2019年6月17日四川长宁6.0级地震序列活动特征

2019年6月17日,四川长宁发生6.0级地震。在地震发生后四个月内,震源区地震活动呈现出频度高、强度大、衰减慢的特点。在此次震群的发展演化过程中,跟踪研究其余震序列活动特征,包括描述序列发展过程中大小地震比例关系及应力变化的b值,对于监视和分析地震危险性具有重要意义。本文在对地震序列进行精确重定位的基础上,利用长宁地震前后研究区的地震目录,计算了当地b值时空分布。b值空间分布表明,在长宁M6.0地震前震源附近b值明显低于周围;长宁M6.0地震后,序列b值从东南向西北开始回升,之后分布较为平均。b值时间过程表明,在地震后,b值在短时间内降低到极低的水平,然后开始回升;这期间b值出现多次震荡,强余震多发生在b值下降过程中。截至8月31日,震源区的地震活动仍然非常活跃。     

2000年鸟取县西部地震（MJ=7．3）前震源分布分维特征的变化

通过估计震源分布的空间分维D随时间的变化，并把这些结果与震源区及其周围区域的地震活动性进行比较，研究了2000年鸟取县西部地震(MJ=7．3)之前震源分布的分维结构。在用1983年1月到2001年2月期间的日本气象厅地震目录数据计算分维D值的过程中，运用了相关积分法和移动时间窗法。本文得出如下结论：(1)主震之前在震源区及其周围区域的D值急剧下降。估计的前兆持续时间为1～3年，时间窗不同，结果也不同。(2)D值的下降肯定是由震源的丛集和震源区及其周围广泛区域内的异常地震活动所致。(3)因此，与大地震相关的D值随时间变化作为地震的一项前兆是有效的。     

三峡水库地震活动特征研究

在已有速度模型的基础上,选取三峡水库区529个地震重新确定了速度模型和台站校正,并利用该结果对2 138次地震进行了定位。研究表明,在不同区域震源深度存在明显的差异,仙女山断裂附近的地震平均震源深度为5.6km,而巴东地区的地震平均震源深度为2.6km。以震源深度5km为界,浅于5km的地震的b值为1.16,而深于5km地震的b值为0.90,不同深度地震的频次变化与水位关系差异明显     

汶川地震序列b值的分析研究

采用Aki等（1965）和Shi等（1982）计算b值及标准差的方法,分析了2008年5月12日～2008年8月31日四川地震台网所记录到的汶川地震序列ML≥2．0地震的b值,在空间、时间以及随震源深度的变化特征。结果显示：汶川地震序列b值在震源区上分布是非均匀的,但基本在[0．5,0．9]之间变化,震源区的中段b值高于两端;同时发现,几次M≥6．0余震都发生在b值较低的区域内;震源区b值具有随震源深度增加而减小的趋势,在20km左右处,减小的趋势最为明显;随着时间的推移,b值波动变化幅度逐渐减小,周期变大。     

宁蒗6．2级地震活动异常动态演变图象与序列主要特征

1998年11月19日云南宁蒗发生了6．2级地震,根据震前震源区及周围地区中小地震活动异常图像,分析研究了区域应力场作用下,震源区介质由稳定状态进行入稳定状态过程地震活动异常动态演变特征。同时,根据序列参数h、b值的动态变化,给出序列异常变化特征。主要特征为：1．地震孕育中期阶段,3级以上地震活动主要分布在震源外围地区,震源区高度平静;地震孕育发展至短期阶段,震源外围地震活动消失,震源周围地震活动迅速增强,且随着地震的逼近,地震活动逐渐向震源区收缩;至短临阶段,孕震区出现显的小震群活动。2．宁蒗6．2级地震在其5．3级地震前,震群发育,震群参数h值小于1．0,且随着地震的逼近,震群参数h值逐渐减少、b值逐渐增大。3．5．2级前震和6．2级震前,序列参数h值均出现明显快速减小的动态异常过程。此外,5．3、5．2级前震后,其2级以上余震衰减迅速,且余震又少又小。     

基于地震带细致划分为地震构造区的概率地震危险性分析

在我国当前地震安全性评价中,普遍使用考虑地震活动时空不均匀性的概率地震危险性分析方法(CP-SHA),它规定以地震带为统计区域计算地震活动性参数b值和v4值。正在编制的中国地震动区划图(五代图)提出了针对潜在震源区进行三级划分原则:划分地震带、地震带上划分地震构造区、地震构造区内再划分潜在震源区。本文提出以地震构造区为统计区域回归统计方法计算b值和v4值,然后进行概率危险性分析计算,这样得到的结果可能更为合理。     

宁蒗6.2级地震活动异常动态演变图像与序列主要特征

:1 998年 1 1月 1 9日云南宁蒗发生了 6.2级地震 ,根据震前震源区及周围地区中小地震活动异常图像 ,分析研究了在区域应力场作用下 ,震源区介质由稳定状态进入非稳定状态过程地震活动异常动态演变特征。同时 ,根据序列参数 h、b值的动态变化 ,给出序列异常变化特征。主要特征为 :1 .地震孕育中期阶段 ,3级以上地震活动主要分布在震源外围地区 ,震源区高度平静 ;地震孕育发展至短期阶段 ,震源外围地震活动消失 ,震源周围地震活动迅速增强 ,且随着地震的逼近 ,地震活动逐渐向震源区收缩 ;至短临阶段 ,孕震区出现显著的小震群活动。 2 .宁蒗 6.2级地震在其 5.3级前震前 ,震群发育 ,震群参数 h值小于 1 .0 ,且随着地震的逼近 ,震群参数 h值逐渐减少、b值逐渐增大。 3 .5.2级前震和6.2级主震前 ,序列参数 h值均出现明显快速减小的动态异常过程。此外 ,5.3、5.2级前震后 ,其 2级以上余震衰减迅速 ,且余震又少又小。     

唐山地震前地震活动模糊熵值的异常特征

定义了地震活动模糊熵概念，计算了唐山地震前地震活动模糊熵随时间，空间的变化，发现唐山Ｍｓ７．８地震发生前，地震活动模糊熵值下降，唐山Ｍｓ７．８地震发生在地震活动模糊熵值较低的地方，这符合大地震前震源区地震活动从无序趋向有序的规律，地震活动模糊熵反模糊因子与震群活动熵统一起来，比震群活动熵更突出地反映地震活动异常。     

用地震活动多参数扫描法探测汶川地震孕育的临界信息

采用时间扫描方法,通过能量释放率、b值、空间相关距离和广义维等多种统计参数的协同分析,研究了汶川8.0级大地震及其多次强余震之前区域地震活动性随时间的变化特征,发现大震前的地震活动表现出能量释放率增大,b值的大幅度减小,空间相关距离的下降和广义维的下降-回升等异常特征.对后续余震活动的分析,也可分辨出地震活动的临界异常特征.结果表明,多种统计参数的综合协同分析能够反映地震活动的特点,发现孕震系统激变前的临界行为.     

1999年台湾岛集集Mw7．6级地震前的地震平静

1999年9月20日台湾岛集集地震之前，该地区的地震活动率显著减少。从1994年到1999年9月20日的台湾地震目录可以看出，异常从1999年1月开始，持续了约9个月，直到主震发生。本结果表明：该地区2．0级以上地震的平均活动率为每月蝎5个，标准偏差为78。异常期间，该地区的地震活动率减少为平均每月314个，标准偏差在1的范围内。通过z值图的分析可以看出，在集集地震的震源区周围，在地震活动性明显增大的同时，b值也有持续减少的趋势。     

强震观测网、高灵敏度地震观测网、地中强震观测网、宽频带地震观测网

阪神·淡路大震灾后 ,日本着手对原有的地震观测体制作彻底改革 ,多项全国性配置地震计的计划同时开始启动。地震引起的地面晃动的程度不尽相同 ,无感微小地震引发的晃动仅有 0 .0 0 1 μm,频率为1 0 Hz;巨大地震引起的地面晃动的幅度高达 2～ 3 m,周期也有几十秒。虽说都称之为地震计 ,但由于地震动的振幅和频率涉及的范围太大 ,所以应针对观测对象选用不同类型的地震计。下面介绍不同类型的观测网。1　强震观测网 ( K- NET)无论大地有多大的晃动都能将其准确记录下来的地震计称之为强震计。它构造坚实 ,信号明确 ,通常设置在地表 ,对了…     

Age, geology, geophysics, and geochemistry of Mahukona Volcano, Hawai`i

The size, shape, and magmatic history of the most recently discovered shield volcano in the Hawaiian Islands, Mahukona, have been controversial. Mahukona corresponds to what was thought to be a gap in the paired sequence (Loa and Kea trends) of younger Hawaiian volcanoes (<4?Ma). Here, we present the results of marine expeditions to Mahukona where new bathymetry, sidescan sonar, gravity data, and lava samples were collected to address these controversies. Modeling of bathymetric and gravity data indicate that Mahukona is one of the smallest Hawaiian volcanoes (～6,000?km³) and that its magmatic system was not focused in a long-lived central reservoir like most other Hawaiian volcanoes. This lack of a long-lived magmatic reservoir is reflected by the absence of a central residual gravity high and the random distribution of cones on Mahukona Volcano. Our reconstructed subsidence history for Mahukona suggests it grew to at least ～270?m below sea level but probably did not form an island. New ⁴⁰Ar–³⁹Ar plateau ages range from 350 to 654?ka providing temporal constraints for Mahukona’s post-shield and shield stages of volcanism, which ended prematurely. Mahukona post-shield lavas have high ³He/⁴He ratios (16–21?Ra), which have not been observed in post-shield lavas from other Hawaiian volcanoes. Lava compositions range widely at Mahukona, including Pb isotopic values that straddle the boundary between Kea and Loa sequences of volcanoes. The compositional diversity of Mahukona lavas may be related to its relatively small size (less extensive melting) and the absence of a central magma reservoir where magmas would have been homogenized.     

The Yecheng,Xinjiang, China,earthquake of February 14, 1980

In this study, we have checked the location and focal depth of the Yecheng earthquake (m _b = 6.0, maximum intensity VII) of February 14, 1980. The result shows that this is an intermediate event with a focal depth of 90 km. The microepicenter is located at 36. 4°N, 76, 9°E, while the macroepicenter is at 37.3°N, 76.9°E, 90 km to the north of the microepicenter. This is the first destructive intermediate event in China which led to a damage as severe as of intensity VII. The focal mechanism of the event is determined to be of thrust type. Combined with the analysis of seismological and geological data in surrounding area, the possible relation between the event and plate movement has been discussed. The result in this paper indicates that in some particular place, the destructive effect of intermediate event should be considered in seismic hazard assessment.     

Sun, climate, hunger, and mass migration

Paleoclimatic studies indicate four epochs of global cooling during the last 4 000 years, i. e. during the few centuries before and after 2000 BC, 800 BC, 400 AD, and 1 600 AD; the quasiperiodicity corresponds to cyclic variation of solar activity. Global temperature changes influenced regional precipitation patterns: Northern Europe was wetter while the middle- and low-latitude lands were more arid during colder epochs. Both sets of cold climatical conditions were unfavorable for agricultural production. Historical records show that large demographic movements in history took place because of crop failures and mass starvation, rather than escaping from war zones. The “wandering” of the Germanic tribes during the first two or three centuries of the Christian Era is one example. Whereas the accelerated release of carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels is ultimately to cause global warming, historical evidence indicates, however, that global warming has been on the whole a blessing to mankind. Global cooling, on the other hand, has curtailed agricultural production and has led to famines and mass migrations of people. Perhaps the most important task at the present is not so much computer-modelling of greenhouse effect on global climate, but water-management and agricultural researches to insure food-supply for an everincreasing world population.     

Physical properties,vitrinite reflectance,and microstructure of coal,Taiyuan Formation,Qinshui Basin,China

In this study, we experimentally established the relationship between physical properties, vitrinite reflectance, and microstructure of coal, Taiyuan Formation, Qinshui Basin, China using representative coal samples collected from three different mines via the rock mechanics testing system (MTS). We analyzed the organic macerals, vitrinite reflectance, and microstructure of 11 coal samples using petrography and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The experimental results suggest that (1) the elastic parameters can be described by linear equations, (2) both P-and S-wave velocities display anisotropy, (3) the anisotropy negatively correlates with vitrinite reflectance, and (4) the acoustic velocities and Young’s modulus are negatively correlated with the volume of micropores. The derived empirical equations can be used in the forward modeling and seismic inversion of physical properties of coal for improving the coal-bed methane (CBM) reservoir characterization.     

Spatial distribution,source apportionment,and associated risks of trace metals (As,Pb, Cr,Cd, and Hg) from a subtropical river,Gomti, Bangladesh

Sediment samples from the Gomti River basin were investigated to determine and evaluate trace metal concentrations,their biological effect,and potential ecological and human health risks for adults and children.The mean concentrations of trace metals were organized in the descending order of mercury(Hg)(0.08 mg/kg)>chromium(Cr)(0.06 mg/kg)>lead(Pb)(0.05 mg/kg)>arsenic(As)(0.02 mg/kg)>cadmium(Cd)(0.01 mg/kg).The current study illustrated that metals were attributed to the area from natural sources and different anthropogenic sources especially from industries.However,the concentration levels were lower than the sediment quality guidelines(SQGs)based on the effect-range classifications of threshold effect concentration(TEC)and probable effect concentration(PEC).Therefore,the concentration of the elements showed no adverse biological effects on aquatic organisms.The evaluated potential ecological risk index also revealed the low toxicity to the aquatic environment.Moreover,the applied sediment quality indices,geo-accumulation index(Igeo),contamination factor(CF),and contamination severity index(CSI)suggested that the contamination levels of the elements were in the acceptable range,and the contamination had not notably impacted on the sediment quality.The risk index(HI)concerning age groups was significantly less than the threshold limit of 1 indicating that the contamination had no non-carcinogenic risk effect.The total carcinogenic risk(TCR)was less than a risk value of 1×10⁴.Hence,the current study suggests that immediate remediation is not required due to an absence of alarming conditions in the study area.Proper monitoring of the attribution of the metal elements should be done for the betterment of human and environmental health。     

山西高平地震

阐述了发生在山西高平的地震和对高平有影响的地震，分析了高平市的地震灾害，通过分析得出高平地震与晋获断裂带活动有关的结论。