Paleoceanographic changes of surface and deep water based on oxygen and carbon isotope records during the last 130 kyr identified in MD179 cores,off Joetsu,Japan Sea

We reconstructed the paleoenvironmental history of surface and deep water over the last 130 kyr from oxygen and carbon isotope ratios of planktonic and benthic foraminifera in two cores (MD179-3312 and MD179-3304) from the Joetsu Basin, eastern margin of the Japan Sea. Our data showed that paleoceanographic changes such as influx of surface currents and vertical circulation were associated with global glacial–interglacial sea level change. Surface water conditions were influenced by the influx of Tsushima Current, East China Sea coastal or off-shore waters through the Tsushima Strait during interglacial or interstadial stages, and strongly affected by freshwater input during the glacial maximum. During interglacial maximums such as Marine Isotope Stages 1 and 5e, development of well-oxygenated bottom water was indicated. A density-stratified ocean with weak ventilation was inferred from the isotopic records of benthic foraminifera during the Last Glacial Maximum. Local negative excursions in carbon isotopes during deglacial or interglacial periods may suggest the dissolution of gas hydrates or methane seep activities.     

Deccan traps mantle degassing in the terminal Cretaceous marine extinctions

Mantle degassing continually releases gases onto the earth's surface. Over geologically long time intervals, a general equilibrium probably exists between mantle CO₂ release and uptake by surficial sinks. However, during periods of rapid plate movement, or continental flood basalt volcanism, the increased rate of mantle CO₂ release may exceed that of uptake, leading to CO₂ accumulation in the atmosphere and the marine mixed layer (top 50–100 m). This in turn triggers chemical changes in the mixed layer, climatic warming, and bioevolutionary turnover. The Cretaceous/Tertiary ($\text{K}\text{T}$) transition at 65 Ma seems to have been a time of major mantle degassing which induced a perturbation of the carbon cycle. During the $\text{K}\text{T}$ transition, Deccan Traps volcanism, perhaps the greatest episode of continental flood basalt volcanism in the Phanerozoic, flooded an estimated 2.6 × 10⁶ km² of India with basaltic lavas, releasing 5 × 10¹⁷ moles of CO₂ into the earth's atmosphere over a duration 0.53–1.36 Ma at the rate of 3.9 × 10¹¹ to 9.6 × 10¹¹ moles CO₂ per year. The modern mean annual rate of mantle CO₂ release from all sources is 4.1 × 10¹² moles CO₂ per year; assuming a comparable rate of release prior to the Deccan Traps volcanism, the Deccan Traps addition would have elevated the rate of mantle CO₂ release by 10–25%. Sluggish marine circulation and warm, deep, oceans (14–15°C) would have exacerbated CO₂ buildup in the atmosphere, accounting for the Cretaceous to Tertiary drop in oxygen-18 via climatic warming, and, in the marine mixed layer (top 50–100 m), explaining the selective nature of the terminal Cretaceous marine extinctions via a pH change. The extinctions were most severe amongst the calcareous microplankton of the mixed layer; calcareous microplankton (planktonic foraminifera and coccolithophorids) begin to have pH problems at 7.8 and 7.5, respectively. Failure of the coccolithophorids would have disrupted the Williams-Riley pump (algal productivity-gravity pump of CO₂ from the atmosphere and mixed layer into the deep oceans) producing dead ocean conditions (severely reduced photosynthesis and CaCO₃ production). Failure of the Williams-Riley pump is reflected in the extinctions themselves, and in the loss of biogenic CaCO₃ to the sea floor, causing the $\text{K}\text{T}$ boundary hiatus and (or) the $\text{K}\text{T}$ boundary clay. Failure of the pump today would elevate atmospheric pCO₂ severalfold; the $\text{K}\text{T}$ failure would have responded comparably. Dead ocean conditions would, in themselves, have produced a major CO₂ buildup. Early Tertiary “Strangelove” conditions in the mixed layer, characterized by a dominance of the thoracosphaerids, braarudosphaerids and small planktonic foraminifera, were coeval with the main pulse of Deccan Traps volcanism. Overall, the record is one of gradual $\text{K}\text{T}$ bioevolutionary turnover during a period of disequilibrium between the rate of mantle CO₂ degassing and uptake by sinks. Mantle degassing during the Deccan Traps volcanism unifies the $\text{K}\text{T}$ biological and physicochemical records.     

南海北部4MaB.P.以来古海洋变迁的长链烯酮记录

通过对ODP184航次1147/1148站位约4MaB.P.以来沉积物中来源于定鞭金藻的生物标志化合物的研究,对南海北部晚上新世以来的古海洋生产力、表层海水温度及CO₂分压的变化情况进行了探讨.定鞭金藻生产力与硅藻生产力一样在0.9MaB.P.以前比较稳定地保持在较低水平,而0.9MaB.P.后定鞭金藻生产力较高,且呈现冰期低间冰期高的波动,硅藻生产力则呈现持续升高的趋势.由C37烯酮不饱和度指标获得的南海北部4MaB.P.以来表层海水的UK′37温度与浮游有孔虫壳体δ18O具有较好的相关性,且能显示出0.9MaB.P.来的19个氧同位素期,表明将U37K′37温标应用到晚第四纪以前基本上是可行的.由δ13C37:2计算的表层海水pCO₂显示,晚上新世的pCO₂要高于300μL/L,而第四纪的pCO₂尽管存在波动,却基本上在300μL/L以下.计算出的晚第四纪的pCO2十分稳定,与同期的大气pCO₂历史变化不一致.这可能与计算中简单地假定某些参数(如生长速率)为常数有关,这些参数在第四纪冰期间冰期旋回中可能有较大变化.     

Li/Ca in multiple species of benthic and planktonic foraminifera: thermocline, latitudinal, and glacial-interglacial variation

Li/Ca ratios were measured in planktonic and benthic foraminifera from a variety of hydrographic settings to investigate the factors influencing lithium incorporation into foraminiferal tests including temperature, dissolution, pressure, and interspecies differences. Down-core measurements of planktonic (Orbulina universa, Globigerinoides ruber, and Globigerinoides sacculifer) and benthic foraminifera (calcitic Cibicides wuellerstorfi and aragonitic Hoeglandina elegans) show a systematic variation in Li/Ca with δ¹⁸O through the last glacial-interglacial transition. All species examined exhibit an increase in Li/Ca between 14 to 50% from the Holocene to the last glacial maximum. Li/Ca generally increases with decreasing temperature as seen in a latitudinal transect of planktonic O. universa and down-slope benthic species along the Bahama Bank margins. Postdepositional dissolution possibly causes a decrease in planktonic foraminiferal Li/Ca along the Sierra Leone Rise, and increased water depth causes a decrease in benthic foraminiferal Li/Ca in the deep Caribbean. However, none of these effects are sufficient to account for the observed glacial-interglacial changes. Physiological factors such as calcification rate may affect the Li/Ca content of foraminiferal calcite. The calcification rate in turn may be a function of carbonate ion concentration of ambient ocean water. This work shows that incorporation of lithium by foraminifera appears to be influenced by factors other than seawater composition and does not appear to be dominated by changes in temperature, dissolution, or pressure. We hypothesize that the consistent increase in foraminiferal Li/Ca during the last glacial maximum may be linked to changes in seawater carbonate ion concentration. Important parameters to be tested include calcification rate and foraminiferal test size and weight. If foraminiferal Li/Ca is dominantly controlled by calcification rate as a function of seawater carbonate ion concentration, then Li/Ca may act as a proxy of past atmospheric CO₂.     

The marine oxygen isotope record in Pleistocene coral,Barbados, West Indies

The reef-crest coral Acropora palmata from late Pleistocene reefs on Barbados has recorded the same global variations in oxygen isotopes as planktonic and benthonic foraminifera. Although the record of oxygen isotopes in Acropora palmata is discontinuous, it offers several advantages over the isotope records from deep-sea sediments: (1) the coral grows at water depths of less than 5 m; (2) the samples are unmixed; (3) specimens may be sampled from various elevations of paleo-sea level; and (4) aragonitic corals are suitable for ${}^{230}\text{Th}{}^{234}\text{U}$ and $\text{He}\text{U}$ dating techniques. The latter advantage means that direct dating of the marine oxygen isotope record is possible. Oxygen isotope stage 5e corresponds to Barbados III, dated at 125,000 ± 6000 yr BP. Petrographic and geochemical evidence from five boreholes drilled into the south coast of Barbados indicates a major eustatic lowering (greater than 100 m below present sea level) occurred between 180,000 and 125,000 yr BP. The age and isotopic data suggest correlation of this change in sea level to Emiliani's oxygen isotope stage 6. Acropora palmata deposited at various elevations of sea level during oxygen isotope stage 6 vary by 0.11 ‰ δ¹⁸O for each 10 m of change in sea level. We further hypothesize a minimum drop of 2°C in the average temperature occurred during the regressive phase of oxygen isotope stage 6. These data indicate that temperature lowering of surface water near Barbados lagged behind a major glacial buildup during this time period. Using the δ¹⁸O vs sea level calibration herein derived, we estimate the relative height of sea stands responsible for Barbados coral reef terraces in the time range 80,000 to 220,000 yr BP.     

Palaeoceanographic changes in the North Atlantic during the Mid‐Pleistocene Transition (MIS 31–19) as inferred from planktonic foraminiferal and calcium carbonate records

Marine sediments from the Integrated Ocean Drilling Project (IODP) Site U1314 (56.36°N, 27.88°W), in the subpolar North Atlantic, were studied for their planktonic foraminifera, calcium carbonate content, and Neogloboqudrina pachyderma sinistral (sin.) δ¹³C records in order to reconstruct surface and intermediate conditions in this region during the Mid‐Pleistocene Transition (MPT). Variations in the palaeoceanography and regional dynamics of the Arctic Front were estimated by comparing CaCO₃ content, planktonic foraminiferal species abundances, carbon isotopes and ice‐rafted debris (IRD) data from Site U1314 with published data from other North Atlantic sites. Site U1314 exhibited high abundances of the polar planktonic foraminifera N. pachyderma sin. and low CaCO₃ content until Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 26, indicating a relatively southeastward position of the Arctic Front (AF) and penetration of colder and low‐salinity surface arctic water‐masses. Changing conditions after MIS 25, with oscillations in the position of the AF, caused an increase in the northward export of the warmer North Atlantic Current (NAC), indicated by greater abundances of non‐polar planktonic foraminifera and higher CaCO₃. The N. pachyderma sin. δ¹³C data indicate good ventilation of the upper part of the intermediate water layer in the eastern North Atlantic during both glacial and interglacial stages, except during Terminations 24/23, 22/21 and 20/1. In addition, for N. pachyderma (sin.) we distinguished two morphotypes: non‐encrusted and heavily encrusted test. Results indicate that increases in the encrusted morphotype and lower planktonic foraminiferal diversity are related to the intensification of glacial conditions (lower sea‐surface temperatures, sea‐ice formation) during MIS 22 and 20.     

A bi-polar signal recorded in the western tropical Pacific: Northern and Southern Hemisphere climate records from the Pacific warm pool during the last Ice Age

Western tropical Pacific sea surface temperatures and Pacific Deep Water temperatures during Marine Isotope Stage 3 have been reconstructed from the δ¹⁸O and Mg/Ca of planktonic and benthic foraminifera from Marion Dufresne core MD98-2181. This 36 m marine core was collected at 6.3°N from a water depth of 2114 m. With sediment accumulation rates of up to 80 cm/ky, it provides a decadally resolved history of ocean variability during the Last Glacial period. Surface temperatures and salinities at this site varied in close association with millennial-scale atmospheric temperature swings at high northern latitudes as reflected in the GISP2 ice core. At times of colder atmospheric temperatures over Greenland, the western Pacific was more saline and summer season SSTs were ～2 °C colder. These millennial-scale changes within the tropics are attributed to a southward displacement of the summer season ITCZ in response to steeper meridional temperature gradients within the Pacific. The benthic δ¹⁸O record from MD98-2181 documents upper Pacific Deep Water temperature and salinity variability. Benthic δ¹⁸O variations of 0.3–0.5‰ during MIS 3 indicate deep waters within the Pacific were varying by ～1–1.5 °C, with the possibility that some of the variability was due to changing salinity and minor glacial–eustatic changes. The observed deep-water variability correlates to changes in Antarctic surface temperatures and thus reflects changes in Southern Ocean temperatures at the site of Pacific Deep Water formation. The combined planktonic and benthic records from MD98-2181 thus provide a northern and southern hemispheric climate record of anti-phased variability during MIS 3 as has been inferred previously from ice core records. Furthermore, the deep sea temperature excursions appear to have led millennial variations in atmospheric CO₂ as recorded in the EDML ice core by ～1 kyr.     

Land–sea carbon and nutrient fluxes and coastal ocean CO2 exchange and acidification: Past,present, and future

Epochs of changing atmospheric CO₂ and seawater CO₂–carbonic acid system chemistry and acidification have occurred during the Phanerozoic at various time scales. On the longer geologic time scale, as sea level rose and fell and continental free board decreased and increased, respectively, the riverine fluxes of Ca, Mg, DIC, and total alkalinity to the coastal ocean varied and helped regulate the C chemistry of seawater, but nevertheless there were major epochs of ocean acidification (OA). On the shorter glacial–interglacial time scale from the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) to late preindustrial time, riverine fluxes of DIC, total alkalinity, and N and P nutrients increased and along with rising sea level, atmospheric PCO₂ and temperature led, among other changes, to a slightly deceasing pH of coastal and open ocean waters, and to increasing net ecosystem calcification and decreasing net heterotrophy in coastal ocean waters. From late preindustrial time to the present and projected into the 21st century, human activities, such as fossil fuel and land-use emissions of CO₂ to the atmosphere, increasing application of N and P nutrient subsidies and combustion N to the landscape, and sewage discharges of C, N, P have led, and will continue to lead, to significant modifications of coastal ocean waters. The changes include a rapid decline in pH and carbonate saturation state (modern problem of ocean acidification), a shift toward dissolution of carbonate substrates exceeding production, potentially leading to the “demise” of the coral reefs, reversal of the direction of the sea-to-air flux of CO₂ and enhanced biological production and burial of organic C, a small sink of anthropogenic CO₂, accompanied by a continuous trend toward increasing autotrophy in coastal waters.     

Palaeoclimatic signals recognized by chemometric treatment of molecular stratigraphic data

The high-resolution stratigraphy of various marker compounds has been studied, using GC, HPLC and GC-MS, in a 13 m gravity core recovered from the Kane Gap region, eastern equatorial Atlantic, which provides a record of the glacial/interglacial episodes over the last million years. Downhole variations in many presumed source-specific components are observed (e.g. in n-alkanes from terrigenous land plants and dinosterol from dinoflagellates), which may be due to perturbations or cyclicities resulting from climatic change. Fluctuations in the unsaturation of alkenones attributable to variations in water temperatures show correlations with the glacial/interglacial cycles recorded in the δ¹⁸O values for planktonic foraminifera, thereby providing a potential organic geochemical measure of past climates. These molecular abundance data can be linked to the palaeotemperature record, following computer treatments using principal component and spectral analyses. Molecular stratigraphy shows promise as a new chemostratigraphical tool where other means of stratigraphy fail, for example, through calcium carbonate dissolution.     

Late Quaternary sedimentation on the Southern Sohm Abyssal Plain

Six closely spaced sediment cores taken below the carbonate compensation depth penetrated fine silty muds and entered sandy sediment at 10–12 m below the seafloor. Foraminiferal assemblages and δ⁸O analyses on planktonic foraminifera indicated that the surface muds down to 2 m are Holocene and derived from local promontories above the CCD. Below these sediments are about 6 m of clays deposited during the late Wisconsin. These are unfossiliferous and have a possible northern source suggested by the higher chlorite content. Sandy sediments below 9 m in the cores contain well preserved benthic foraminifera from the Scotian Shelf. Glacial δ¹⁸O values on planktonic tests indicate the sandy sediments are most likely of latest Wisconsin age. Thus during the recent interglacial, the sand fraction of the southern Sohm Abyssal Plain sediments is mostly locally derived, but during glacial periods the sediments have a distant northern source containing quartz sand that was initially deposited on the Scotian Shelf 1,500 km to the north.     

250kaB.P.以来西太平洋暖池中心区——Ontong Java海台古生产力演化

多年平均表层水温超过28℃的"西太平洋暖池",是全球海平面高度的加热中心和大气三大环流的辐散中心。为评价西太平洋暖池中心区域海洋生物泵的演化特征、规律与机制,本文以位于热带西太平洋暖池核心区——Ontong Java海台的WP7柱状样为材料,通过提取浮游有孔虫^δ13C组成、底栖有孔虫群落和钙质超微化石下透光带属种Florisphaera profunda相对百分含量变化等指标,反演该区250kaB.P.以来的古生产力的演化历史。研究结果表明,250kaB.P.以来西太平洋暖池中心区的古生产力演化与地球轨道变化控制的冰期-间冰期旋回以及岁差控制的太阳辐照率密切相关。在冰期-间冰期尺度上,西太平洋暖池中心区距今250ka以来的生产力变化间冰期明显低于冰期,而且在间冰期阶段生产力相对稳定,冰期波动幅度较大。在冰期或间冰期背景下显著的岁差周期是该区古生产力演化的又一重要特征。而且在岁差波段生物生产力的变化可能领先极地冰体积变化2～4ka左右。热带东西太平洋的古生产力演化在冰期-间冰期变化和岁差尺度上存在ENSO式的变动机制,而且二者互相调谐,产生了似30ka和19ka周期,并出现了"半30ka周期"和半岁差周期。此外,WP7孔Neogloboqudrina dutertrei的^δ13C显示在MIS 1/2,MIS 3/4和MIS 5e/6的冰期向间冰期的过渡期的冰消期阶段存在变轻事件,可能与数千年尺度的大洋环流演化有关。     

Lithium isotopes in foraminifera shells as a novel proxy for the ocean dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC)

Past ocean pH and pCO₂ are critical parameters for establishing relationships between Earth's climate and the carbon cycle. Previous pCO₂ estimates are associated with large uncertainties and are debated. In this study, laboratory cultures of the foraminiferan genus Amphistegina were performed in order to examine the possible factors that control the Li isotope composition (δ⁷Li) of their shells. δ⁷Li is insensitive to temperature and pH variations but correlates positively with the Dissolved Inorganic Carbon (DIC) of seawater. Li/Ca ratio in the shells shows negative correlation with δ⁷Li, consistent with published data for planktonic foraminifera from core tops and from short periods during the Cenozoic. We propose that the sensitivity of δ⁷Li and Li/Ca ratio to DIC is a biological phenomenon and is related to biomineralization mechanisms in foraminifera. We used the published foraminiferal δ⁷Li records, and our experimental results, to determine the paleo-ocean DIC and pH for the last glacial–interglacial cycle. The results are consistent with published estimates of pH and pCO₂ based on boron isotopes and ice cores. We suggest Li and its isotopes may serve as a new complementary proxy for the paleo-ocean carbonate chemistry.     

Comparison of radiolarian/planktonic foraminiferal paleoceanography of the subantarctic Indian Ocean

A detailed paleoceanographic history of the Subantarctic region for the last million years was determined using paleomagnetic stratigraphy, radiolarian and planktonic foraminiferal biostratigraphy, and the oxygen isotope record from stages 1 to 13 (0.5 MY) in a deep-sea core (E45-74) from the southern Indian Ocean. Changes in the abundances of Antarctissa strelkovi and Neogloboquadrina pachyderma record 12 glacial/interglacial cycles. The paleoceanographic events based on the combined results of these siliceous and calcareous indexes agree with changes in the global ice-volume record. Calcium carbonate dissolution selectively alters the planktonic foraminiferal fauna and causes test fragmentation and increased numbers of benthic foraminifera and radiolarians. Intense periods of calcium carbonate dissolution are associated principally with glacial episodes and are probably related to increased Antarctic bottom-water activity as well as changes in surface-water mass positions.     

A method for quantitative evaluation of carbonate dissolution in deep-sea sediments and its application to paleoceanographic reconstruction

A method is proposed by which the degree of attrition of the tests of certain foraminifera species, such as Globorotalia menardii and Globorotalia tumida, is used to “scale” the amount of CaCO₃ that has been dissolved from sediment. The scale is calibrated experimentally in the laboratory. The method has been applied to three calcareous cores from the Pacific and the Indian Oceans. It is shown that the original CaCO₃ contents in these cores were high (82–95%) and relatively uniform compared to the present down-core values. About 65 to 85% of the originally deposited CaCO₃ has been dissolved, corresponding to dissolution rates on the order of 0.1-0.3 moles/cm²/yr. These results indicate that appreciable solution could have occurred on sea floor rich in calcareous sediments and that the variation in CaCO₃ content in a core may have resulted largely from dissolution. The difference in the degree of solution between glacial and interglacial sediments in these cores is not so distinct, with ? 10% less intense dissolution during glacial times on the average. However, the dissolution minimum occurring around the late Wisconsin glaciation (10,000–20,000 yr B.P.) previously noted in several cores elsewhere is confirmed. At that time, near the site of core M70 PC-20 in the southwest Pacific, the $\text{CO}{}_3{}^{\mathrm{2?}}$ concentration of the bottom water is estimated to have been approximately 5% higher than the present value, and the calcite lysocline was about 300 m deeper. To evaluate possible variations in CaCO₃ deposition rate across the glacial-interglacial transitions requires precise age control, which the present study lacks.     

Manganese carbonate overgrowths on foraminifera tests

Below the zone where manganese is remobilized as Mn²⁺(aq), reductively cleaned foraminifera in deep sea sediments have much higher $\text{Mn}\text{Ca}$ than those in core tops and sediment traps. $\text{Mn}\text{Ca}$ ranges from less than 20 × 10^?6 in and above the MnO₂ maximum to as high as 700 × 10^?6 in reducing Panama Basin sediments. The most plausible explanation for this enrichment is that the tests are coated with Mn carbonate overgrowths. These coatings can account for a significant proportion of the Mn in reduced deep-sea sediments. Uptake of manganous ion by carbonate may explain the absence of Mn nodules in areas of high carbonate accumulation. Extreme degrees of overgrowth can alter foram trace element values, but this artifact can be avoided by avoiding foraminifera with high Mn/Ca.     

南海西部浮游有孔虫含量与水深关系定量研究

南海西部4°～18°N,1085～115°E海域表层沉积物中有孔虫定量分析表明,从陆架至深海盆区,随着水深增加,底栖有孔虫丰度总体呈下降趋势;而浮游有孔虫在上陆坡区水深200～2 000 m处最丰富,向浅水和深水方向,其丰度均下降,浮游有孔虫百分含量（P）与水深（D）有明显的相关关系。但在陆架区和陆坡－深海盆区,两者关系完全不同：在陆架区随水深增加浮游有孔虫百分含量明显增大,而在陆坡－深海盆区,两者呈负相关关系。经定量拟合水深小于200 m的陆架区,浮游有孔虫含量与水深满足关系式：lnD＝0.021P＋3.208;而在水深大于200 m的陆坡－深海盆区,两者满足D＝－5263P＋52 105.2。这主要是由于陆架区随水深增加,浮游有孔虫增加,但水深大于200 m后,碳酸盐的溶解起主要作用,浮游有孔虫比底栖有孔虫更易于溶解,造成其含量随水深增加而下降。     

鄂霍次克海南部OS03-1岩心MIS6期以来的沉积记录及其古环境意义

通过对取自鄂霍次克海南部的柱状岩心OS03-1的古海洋学研究,包括浮游有孔虫壳体AMS14C测年、底栖有孔虫壳体δ18O分析、蛋白石含量测定、有机碳含量测定、浮游有孔虫组合、冰筏碎屑含量变化、沉积物粒度分析等内容,建立鄂霍次克海OS03-1岩心年代地层学框架,分析该海区古表层海水温度、古生产力变化,并研究其古环境意义。结果表明,Neogloboquadrina pachyderma(sin.)百分含量变化曲线与Globigerina bulloides百分含量变化曲线呈很好的负相关性,与氧同位素曲线对比显示,两者均可作为该海区古温度替代性指标;浮游有孔虫绝对丰度、蛋白石含量、有机碳含量变化显示,研究区古生产力水平整体表现为间冰期较高、冰期较低;冰筏碎屑和沉积物粒度特征指示,鄂霍次克海南部间冰期陆源粗颗粒百分含量较冰期高。     

南海西部晚更新世以来表层海水剩余氧同位素及盐度变化

根据南海西部越南岸外MD05-2901岩芯成对的有孔虫壳体氧同位素和U3k7′-SST计算出过去450ka以来南海西部表层海水氧同位素～δ¹⁸O_water和盐度S_water变化记录,二者的变化范围在冰期分别为0.2‰～0.6‰和34.2‰～35.1‰,间冰期分别为-0.6‰～0和32.4‰～33.7‰,表现为冰期高、间冰期低的特征。相反扣除冰盖影响后的剩余氧同位素～δ¹⁸O_resid和剩余盐度S_resid,呈现冰期低、间冰期高的特征,在冰期分别平均为-0.5‰和32.7‰,间冰期分别平均为-0.3‰和33.1‰。研究认为该现象主要与赤道太平洋海域冰期纵向的ITCZ平均位置偏南导致的降雨增加有关,同时冰期温度低蒸发弱,间冰期温度高蒸发强以及冰期海平面下降,南海地理格局的改变、河流输入增多等因素也有一定影响。     

AMS14C法在地学中应用的发展近况

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