西藏蒙亚啊铅锌矿床金属硫化物、石英稀土元素组成特征及其成因研究

蒙亚啊铅锌矿床自发现至今尚未报道稀土元素地球化学的研究成果,本文通过ICP-MS方法测定了矿床金属硫化物和热液成因石英中稀土元素的组成。研究表明,磁黄铁矿、黄铜矿、闪锌矿和方铅矿中稀土元素总量有所差异,但总体均为右倾的轻稀土富集型配分模式;据Eu异常特征可将其分为3组,Eu异常的产生主要是成矿过程中物化条件的转变及方解石的大量结晶造成的。4件石英稀土元素总量亦有所差异,原因在于其结晶时间和结晶温度不同,其配分曲线亦为轻稀土富集的右倾型;不同阶段形成的石英各自具强烈的正铕或负铕异常,究其原因主要是由于后期大气降水的加入及方解石的形成引起的。     

贵州泥堡金矿床热液方解石地球化学特征及地质意义

已有研究表明,右江盆地卡林型金矿成矿期方解石具有独特的中稀土元素富集特点,但其成因还存在诸多争议。贵州泥堡金矿存在成矿期和非成矿期2种热液方解石脉,其中成矿期方解石脉多出现在矿化凝灰质细砾岩与凝灰质（粉）砂岩中,矿物组合为含砷黄铁矿+毒砂+石英+方解石;非成矿期方解石脉在未蚀变灰岩、矿化凝灰质细砾岩与凝灰质（粉）砂岩中均发育,且常穿切成矿期含硫化物方解石脉。文章通过对2种类型方解石脉开展稀土元素与碳、氧同位素、成矿期方解石脉内金属硫化物电子探针与微区原位LA-ICP-MS元素分析,发现与成矿期方解石脉共生的黄铁矿具典型的环带结构,黄铁矿环带和毒砂富Au、As、Sb、Hg、Cu、Co、Ni等元素。成矿期方解石脉显示中稀土元素富集模式和Eu正异常特征,表明金成矿流体为还原性流体,明显不同于非成矿期方解石脉的轻稀土元素富集模式和Eu负异常特征。泥堡金矿成矿期热液方解石的中稀土元素富集模式,与中国西南低温Au-Sb矿床成矿期方解石、萤石、磷灰石等矿物的稀土元素组成特征一致,酸性成矿流体的稀土元素组成可能是导致该金矿区成矿期方解石富集中稀土元素的主要原因。该区热液方解石特有的地球化学特征,使其在低温热液金矿床成矿年代学研究及深部找矿应用方面具有重要前景。     

新疆西准噶尔灰绿山金矿地质特征初步研究

灰绿山金矿由热液脉型和浸染状矿石组成。围岩蚀变矿物为石英、黄铁矿、绿泥石和碳酸盐,其中黄铁矿和碳酸盐与成矿作用密切相关。其主要矿石矿物有黄铁矿、毒砂、黄铜矿、闪锌矿、方铅矿和自然金。热液成矿作用划分为石英-钠长石-碳酸盐、粗粒石英、黄铁矿-毒砂、黄铁矿-碳酸盐、石英-方解石5个阶段。不同蚀变围岩具相似稀土分布模式,大离子亲石元素、高场强元素和稀土元素在围岩与成矿流体反应中发生了迁移。     

桂北苗儿山中段向阳坪铀矿床热液脉体地球化学特征及指示意义

对向阳坪矿床硅质脉和方解石两种重要的脉石矿物进行了系统的稀土元素和碳氧同位素分析。结果表明,硅质脉、方解石与角砾岩矿石具有大体类似的轻稀土元素富集、负Eu异常明显的右倾海鸥型稀土元素配分模式,总体继承了豆乍山花岗岩地球化学特征,暗示了向阳坪矿床铀源主要来自赋矿围岩,硅质脉和硅质角砾在铀矿化过程伴随∑REE富集和HREE增加。方解石碳氧同位素组成指示成矿流体以地幔来源为主导,成矿期方解石具有明显低的δ¹³C值和高的δ¹⁸O值,暗示减压沸腾发生的CO₂去气作用是导致晚期铀沉淀的主要因素。从成矿期到矿后期,方解石δ¹³C值升高,δ¹⁸O值呈降低趋势,同时硅质角砾具有弱的负Ce异常,均指示铀矿化晚期有大气降水参与,且受其淋滤改造,据此认为苗儿山中段花岗岩型铀矿多期成矿叠加和后期大气降水淋集改造是形成大矿体的主要成矿模式。     

新疆西准噶尔包古图金矿微量元素地球化学研究

包古图金矿由石英脉型和蚀变岩型矿体组成,该矿的热液成矿期可以划分为4个阶段:粗粒石英脉阶段(Ⅰ)、含金细粒硫化物-石英脉阶段(Ⅱ)、含金粗粒自然砷-辉锑矿-石英脉阶段(Ⅲ)以及方解石脉阶段(Ⅳ),其中阶段Ⅱ和Ⅲ是主要的金矿化阶段,形成自然金赋存于毒砂、含砷黄铁矿中,银金矿被自然砷、辉锑矿包裹。阶段Ⅰ石英脉的稀土元素总量(0.83×10-6~3.67×10-6)明显低于阶段Ⅱ(11.01×10-6~30.18×10-6),轻重稀土元素分馏[(La/Yb)N=8.53~21.89]较阶段Ⅱ[(La/Yb)N=6.90~10.40]明显,但总体具有与区内中酸性侵入岩相似的稀土元素配分模式;阶段Ⅰ石英脉具有弱Eu正异常(δEu=1.09~1.80),阶段ⅡδEu主要集中于1.36~0.67之间;所有样品显示弱Ce负异常或无Ce异常(δCe=0.87~1.01)。矿化围岩和含矿石英脉中的黄铁矿均显示右倾型稀土元素配分模式,但石英脉中黄铁矿轻重稀土元素分馏更明显[(La/Yb)N=24.0~36.1],所有黄铁矿均具有明显Eu负异常(δEu=0.50~0.64)。不同阶段石英脉和黄铁矿中Ce、Eu异常表明成矿流体逐渐向较还原的状态演化。黄铁矿的Co/Ni比值(1.60~10.50)指示初始成矿流体为中温。包古图金矿含矿石英脉与区内广泛发育的中酸性斑岩体、岩脉在时间和空间上密切相关,具有相似的稀土元素配分模式,以上特征指示包古图金矿成矿作用与区内晚石炭世中酸性岩浆活动有关。     

新疆哈图金矿蚀变岩型矿体地质和地球化学研究

哈图金矿主要由石英脉型和蚀变岩型矿体组成。蚀变岩型矿体的矿化蚀变主要包括钠长石化、黄铁矿化、毒砂化、碳酸盐化和绢云母化,其中黄铁矿化、毒砂化和碳酸盐化与成矿作用密切相关。矿体中主要金属矿物为黄铁矿、毒砂、黄铜矿、闪锌矿、磁黄铁矿和自然金。自然金主要存在于毒砂颗粒间隙内或被黄铁矿包裹。蚀变岩型矿体成矿作用可划分为5个阶段:石英-钠长石阶段(Ⅰ)、黄铁矿-钠长石阶段(Ⅱ)、毒砂-碳酸盐阶段(Ⅲ)、黄铜矿-碳酸盐阶段(Ⅳ)和石英-方解石阶段(Ⅴ),其中Ⅲ—Ⅳ阶段是主要的成矿期。黄铜矿-碳酸盐阶段(Ⅳ)沉淀了大量黄铜矿和少量辉铜矿。不同程度蚀变的玄武岩围岩具有相似的平坦型球粒陨石标准化稀土元素配分模式,并富集Cs、Ba、Rb、Sr和Pb等大离子亲石元素。石英-钠长石脉的轻、重稀土元素发生了弱分馏,呈弱右倾式配分模式,显示弱的Eu正异常。石英-方解石脉的轻、重稀土元素分馏和Eu正异常较石英-钠长石脉明显,说明成矿作用过程中,成矿流体向轻稀土元素富集和Eu正异常增强的方向演化。     

东坪金矿床成矿过程中稀土元素活动性

尽管稀土元素常被认为是惰性元素,但在热液交代蚀变和化学风化作用过程中具有一定程度的活动性,河北省东坪与碱性岩有关的改进改造型热液金矿床成矿过程中,热液蚀变作用使近矿围岩ＬＲＥＥ／ＨＲＥＥ比值增大,并出现现铈正常异常;石英脉型金矿石的稀土元素分布模式呈出现明显的继承性,脉石矿物石英,钾长石的稀土元素组成相对富ＨＲＥＥ,且在脉石石英出现明显的铕正异常,研究结果表明在中,高温,近中性,较高氧逸度成矿流体     

黔东南扒草金矿微量和稀土元素特征及其意义

扒草金矿产于黔东南下江群浅变质岩系中,是近年来新发现的金矿床。文章对其赋矿地层、蚀变围岩、不同成矿期石英脉的微量和稀土元素进行了研究。研究结果表明,赋矿地层与蚀变围岩的微量、稀土元素特征无差异。石英脉的稀土、微量含量低于地层和蚀变围岩,但其稀土元素配分模式、微量元素配分模式总体上与地层和蚀变围岩相似;所有样品在稀土元素三组分图中的投影均处于同一位置。不同成矿期石英脉对比发现,成矿早期石英脉的稀土配分模式与地层及蚀变围岩一致,而晚期石英脉的稀土元素配分模式发生了一些变化。即从早期到晚期,石英脉中W元素含量迅速降低,而V、Cr元素含量升高,特征值δTb、δTm由正异常变为负异常;微量元素曲线呈现地层、蚀变岩中的Sr均表现为负异常,而石英脉中大部分表现为Sr的正异常,少部分表现为负异常;石英脉的w(Y)/w(Ho)值与区域变质岩相似,但部分样品偏离区域变质岩的范围。总体认为,成矿物质主要来自于浅变质岩系,成矿流体主要为变质流体,但在晚期可能有其它流体的加入;石英脉富含LREE的同时富集部分HFSE,w(Th)/w(La)、w(Nb)/w(La)、w(Hf)/w(Sm)值均小于1,表明成矿流体为Cl-F-的流体体系;特征值δEu负异常、δCe无异常和w(Th)/w(U)值大于1.25,表明扒草金矿的成矿环境为还原环境。     

造山型金矿床研究进展综述

<正>在造山型金矿床这个术语被提出之前,对于含石英-方解石脉状金矿床的分类十分的混乱,并缺乏广泛的适用性(Groves et al.,1998)。随着对脉状金矿床研究的深入,文献中涌现出了众多按不同标准进行命名的金矿床类型,如按围岩特征可分为绿岩带金矿床、浊积岩金矿床等(Keppie et al.,1986;Mueller and Groves,1991);按矿化特征分为石英脉型金矿床、蚀变岩型金矿床、角砾岩     

浅谈岿美山钨矿成矿规律及找矿方向

岿美山钨矿包括西部含黑钨石英脉组及南部矽卡岩白钨矿体,探矿均未超过500m标高以下范围;经过几十年的生产实践和对深、边部的勘探,认为石英脉型黑钨矿向南西方向侧伏明显,内接触带中有大量石英脉,且有不同程度矿化,有二次成矿的条件,砂包常见。指出矿区西部及北东、南东方向有找矿潜力。     

陕西省华阳川铀铌铅矿床碳酸岩岩石学及地球化学特征

陕西省华阳川铀铌铅矿床是小秦岭成矿带中成矿特征最为独特的矿床,碳酸岩脉的破碎带是重要的成矿空间。未矿化的碳酸岩中矿物以方解石为主,其他矿物很少;发育铀矿化的碳酸岩脉中矿物种类繁多,大部分为方解石,其次为角闪石、金云母、榍石、褐帘石、铌钛铀矿、重晶石、磷灰石、石英、磁铁矿、碱性长石等矿物。碳酸岩的LREE含量异常高,δ13CV-PDB和δ18OV-SMOW值显示典型的火成碳酸岩特征。基于碳酸岩脉的Sr、Nd、Pb同位素比值(87Sr/86Sr-206Pb/204Pb、207Pb/204Pb-206Pb/204Pb-143Nd/144Nd-87Sr/86Sr)的关系图,初步判断华阳川铀铌铅碳酸岩脉是源于EMI的碱性硅酸盐-碳酸盐熔体-溶液结晶分异的产物。     

Nature of the Ore-Forming Fluid at the Quaternary Noya Gold Deposit in Kyushu,Japan

We discuss the nature of the ore-forming hydrothermal fluid in the Noya gold-bearing calcite-quartz-adularia veins of central Kyushu, Japan on the basis of oxygen, carbon, and strontium isotope ratios, and aqueous speciation calculations for the present-day geothermal fluid. The isotopic values of the Noya ore-forming fluid were estimated to be −6.5‰ for δ¹³C and −7.5‰ for δ¹⁸O. The oxygen isotopic equilibrium temperatures for vein calcite are more than 180°C at the bottom of the Noya mineralization zone, and decrease with increasing elevation. As the temperature decreased, the dominant carbon species in the fluid changed from H₂CO₃ to HCO₃^- at about 120°C. The equilibrium temperatures for vein quartz are consistent with the calcite calculations. The carbon and oxygen isotope trends of the Noya vein calcite and the isotope ratios of strontium suggest that the fluids that precipitated the Noya veins were controlled by an andesite-dominated geology. Chondrite-normalized REE patterns for the white-colored veins from wells 51-WT-1 and 51-WT-2 displayed a light REE-rich pattern with positive Eu anomalies, suggesting the existence of a reducing environment for the fluid. The pyrite-rich gray-colored veins and a silicified rock from well 51-WT-2 showed higher REE concentrations than did the white veins. Altered host andesitic rocks have similar REE patterns to that of the silicified rock, and have higher REE contents than the others in the drill cores. Aqueous speciation calculations showed that the fluid in the hydrothermal reservoir is currently in muscovite stability. The fluid at the ore-mineralization stage may have contained more potassium or have had a higher pH, so that adularia precipitated with calcite and quartz, as well as gold. Fluid boiling at depth in the system produced the gold-bearing calcite-quartz-adularia veins.     

Implication of Apatite and Anhydrite for Formation of an Iron‐Oxide‐Apatite (IOA) Rare Earth Element Prospect,Benjamin River,Canada

The Benjamin River apatite prospect in northern New Brunswick, Canada, is hosted by the Late Silurian Dickie Brook plutonic complex, which is made up of intrusive units represented by monzogranite, diorite and gabbro. The IOA ores, composed mainly of apatite, augite, and magnetite at Benjamin River form pegmatitic pods and lenses in the host igneous rocks, the largest of which is 100 m long and 10–20 m wide in the diorite and gabbro units. In this study, 28 IOA ore and rock samples were collected from the diorite and gabbro units. Mineralogical observations show that the apatite–augite–magnetite ores are variable in the amounts of apatite, augite, and magnetite and are associated with minor amounts of epidote‐group minerals (allanite, REE‐rich epidote and epidte) and trace amounts of albite, titanite, ilmenite, titanomagnetite, pyrite, chlorite, calcite, and quartz. Apatite and augite grains contain small anhydrite inclusions. This suggests that the magma that crystallized apatite and augite had high oxygen fugacity. In back scattered electron (BSE) images, apatite grains in the ores have two zones of different appearance: (i) primary REE‐rich zone; and (ii) porous REE‐poor zone. The porous REE‐poor zones mainly appear in rims and/or inside of the apatite grains, in addition to the presence of apatite grains which totally consist of a porous REE‐poor apatite. This porous REE‐poor apatite is characterized by low REE (<0.84 wt%), Si (<0.28 wt%), and Cl (<0.17 wt%) contents. Epidote‐group minerals mainly occur in grain boundary between the porous REE‐poor apatite and augite. These indicate that REE leached from primary REE‐rich apatite crystallized as allanite and REE‐rich epidote. Magnetite in the ores often occurs as veinlets that cut apatite grains or as anhedral grains that replace a part of augite. These textures suggest that magnetite crystallized in the late stage. Pyrite veins occur in the ores, including a large amount of quartz and calcite veins. Pyrite veins mainly occur with quartz veins in augite. These textures indicate pyrite veins are the latest phase. Apatite–augite–magnetite ore, gabbro–quartz diorite and feldspar dike collected from the Benjamin River prospect contain dirty pure albite (Ab₉₈Or₂–Ab₁₀₀) under the microscope. The feldspar dikes mainly consist of dirty pure albite. Occurrences of the dirty pure albite suggest remarkable albitization (sodic alteration) of original plagioclase (An_25.3–An₆₀ in Pilote et al., 2012) associating with intrusion of monzogranite into gabbro and diorite. SO₄^2? bearing magma crystallized primary REE‐rich apatite, augite and anhydrite reacted with Fe in the sodic fluids, which result in oxidation of Fe²⁺ and release of S^2? into the sodic fluids. REE, Ca and Fe from primary REE‐rich apatite, augite and plagioclase altered by the sodic fluids were released into the fluids. Then Fe³⁺ in the sodic fluids precipitated as Fe oxides and epidote‐group minerals in apatite–augite–magnetite ores. Finally, residual S^2? in sodic fluids crystallized as latest pyrite veins. In conclusion, mineralization in Benjamin River IOA prospect are divided into four stages: (1) oxidized magmatic stage that crystallized apatite, augite and anhydrite; (2) sodic metasomatic stage accompanying alteration of magmatic minerals; (3) oxidized fluid stage (magnetite–epidote group minerals mineralization); and (4) reduced fluid stage (pyrite mineralization).     

东秦岭地区一种富稀土热液型钡解石的发现及其意义

对东秦岭地区河南嵩县一带进行地质调查,发现了一系列具有一定规模的含稀土碱性碳酸岩矿脉并在其中发现一种特殊的钡解石矿物.依据该钡解石主量元素组成,计算分子式为Ba104Cao81Sral4(CO3)2,为锶钡解石,LA-ICP-MS分析表明其富Na、K、Fe、Mn、Pb、REE、Y等元素,稀土元素总量最高为4 080× ...     

冀北水晶屯金矿床稀土元素特征及其成因和找矿意义

本文对产于太古代深变质岩中的水晶屯石英脉蚀变接触带型金矿床的脉石英进行了稀土元素调查,结果表明该矿区含金石英脉存在两种稀土元素分布型式,它们可能分别与两次不同性质的地质作用相联系,具有向右缓倾型稀土分布曲线的石英脉有较大的成矿潜力。     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987112001478

REE composition of the carbonates of the auriferous quartz carbonate veins (QCVs) of the Neoarchean Ajjanahalli gold deposit, Chitradurga schist belt, Dharwar Craton, is characterized by U-shaped chondrite normalized REE patterns with both LREE and HREE enrichment and a distinct positive Eu anomaly. As positive Eu anomaly is associated with low oxygen fugacity, we propose that the auriferous fluids responsible for gold mineralization at Ajjanahalli could be from an oxygen depleted fluid. The observed positive Eu anomaly is interpreted to suggest the derivation of the auriferous fluids from a mantle reservoir. The location of Ajjanahalli gold deposit in a crustal scale shear zone is consistent with this interpretation.     

Tremolite–calcite veins in the footwall of the Simplon Fault,Antigorio Valley,Lepontine Alps (Italy)

The lowermost units of the nappe pile of the Lepontine Alps crop out in the Antigorio valley in the footwall of the Simplon Fault. The whole orthogneiss section of the Antigorio Unit is exposed on both sides of the valley, sandwiched between the Mesozoic metasedimentary sequences of the Baceno unit below and the Tèggiolo unit above. The petrography and mineral composition of tremolite–calcite veins occurring in dolomite marble in both metasedimentary sequences were investigated. Tremolite–calcite (with lesser talc and minor phlogopite) veins have rhythmic banded texture. Banding is due to cyclic differences in modal abundances and fabric of tremolite and calcite. These veins are very similar to those occurring in dolomite rafts within the Bergell granite and it is inferred that they formed by the same “fracture-reaction-seal” mechanism. Veins formed by reaction of a silica-rich aqueous fluid with the host dolomite marble along fractures. According to thermo-barometric calculations, based on electron microprobe analyses, reaction occurred at temperatures between 450 and 490°C and minimum pressure of 2–3 kbar. Such temperature conditions occurred in this footwall region of the Simplon Fault Zone around 15 Ma, during exhumation and cooling of the nappe pile and a transition to brittle behaviour. Aqueous, silica-rich fluids concentrated along fractures, forming tremolite–calcite veins in the dolomite marbles and quartz veins in the orthogneiss.     

Trace element composition of near-surface silica deposits—A powerful tool for detecting hydrothermal mineral and energy resources

Extensive Paleozoic sinter deposits occur at the surface associated with sub-surface quartz veining and epithermal Au mineralisation in the Drummond Basin, Australia. We investigated the trace element composition of the sinter deposits and quartz veins in an attempt to develop a new geochemical exploration guide for geological resources. The Drummond Basin hydrothermal silica deposits are unique in having anomalously enriched incompatible element (Cs, Li, Be, U, Th and REE) concentrations in comparison to hydrothermal quartz veins from various granitic-pegmatitic systems elsewhere. The development of relative Ce deficiencies (Ce/Ce*_norm < 1) in silica deposits indicate preferential mobilisation of REE over Ce from source rocks by oxidised hydrothermal fluids, leading to relative Ce enrichment in the source material (e.g., rhyolite intrusions). Sinters and quartz veins and some volcanic source rocks show a conspicuous positive Y anomaly relative to REE. This is interpreted in terms of Y fractionation due to fluorine complexation with REE during hydrothermal activity. The majority of sinter and quartz samples within or near the Au mineralisation zone are more enriched in mobile elements (Cs, Li, Rb and Be) than the silica deposits from areas distal to the mineralised area. Normalised Y–REE patterns of the sinter deposits, quartz veins, and wall rocks provide important information on the physico-chemical environment of epithermal mineral deposition in geothermal systems. Trace element systematics as revealed in the current study, particularly in relation to the alkali element mobility, have significant implications for finding new prospect areas and evaluating the potential of existing prospect areas for epithermal metal deposits and active geothermal fields.     

湖南沃溪金锑钨矿床稀土元素特征研究

对湖南活溪金锑钨矿床稀土元素特征的研究结果表明：在成矿过程中,稀土元素发生了从近矿围岩向含矿断裂带或成矿热液的迁移;成矿物质主要来自赋矿地层围岩,且具多源性;矿化程度不同的层脉石英矿石中的稀土总量具有明显的差异。同时指出了将热液金矿床中石英脉内稀土总含量作为找矿标志的可能性。