to (1) a low-light limitation or (2) contributions of allochthonous alkenones in particulate material transported from subtropical areas within a warm-core ring.     

沁水盆地北端中生代构造变形与构造应力场特征

在对沁水盆地北端发育的中生代褶皱、断层和节理等构造研究的基础上,分析并总结了区内的构造变形及构造应力场特征,。结果表明：研究区西部构造线以NE-SW向为主;东部构造线以近SN或NW-SE向为主;两者之间的构造线方向主要表现为近EW向。研究区内的褶皱、断裂、节理以及水系的发育特征均表明：本区在晚古生代—中生代经历过一期近SN向的挤压作用,其最大主应力方位为161°~174°,倾角在10°以内,这期挤压作用可能是对印支期构造活动的响应;此外,在距今165±5 Ma至136 Ma期间,本区可能还经历过一期NW–SE向的挤压作用,其最大主应力方位为152°,倾角1°。     

Distribution and evolution of water chemistry in Heihe River basin

Surface- vs. ground-water chemistry in the Heihe River basin, assessed through field sampling of precipitation, surface water and groundwater, allowed geographical zones and chemical types to be differentiated. The geographical zones included: alpine ice-snow (>3,900 m), alpine meadow (3,400–3,900 m), mountain forest and shrub (2,600–3,400 m), mountain grassland (1,900–2,600 m) and desert grassland (1,500–1,900 m). Groundwater chemical types included: (1) mountain fissure and piedmont gravel, bicarbonate, (2) piedmont diluvial, alluvial and lacustrine plain, sulphate, and (3) desert salt-accumulating depression, chloride. Since the 1960s, large volumes of river water diverted for irrigation have been found to re-emerge as spring water at the edge of alluvial fans and then reintegrate the Heihe River. After a number of reuses and re-emergences in the middle reaches, the rivers level of mineralization has doubled. Hydrological changes have resulted in the marked degradation of aquatic habitats, and caused substantial, and expanding, land salinization and desertification. Solving these largely anthropogenic problems requires concerted, massive and long-term efforts.     

辽西金岭寺—羊山盆地北部土城子组层序地层特征及盆地演化

辽西金（金岭寺）－羊（羊山）盆地北部陆相红层土城子组非常发育，沉积物具有明显的旋回性。根据岩石组合、组构、沉积相及环境变化等分析，本区土城子组自下而上大体可划分为1个Ⅱ级层序、2个Ⅲ级层 序、26个Ⅳ级层序。在区域构造控制下，金－羊盆地北部在土城子期经历了两次湖扩张－湖萎缩过程，分别对应下部的冲积扇－干化湖、中部的冲积扇－风成沙漠和顶部的干化湖沉积。     

松辽盆地北部中低地温场形成机制探讨

松辽盆地是典型的裂谷型盆地,是地幔物质上涌的产物,在地质历史事件中,受中、新生代构造运动影响,火山活动贯穿整个沉积建造过程,岩浆岩分布广泛,为盆地形成地温场创造了有利条件.本文通过大量油气勘探资料研究认为,松辽盆地北部形成中低地温场主要有三个热源,两个有利条件.三个热源:主要为地幔物质的热动力引起了莫霍面隆起,缩短了深部热流向上传导的路径和时间,供应了盆地内主要的热能;次要是地壳内分布的岩浆体释放了大量的热能;再次由局部基底花岗岩中的放射性元素衰变产生.两个有利条件为广泛分布的基底断裂是深部热能快速向上传导的主要通道和两套全盆地分布的泥质岩盖层为热能的保存起到了良好的保护作用.     

鄂尔多斯盆地天环坳陷北段奥陶系烃源岩特征及成熟演化史

为研究天环坳陷北段下古生界天然气成藏规律,利用探井资料和有机地球化学方法,评价了天环坳陷北段奥陶系烃源岩特征并恢复其成熟演化史。天环坳陷北段奥陶系乌拉力克组和克里摩里组烃源岩有机碳含量和生烃潜量相对较高,烃源岩有机质丰度以中等—好为主,少部分为差烃源岩;三道坎组和桌子山组烃源岩以差为主。干酪根组分鉴定表明,天环坳陷北段奥陶系烃源岩主要为Ⅱ₁～Ⅰ型干酪根,热演化程度高,处于生干气阶段。成熟演化史模拟显示,古生代—中生代早期地温梯度低,地层埋藏浅,烃源岩成熟演化程度低。燕山期,由于构造热事件,地温梯度迅速升高,早白垩世烃源岩经历的最高温度超过200℃,达到生气高峰期,早白垩世是油气成藏的主要时期。早白垩世之后,鄂尔多斯盆地整体抬升,地温梯度减小,生烃作用停止。     

措勤盆地色林错-申扎北剖面电性特征分析

这里介绍了大地电磁测深在色林错-申扎北剖面的应用,根据电性特征对盆地边界、基底埋深和盆地基本构造格架给出了初步认识。分析表明:色林错地区表现为"南隆北坳"特征,中北部凹陷最大深度接近5km,南部隆起部分基底埋深小于2km,发育郎山组和多尼组地层,盆地内发育多条断裂,控制了盆地形态。